Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageSources and PurchasingFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Sources and Purchasing
Frequently Asked Questions
Psyllium is unlike some laxatives in that it doesn’t cause contractions of the intestines (like stimulant laxatives) or draw water from the intestine to soften stools (likeosmotic laxatives). Instead, it increases the weight and bulk of stools which, in turn, stimulates bowel movements. Unlike other laxatives, psyllium is safe and gentle enough to use every day.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. When choosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Benefits of Psyllium Husk Powder
Psyllium is derived from the psyllium plant (Plantago ovata) native to India. It can be found worldwide and even grows wild in the southwest United States.
The husks of the psyllium plant are rich in soluble fiber. This is the type that dissolves in water and turns into a gel, slowing down digestion. This allows the body to absorb more nutrients from food as it passes through the intestines. It also increases the weight and bulk of stools which the body responds to with intestinal contractions known asperistalsis.
The combination of peristalsis and soluble fiber’s gel-like consistency helps ease symptoms of constipation.
Soluble fiber is said to help with other health issues, including high cholesterol, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diabetes.
CaveatAlways speak with a healthcare provider, registered dietitian, or pharmacist before starting any supplement. No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Caveat
Always speak with a healthcare provider, registered dietitian, or pharmacist before starting any supplement. No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
1. Relieves Constipation
Incorporating soluble fiber, like psyllium, into your diet has been shown toimprove constipation.
A 2019 study in the journalNutrientsfound that psyllium was just as effective as the drug Pizensy (lactitol) used to treat chronic idiopathic constipation (persistent constipation of unknown origin). The study, involving 172 adults, also reported the psyllium was well-tolerated with no significant side effects.
However, a 2022 review of studies in theAmerican Journal of Gastroenterologyconcluded that other natural laxatives, like prunes, were more effective than psyllium in relieving constipation.
2. Improves High Cholesterol
Adding soluble fiber to your diet may be beneficial if you havehigh cholesterol (hyperlipidemia). This, in turn, lowers your risk ofatherosclerosis(“hardening of the arteries”).
Soluble fiber interferes with the absorption of compounds calledbile acidsin the intestines. These compounds aid with digestion but, when they are unavailable, the body will usecholesterolinstead. As a result, cholesterol levels will start to drop.
Several studies have evidenced this effect in psyllium.
A 2018 review from the University of Toronto reported that 10 grams of psyllium daily significantly lowered “bad"LDL cholesterollevels and could potentially delay atherosclerosis in some people.
A similar analysis in theAmerican Journal of Cardiologyreported that taking psyllium daily with cholesterol-loweringstatin drugscan enhance their effects. Side effects were minimal to nil.
3. Treats Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)is a poorly understood condition that causes an array of digestive symptoms from diarrhea to constipation. It is thought that soluble fiber can treat the latter type, known asconstipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C).
A 2014 review involving 14 trials and 906 participants concluded that certain fiber supplements, like psyllium, helped reduce the frequency and severity of IBS-D symptoms far better than others, like bran.
Psyllium was also shown to reduce gut inflammation associated with IBS and proved far superior overall to other fiber supplements commonly used to treat IBS.
4. Manages Blood Sugar
A 2015 review in theAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutritionreported that psyllium taken before meals significantly reducedfasting blood glucoseandHbA1C levelsin people with type 2 diabetes. In contrast, psyllium supplements had only modest benefits in people withprediabetesand no effect in people with no diabetes.
There is no evidence that psyllium can treat diabetes on its own. More research is needed.
5. Assists with Weight Loss
Soluble fiber may help you feel full after eating (referred to assatiety), decreasing hunger between meals and the risk of overeating.
Despite suggestions that psyllium might help with weight loss, a 2020 analysis inCritical Review in Food Science and Nutritionconcluded psyllium supplementation had no notable effect on body weight,body mass index (BMI), or waist circumference based on a review of 22 clinical trials.
What Are the Side Effects of Psyllium?
Side effects of psyllium husk powder tend to be mild and mainly involve gas and bloating.
While allergic reactions to psyllium are uncommon, there have been rare reports of a potentially life-threatening, whole-body allergy known asanaphylaxis.
When to Seek Medical CareCall 911 or have someone rush you to the nearest emergency room if you experience any of the following after consuming psyllium:Hives or rashShortness of breathWheezingSudden, severe diarrheaIrregular heartbeatsNausea and vomitingSwelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
When to Seek Medical Care
Call 911 or have someone rush you to the nearest emergency room if you experience any of the following after consuming psyllium:Hives or rashShortness of breathWheezingSudden, severe diarrheaIrregular heartbeatsNausea and vomitingSwelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
Call 911 or have someone rush you to the nearest emergency room if you experience any of the following after consuming psyllium:
Interactions
Psyllium can interact with several medications and affect their absorption. The drugs of greatest concern include:
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medications you take—including prescription, over-the-counter drugs, herbal, or recreational drugs—before starting a new supplement.
Dosage: How Much Psyllium Should I Take?
Studies involving the use of psyllium for constipation recommended between 5 and 10 grams (g) of psyllium taken daily in a single dose. This dose is generally considered safe and well-tolerated.
Psyllium supplements like Metamucil can be taken as needed to treat occasional constipation and usually works within three days. People with chronic constipation can take it daily, keeping it within the manufacturer’s recommended dose.
Keep psyllium supplements in a sealed container away from the reach of children or pets. Discard any supplement that is past its expiration date.
What Happens if I Take Too Much Psyllium?
Taking too much psyllium can lead to side effects such as:
This is especially true if you don’t drink enough water with psyllium.
Supplement Facts
Sources of Psyllium and What to Look For
Food sources of soluble fiber include the following:
Food sources of insoluble fiber include the following:
Psyllium is also sold as a supplement in many forms, including:
Check the product label to see if psyllium, psyllium seed, psyllium husk,ispaghula, ispaghula seed, or ispaghula husk is listed in the ingredients list.
Summary
Psyllium is a source of soluble fiber found naturally in many foods and is also sold as a supplement. Metamucil is one of the most familiar psyllium brands. Psyllium supplements may help improve constipation, cholesterol levels, IBS symptoms, and blood sugar control in people with diabetes.
Correction-October 5, 2023:This article was updated to correct the units listed in the Dosage section. It now states grams (g) instead of milligrams (mg).
Frequently Asked QuestionsPsyllium husk powder is used for many things, including to treat constipation and other digestive issues like IBS and high cholesterol. Some research suggests it may help control blood sugar, and some people use it for weight loss.If you take too much, you may be at risk of experiencing symptoms like gas, bloating, cramping, and abdominal pain. It may also interact poorly with some medications and supplements.
Psyllium husk powder is used for many things, including to treat constipation and other digestive issues like IBS and high cholesterol. Some research suggests it may help control blood sugar, and some people use it for weight loss.
If you take too much, you may be at risk of experiencing symptoms like gas, bloating, cramping, and abdominal pain. It may also interact poorly with some medications and supplements.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.MedlinePlus.Soluble and insoluble fiber.Cheng J, Tennila J, Stenman L.Influence of lactitol and psyllium on bowel function in constipated Indian volunteers: a randomized controlled trial.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1130. doi:10.3390/nu11051130Rao S, Brenner D.Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter therapies for chronic constipation: an updated systematic review.Am J Gastroenterol.2021. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001222Erdogan A, Rao SSC, Thiruvaiyaru D, et al.Randomised clinical trial: mixed soluble/insoluble fibre vs psyllium for chronic constipation.Ailment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(1):35-44. doi:10.1111/apt.13647Rao S, Brenner D.Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter therapies for chronic constipation: an updated systematic review.Am J Gastroenterol.2021. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001222U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.Jovanovski E, Yashpal S, Komishon A, et al.Effect of psyllium (Plantago ovata) fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets, non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutri.2018;108(5):922-32. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy115Brum J, Ramsey D, McRorie J, et al.Meta-analysis of usefulness of psyllium fiber as adjuvant antilipid therapy to enhance cholesterol lowering efficacy of statins.Am J Cardiol. 2018; 122(7):1169-74. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.040Moayyedi P, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al.The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(9):1367-74. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.195Garg P.Inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): role of psyllium fiber supplementation in decreasing inflammation and physiological management of IBS.Turk J Gastroenterol.2021 Jan;32(1):108–10. doi:10.5152/tjg.2020.0229Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Type 2 diabetes.Gibb RD, McRorie JW Jr, Russell DA, et al.Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Dec;102(6):1604-14. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.106989Bruma Jose M.Satiety effects of psyllium in healthy volunteers.Appetite. 2016;105:27-36. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.041Mofrad MD, Mozaffari H, Mousav SM, Sheikhi A, Milajerdi A.The effects of psyllium supplementation on body weight, body mass index and waist circumference in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.2020;60(5):859-72. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1553140MedlinePlus.Psyllium.Morales P, Azagra M, Martin C, et al.Anaphylactic shock due to psyllium (Plantago ovateseed) allergy: a case report.Food Nutri Sci.2022;12:1-5. doi:10.4236/fns.2022.131001.Yui Kau Fong S, Gao Q, Zuo Z.Interaction of carbamazepine with herbs, dietary supplements, and food: A systematic review.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 898261. doi:10.1155/2013/898261Reissel P, Manninen V.Effect of administration of activated charcoal and fibre on absorption, excretion and steady state blood levels of digoxin and digitoxin. Evidence for intenstinal secretion of the glycosides.Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1982. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.xRossander L.Effect of dietary fiber on iron absorption in man.Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.xGardiner P, Phillips R, Shaugnessy AF.Herbal and dietary supplement-drug interactions in patients with chronic illness.Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(1):73-78.Díez R, García JJ, Diez MJ, et al.Influence ofPlantago ovatahusk (dietary fiber) on the bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin in diabetic rabbits.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017; 17:298. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1809-xMerrick C, Madden CA, Capurso NA.A case of blunted orally disintegrating olanzapine effect due to coadministered psyllium.The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2021;82(2):20cr13633. doi:10.4088/JCP.20cr13633
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.MedlinePlus.Soluble and insoluble fiber.Cheng J, Tennila J, Stenman L.Influence of lactitol and psyllium on bowel function in constipated Indian volunteers: a randomized controlled trial.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1130. doi:10.3390/nu11051130Rao S, Brenner D.Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter therapies for chronic constipation: an updated systematic review.Am J Gastroenterol.2021. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001222Erdogan A, Rao SSC, Thiruvaiyaru D, et al.Randomised clinical trial: mixed soluble/insoluble fibre vs psyllium for chronic constipation.Ailment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(1):35-44. doi:10.1111/apt.13647Rao S, Brenner D.Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter therapies for chronic constipation: an updated systematic review.Am J Gastroenterol.2021. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001222U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.Jovanovski E, Yashpal S, Komishon A, et al.Effect of psyllium (Plantago ovata) fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets, non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutri.2018;108(5):922-32. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy115Brum J, Ramsey D, McRorie J, et al.Meta-analysis of usefulness of psyllium fiber as adjuvant antilipid therapy to enhance cholesterol lowering efficacy of statins.Am J Cardiol. 2018; 122(7):1169-74. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.040Moayyedi P, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al.The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(9):1367-74. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.195Garg P.Inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): role of psyllium fiber supplementation in decreasing inflammation and physiological management of IBS.Turk J Gastroenterol.2021 Jan;32(1):108–10. doi:10.5152/tjg.2020.0229Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Type 2 diabetes.Gibb RD, McRorie JW Jr, Russell DA, et al.Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Dec;102(6):1604-14. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.106989Bruma Jose M.Satiety effects of psyllium in healthy volunteers.Appetite. 2016;105:27-36. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.041Mofrad MD, Mozaffari H, Mousav SM, Sheikhi A, Milajerdi A.The effects of psyllium supplementation on body weight, body mass index and waist circumference in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.2020;60(5):859-72. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1553140MedlinePlus.Psyllium.Morales P, Azagra M, Martin C, et al.Anaphylactic shock due to psyllium (Plantago ovateseed) allergy: a case report.Food Nutri Sci.2022;12:1-5. doi:10.4236/fns.2022.131001.Yui Kau Fong S, Gao Q, Zuo Z.Interaction of carbamazepine with herbs, dietary supplements, and food: A systematic review.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 898261. doi:10.1155/2013/898261Reissel P, Manninen V.Effect of administration of activated charcoal and fibre on absorption, excretion and steady state blood levels of digoxin and digitoxin. Evidence for intenstinal secretion of the glycosides.Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1982. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.xRossander L.Effect of dietary fiber on iron absorption in man.Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.xGardiner P, Phillips R, Shaugnessy AF.Herbal and dietary supplement-drug interactions in patients with chronic illness.Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(1):73-78.Díez R, García JJ, Diez MJ, et al.Influence ofPlantago ovatahusk (dietary fiber) on the bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin in diabetic rabbits.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017; 17:298. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1809-xMerrick C, Madden CA, Capurso NA.A case of blunted orally disintegrating olanzapine effect due to coadministered psyllium.The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2021;82(2):20cr13633. doi:10.4088/JCP.20cr13633
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
MedlinePlus.Soluble and insoluble fiber.Cheng J, Tennila J, Stenman L.Influence of lactitol and psyllium on bowel function in constipated Indian volunteers: a randomized controlled trial.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1130. doi:10.3390/nu11051130Rao S, Brenner D.Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter therapies for chronic constipation: an updated systematic review.Am J Gastroenterol.2021. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001222Erdogan A, Rao SSC, Thiruvaiyaru D, et al.Randomised clinical trial: mixed soluble/insoluble fibre vs psyllium for chronic constipation.Ailment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(1):35-44. doi:10.1111/apt.13647Rao S, Brenner D.Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter therapies for chronic constipation: an updated systematic review.Am J Gastroenterol.2021. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001222U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.Jovanovski E, Yashpal S, Komishon A, et al.Effect of psyllium (Plantago ovata) fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets, non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutri.2018;108(5):922-32. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy115Brum J, Ramsey D, McRorie J, et al.Meta-analysis of usefulness of psyllium fiber as adjuvant antilipid therapy to enhance cholesterol lowering efficacy of statins.Am J Cardiol. 2018; 122(7):1169-74. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.040Moayyedi P, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al.The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(9):1367-74. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.195Garg P.Inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): role of psyllium fiber supplementation in decreasing inflammation and physiological management of IBS.Turk J Gastroenterol.2021 Jan;32(1):108–10. doi:10.5152/tjg.2020.0229Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Type 2 diabetes.Gibb RD, McRorie JW Jr, Russell DA, et al.Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Dec;102(6):1604-14. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.106989Bruma Jose M.Satiety effects of psyllium in healthy volunteers.Appetite. 2016;105:27-36. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.041Mofrad MD, Mozaffari H, Mousav SM, Sheikhi A, Milajerdi A.The effects of psyllium supplementation on body weight, body mass index and waist circumference in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.2020;60(5):859-72. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1553140MedlinePlus.Psyllium.Morales P, Azagra M, Martin C, et al.Anaphylactic shock due to psyllium (Plantago ovateseed) allergy: a case report.Food Nutri Sci.2022;12:1-5. doi:10.4236/fns.2022.131001.Yui Kau Fong S, Gao Q, Zuo Z.Interaction of carbamazepine with herbs, dietary supplements, and food: A systematic review.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 898261. doi:10.1155/2013/898261Reissel P, Manninen V.Effect of administration of activated charcoal and fibre on absorption, excretion and steady state blood levels of digoxin and digitoxin. Evidence for intenstinal secretion of the glycosides.Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1982. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.xRossander L.Effect of dietary fiber on iron absorption in man.Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.xGardiner P, Phillips R, Shaugnessy AF.Herbal and dietary supplement-drug interactions in patients with chronic illness.Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(1):73-78.Díez R, García JJ, Diez MJ, et al.Influence ofPlantago ovatahusk (dietary fiber) on the bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin in diabetic rabbits.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017; 17:298. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1809-xMerrick C, Madden CA, Capurso NA.A case of blunted orally disintegrating olanzapine effect due to coadministered psyllium.The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2021;82(2):20cr13633. doi:10.4088/JCP.20cr13633
MedlinePlus.Soluble and insoluble fiber.
Cheng J, Tennila J, Stenman L.Influence of lactitol and psyllium on bowel function in constipated Indian volunteers: a randomized controlled trial.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1130. doi:10.3390/nu11051130
Rao S, Brenner D.Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter therapies for chronic constipation: an updated systematic review.Am J Gastroenterol.2021. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001222
Erdogan A, Rao SSC, Thiruvaiyaru D, et al.Randomised clinical trial: mixed soluble/insoluble fibre vs psyllium for chronic constipation.Ailment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(1):35-44. doi:10.1111/apt.13647
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.
Jovanovski E, Yashpal S, Komishon A, et al.Effect of psyllium (Plantago ovata) fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets, non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutri.2018;108(5):922-32. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy115
Brum J, Ramsey D, McRorie J, et al.Meta-analysis of usefulness of psyllium fiber as adjuvant antilipid therapy to enhance cholesterol lowering efficacy of statins.Am J Cardiol. 2018; 122(7):1169-74. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.06.040
Moayyedi P, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al.The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(9):1367-74. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.195
Garg P.Inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): role of psyllium fiber supplementation in decreasing inflammation and physiological management of IBS.Turk J Gastroenterol.2021 Jan;32(1):108–10. doi:10.5152/tjg.2020.0229
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Type 2 diabetes.
Gibb RD, McRorie JW Jr, Russell DA, et al.Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Dec;102(6):1604-14. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.106989
Bruma Jose M.Satiety effects of psyllium in healthy volunteers.Appetite. 2016;105:27-36. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.041
Mofrad MD, Mozaffari H, Mousav SM, Sheikhi A, Milajerdi A.The effects of psyllium supplementation on body weight, body mass index and waist circumference in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.2020;60(5):859-72. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1553140
MedlinePlus.Psyllium.
Morales P, Azagra M, Martin C, et al.Anaphylactic shock due to psyllium (Plantago ovateseed) allergy: a case report.Food Nutri Sci.2022;12:1-5. doi:10.4236/fns.2022.131001.
Yui Kau Fong S, Gao Q, Zuo Z.Interaction of carbamazepine with herbs, dietary supplements, and food: A systematic review.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013: 898261. doi:10.1155/2013/898261
Reissel P, Manninen V.Effect of administration of activated charcoal and fibre on absorption, excretion and steady state blood levels of digoxin and digitoxin. Evidence for intenstinal secretion of the glycosides.Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1982. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.x
Rossander L.Effect of dietary fiber on iron absorption in man.Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1982.tb08527.x
Gardiner P, Phillips R, Shaugnessy AF.Herbal and dietary supplement-drug interactions in patients with chronic illness.Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(1):73-78.
Díez R, García JJ, Diez MJ, et al.Influence ofPlantago ovatahusk (dietary fiber) on the bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin in diabetic rabbits.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017; 17:298. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1809-x
Merrick C, Madden CA, Capurso NA.A case of blunted orally disintegrating olanzapine effect due to coadministered psyllium.The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2021;82(2):20cr13633. doi:10.4088/JCP.20cr13633
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