The Best Time of Day to Take Vitamin D, According to Science

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsBest Time to Take ItAmount for AdultsWhere to Get Vitamin DWho Needs It?How to Take Vitamin D

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Best Time to Take It

Amount for Adults

Where to Get Vitamin D

Who Needs It?

How to Take Vitamin D

Vitamin D, commonly called the “sunshine vitamin,” is essential for many bodily functions, including reducing inflammation and supporting bone and immune health.

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it does for prescription drugs. This means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN or RD), or a pharmacist.

Morning vs. Evening: What the Research Says

Research suggests it may be best to takevitamin Din the morning rather than in the evening, as evening intake may reduce melatonin production.Melatonin typically helps you feel sleepy. In essence, melatonin and vitamin D work in opposition. Sun exposure influences vitamin D levels, and vitamin D regulatesmelatoninproduction.

Yourcircadian rhythm, the internal clock that regulates wakefulness and sleep, may have a potential role in controlling vitamin D levels.Studies suggest that vitamin D levels vary with the time of day and sun exposure.Vitamin D levels tend to be higher in sunnier areas. On the other hand, melatonin production tends to increase when there is less sun, such as during the winter or at higher latitudes (farther from the equator).

Overall, yourvitamin Dlevels can influence your sleep, withlow levelscontributing to poor sleep quality and duration.While your body absorbs vitamin D within 24 hours, peak levels typically occur 7 to 14 days after supplementation.

Additional research is needed to understand the interaction between vitamin D and your circadian rhythm and whether this influences what time of day you should supplement.

How Much Vitamin D per Day for Adults

Vitamin D has a recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The RDA reflects the average daily amount of vitamin D people should consume to meet nutrition requirements.

Understanding your tolerable upper limit (UL) for vitamin D is crucial for avoiding potential toxicity fromtoo much vitamin D. When evaluating your total vitamin D intake, consider your food intake, sunlight exposure, and any supplements, including multivitamins.

For further guidance, speak with your healthcare provider, a registered dietitian nutritionist, or pharmacist.

Vitamin D is essential for bone health and immune function. It can be obtained from both food sources and sunlight. While some foods naturally contain vitamin D, others are fortified to help boost your intake. This overview will highlight key natural and fortified sources of vitamin D, as well as the role of supplements and sunlight exposure in maintaining adequate levels.

Again, if you regularly consume any or all of the sources below, including multivitamins, you should check all of your labels to ensure that you do not cumulatively consumetoomuch vitamin D.

Food Sources of Vitamin D

Somefoods naturally contain vitamin D, whereas others are fortified. Natural sources of vitamin D include:

Fortified Foods

Fortified foods have vitamin D added to boost the nutrition content. Fortified sources of vitamin D include:

Supplements

Based on your current vitamin D levels, you may need a supplement.Vitamin D supplementsabound with varying dosages. For adults, they typically range from 400 to 50,000 IUs.Taking over 4,000 IUs a day of vitamin D may not be advisable unless your healthcare provider has suggested you do so.

Vitamin D supplements exist asergocalciferol(vitamin D2) andcholecalciferol(vitamin D3). Although there is no consensus on which supplement form is best, some research suggests that vitamin D3 is better at maintaining circulating nutrient levels during the fall and winter.If you live in the northern hemisphere, you may want to consider evaluating your vitamin D levels and possibly supplementing from October through March.

Most multivitamins contain 400 to 600 IU of vitamin D, around the daily amount needed for adults.However, choose a supplement based on your vitamin D blood test results.

Sunlight

Your body produces vitamin D when your skin is exposed to sunlight. Ultraviolet (UV) rays act on prohormone (hormone precursor) vitamin D3 in the skin to trigger a series of reactions that result in the active form of vitamin D. Researchers recommend exposing your face, arms, hands, and legs to sunlight between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. at least twice weekly for five to 30 minutes to getvitamin D from the sun.

Still, balancing skin damage from the sun with vitamin D production is challenging. Using sunscreen can prevent your body from producing vitamin D. How much vitamin D you get from the sun depends on the time of day you go outside and your use of sunscreen or skin-protecting clothing.

Best Time to Take Your Vitamins for Maximum Benefits, According to a Pharmacist

Who Needs a Vitamin D Supplement?

Specific populations are particularly vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency due to factors like age, lifestyle, and health conditions. Understanding these risks can help inform your dietary choices and the need for supplementation to support your overall health.

People with the following should consider their vitamin D intake and, potentially, a supplement:

How to Take Vitamin D Supplements

Although taking vitamin D in the morning may be best for aligning with your body’s circadian rhythm and promoting sleep, the most important thing is regularly taking the supplement. However, pick a time that works best for you and your routine. Aim to take the supplement at the same time daily. This helps establish a routine and ensures consistency with supplementation.

Ways to remember to take vitamin D include the following:

Ultimately, finding a consistent routine for taking your vitamin D supplement, whether in the morning or at a more convenient time for you, is critical to ensuring you reap its benefits for overall health.

Summary

Consider supplementing with vitamin D during the darker months when the sun is less intense. Older adults and individuals with higher melanin concentrations may also consider vitamin D supplementation.

The morning may be the best time to take vitamin D. Taking vitamin D with breakfast limits interactions with melatonin, which can contribute to sleep disturbances. Aim to consume vitamin D with a fat-containing meal to boost absorption.

31 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Ghareghani M, Zibara K, Rivest S.Melatonin and vitamin D, two sides of the same coin, better to land on its edge to improve multiple sclerosis.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(14):e2219334120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2219334120Abboud M.Vitamin D supplementation and sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies.Nutrients. 2022;14(5):1076. doi:10.3390/nu14051076Abu Jadayil S, Abu Jadayel B, Takruri H, et al.Study of the fluctuation of serum vitamin D concentration with time during the same day and night on a random sample of healthy adults.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;46:499-504. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.002Ramasamy I.Vitamin D metabolism and guidelines for vitamin D supplementation.Clin Biochem Rev. 2020;41(3):103-126. doi:10.33176/AACB-20-00006U.S. Department of Agriculture.U.S. dietary guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.Dědečková E, Viták R, Jirásko M, et al.Vitamin D3 supplementation: Comparison of 1000 IU and 2000 IU dose in healthy individuals.Life (Basel). 2023;13(3):808. Published 2023 Mar 16. doi:10.3390/life13030808U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish oil, cod liver.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, trout, rainbow, farmed, cooked, dry heat.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Mushrooms, white, raw.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, sardine, Atlantic, canned in oil, drained solids with bone.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, salmon, sockeye, cooked, dry heat.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Almond milk, unsweetened, plain, shelf stable.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, with added vitamin A and vitamin D.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Orange juice, chilled, includes from concentrate, with added calcium and vitamins A, D, E.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Soymilk (all flavors), enhanced.National Institutes of Health.Dietary Supplement Label Database.Pfotenhauer KM, Shubrook JH.Vitamin D deficiency, its role in health and disease, and current supplementation recommendations.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(5):301-305. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2017.055Singh Ospina N, Diaz-Thomas A, McDonnell ME, et al.Navigating complexities: vitamin D, skin pigmentation, and race.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):1955-1960. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae314Wang Z, Ding R, Wang J.The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2020;13(1):86. doi:10.3390/nu13010086Li B, Xu Y, Zhang X, et al.The effect of vitamin D supplementation in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25(4):835-845. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2020.1815332Najjar L, Sutherland J, Zhou A, et al.Vitamin D and type 1 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic evidence.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4260. doi:10.3390/nu13124260Hou Y, Song A, Jin Y, Xet al.A dose-response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021;75(7):1010-1023. doi:10.1038/s41430-020-00813-1Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tafazoli N.The role of vitamin D in prevention of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;41:88-93. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.11.005Wu C, Qiu S, Zhu X, et al.Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolism. 2017;73:67-76. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.05.006Silva MC, Furlanetto TW.Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: a systematic review.Nutr Rev. 2018;76(1):60-76. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux034LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049-2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-yMedlinePlus.Vitamin D.Haghighat N, Sohrabi Z, Bagheri R, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D status of patients with severe obesity in various regions worldwide.Obes Facts. 2023;16(6):519-539. doi:10.1159/000533828Zuluaga P, Casado-Carbajo J, Hernández-Rubio A, et al.Vitamin d deficiency is associated with advanced liver fibrosis and impaired fasting glucose in alcohol use disorder.Nutrients. 2024;16(8):1099. doi:10.3390/nu16081099Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Lichtenstein AH, et al.Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorption.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(2):225-230. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.014

31 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Ghareghani M, Zibara K, Rivest S.Melatonin and vitamin D, two sides of the same coin, better to land on its edge to improve multiple sclerosis.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(14):e2219334120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2219334120Abboud M.Vitamin D supplementation and sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies.Nutrients. 2022;14(5):1076. doi:10.3390/nu14051076Abu Jadayil S, Abu Jadayel B, Takruri H, et al.Study of the fluctuation of serum vitamin D concentration with time during the same day and night on a random sample of healthy adults.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;46:499-504. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.002Ramasamy I.Vitamin D metabolism and guidelines for vitamin D supplementation.Clin Biochem Rev. 2020;41(3):103-126. doi:10.33176/AACB-20-00006U.S. Department of Agriculture.U.S. dietary guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.Dědečková E, Viták R, Jirásko M, et al.Vitamin D3 supplementation: Comparison of 1000 IU and 2000 IU dose in healthy individuals.Life (Basel). 2023;13(3):808. Published 2023 Mar 16. doi:10.3390/life13030808U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish oil, cod liver.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, trout, rainbow, farmed, cooked, dry heat.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Mushrooms, white, raw.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, sardine, Atlantic, canned in oil, drained solids with bone.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, salmon, sockeye, cooked, dry heat.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Almond milk, unsweetened, plain, shelf stable.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, with added vitamin A and vitamin D.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Orange juice, chilled, includes from concentrate, with added calcium and vitamins A, D, E.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Soymilk (all flavors), enhanced.National Institutes of Health.Dietary Supplement Label Database.Pfotenhauer KM, Shubrook JH.Vitamin D deficiency, its role in health and disease, and current supplementation recommendations.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(5):301-305. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2017.055Singh Ospina N, Diaz-Thomas A, McDonnell ME, et al.Navigating complexities: vitamin D, skin pigmentation, and race.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):1955-1960. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae314Wang Z, Ding R, Wang J.The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2020;13(1):86. doi:10.3390/nu13010086Li B, Xu Y, Zhang X, et al.The effect of vitamin D supplementation in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25(4):835-845. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2020.1815332Najjar L, Sutherland J, Zhou A, et al.Vitamin D and type 1 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic evidence.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4260. doi:10.3390/nu13124260Hou Y, Song A, Jin Y, Xet al.A dose-response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021;75(7):1010-1023. doi:10.1038/s41430-020-00813-1Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tafazoli N.The role of vitamin D in prevention of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;41:88-93. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.11.005Wu C, Qiu S, Zhu X, et al.Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolism. 2017;73:67-76. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.05.006Silva MC, Furlanetto TW.Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: a systematic review.Nutr Rev. 2018;76(1):60-76. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux034LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049-2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-yMedlinePlus.Vitamin D.Haghighat N, Sohrabi Z, Bagheri R, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D status of patients with severe obesity in various regions worldwide.Obes Facts. 2023;16(6):519-539. doi:10.1159/000533828Zuluaga P, Casado-Carbajo J, Hernández-Rubio A, et al.Vitamin d deficiency is associated with advanced liver fibrosis and impaired fasting glucose in alcohol use disorder.Nutrients. 2024;16(8):1099. doi:10.3390/nu16081099Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Lichtenstein AH, et al.Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorption.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(2):225-230. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.014

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Ghareghani M, Zibara K, Rivest S.Melatonin and vitamin D, two sides of the same coin, better to land on its edge to improve multiple sclerosis.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(14):e2219334120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2219334120Abboud M.Vitamin D supplementation and sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies.Nutrients. 2022;14(5):1076. doi:10.3390/nu14051076Abu Jadayil S, Abu Jadayel B, Takruri H, et al.Study of the fluctuation of serum vitamin D concentration with time during the same day and night on a random sample of healthy adults.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;46:499-504. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.002Ramasamy I.Vitamin D metabolism and guidelines for vitamin D supplementation.Clin Biochem Rev. 2020;41(3):103-126. doi:10.33176/AACB-20-00006U.S. Department of Agriculture.U.S. dietary guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.Dědečková E, Viták R, Jirásko M, et al.Vitamin D3 supplementation: Comparison of 1000 IU and 2000 IU dose in healthy individuals.Life (Basel). 2023;13(3):808. Published 2023 Mar 16. doi:10.3390/life13030808U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish oil, cod liver.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, trout, rainbow, farmed, cooked, dry heat.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Mushrooms, white, raw.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, sardine, Atlantic, canned in oil, drained solids with bone.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, salmon, sockeye, cooked, dry heat.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Almond milk, unsweetened, plain, shelf stable.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, with added vitamin A and vitamin D.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Orange juice, chilled, includes from concentrate, with added calcium and vitamins A, D, E.U.S. Department of Agriculture.Soymilk (all flavors), enhanced.National Institutes of Health.Dietary Supplement Label Database.Pfotenhauer KM, Shubrook JH.Vitamin D deficiency, its role in health and disease, and current supplementation recommendations.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(5):301-305. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2017.055Singh Ospina N, Diaz-Thomas A, McDonnell ME, et al.Navigating complexities: vitamin D, skin pigmentation, and race.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):1955-1960. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae314Wang Z, Ding R, Wang J.The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2020;13(1):86. doi:10.3390/nu13010086Li B, Xu Y, Zhang X, et al.The effect of vitamin D supplementation in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25(4):835-845. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2020.1815332Najjar L, Sutherland J, Zhou A, et al.Vitamin D and type 1 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic evidence.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4260. doi:10.3390/nu13124260Hou Y, Song A, Jin Y, Xet al.A dose-response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021;75(7):1010-1023. doi:10.1038/s41430-020-00813-1Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tafazoli N.The role of vitamin D in prevention of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;41:88-93. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.11.005Wu C, Qiu S, Zhu X, et al.Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolism. 2017;73:67-76. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.05.006Silva MC, Furlanetto TW.Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: a systematic review.Nutr Rev. 2018;76(1):60-76. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux034LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049-2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-yMedlinePlus.Vitamin D.Haghighat N, Sohrabi Z, Bagheri R, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D status of patients with severe obesity in various regions worldwide.Obes Facts. 2023;16(6):519-539. doi:10.1159/000533828Zuluaga P, Casado-Carbajo J, Hernández-Rubio A, et al.Vitamin d deficiency is associated with advanced liver fibrosis and impaired fasting glucose in alcohol use disorder.Nutrients. 2024;16(8):1099. doi:10.3390/nu16081099Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Lichtenstein AH, et al.Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorption.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(2):225-230. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.014

National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.

Ghareghani M, Zibara K, Rivest S.Melatonin and vitamin D, two sides of the same coin, better to land on its edge to improve multiple sclerosis.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(14):e2219334120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2219334120

Abboud M.Vitamin D supplementation and sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies.Nutrients. 2022;14(5):1076. doi:10.3390/nu14051076

Abu Jadayil S, Abu Jadayel B, Takruri H, et al.Study of the fluctuation of serum vitamin D concentration with time during the same day and night on a random sample of healthy adults.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;46:499-504. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.002

Ramasamy I.Vitamin D metabolism and guidelines for vitamin D supplementation.Clin Biochem Rev. 2020;41(3):103-126. doi:10.33176/AACB-20-00006

U.S. Department of Agriculture.U.S. dietary guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.

Dědečková E, Viták R, Jirásko M, et al.Vitamin D3 supplementation: Comparison of 1000 IU and 2000 IU dose in healthy individuals.Life (Basel). 2023;13(3):808. Published 2023 Mar 16. doi:10.3390/life13030808

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish oil, cod liver.

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, trout, rainbow, farmed, cooked, dry heat.

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Mushrooms, white, raw.

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, sardine, Atlantic, canned in oil, drained solids with bone.

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Fish, salmon, sockeye, cooked, dry heat.

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Almond milk, unsweetened, plain, shelf stable.

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Milk, reduced fat, fluid, 2% milkfat, with added vitamin A and vitamin D.

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Orange juice, chilled, includes from concentrate, with added calcium and vitamins A, D, E.

U.S. Department of Agriculture.Soymilk (all flavors), enhanced.

National Institutes of Health.Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Pfotenhauer KM, Shubrook JH.Vitamin D deficiency, its role in health and disease, and current supplementation recommendations.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2017;117(5):301-305. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2017.055

Singh Ospina N, Diaz-Thomas A, McDonnell ME, et al.Navigating complexities: vitamin D, skin pigmentation, and race.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(8):1955-1960. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae314

Wang Z, Ding R, Wang J.The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2020;13(1):86. doi:10.3390/nu13010086

Li B, Xu Y, Zhang X, et al.The effect of vitamin D supplementation in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25(4):835-845. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2020.1815332

Najjar L, Sutherland J, Zhou A, et al.Vitamin D and type 1 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic evidence.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4260. doi:10.3390/nu13124260

Hou Y, Song A, Jin Y, Xet al.A dose-response meta-analysis between serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021;75(7):1010-1023. doi:10.1038/s41430-020-00813-1

Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tafazoli N.The role of vitamin D in prevention of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis.Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;41:88-93. doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.11.005

Wu C, Qiu S, Zhu X, et al.Vitamin D supplementation and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolism. 2017;73:67-76. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.05.006

Silva MC, Furlanetto TW.Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: a systematic review.Nutr Rev. 2018;76(1):60-76. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux034

LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049-2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-y

MedlinePlus.Vitamin D.

Haghighat N, Sohrabi Z, Bagheri R, et al.A systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D status of patients with severe obesity in various regions worldwide.Obes Facts. 2023;16(6):519-539. doi:10.1159/000533828

Zuluaga P, Casado-Carbajo J, Hernández-Rubio A, et al.Vitamin d deficiency is associated with advanced liver fibrosis and impaired fasting glucose in alcohol use disorder.Nutrients. 2024;16(8):1099. doi:10.3390/nu16081099

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Lichtenstein AH, et al.Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorption.J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(2):225-230. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.014

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