Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesOther UsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageInteractionsSimilar SupplementsSources & What to Look For
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Other Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Interactions
Similar Supplements
Sources & What to Look For
Benfotiamineis a dietary supplement that is converted in the body to thiamine (vitamin B1). Thiamine helps your body turn nutrients into energy and is essential for brain function.Some people use benfotiamine to raise thiamine levels because it is considered highly bioavailable.This means it reaches the bloodstream quickly and produces high levels of thiamine in the body.
Because it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, benfotiamine may also be helpful fordiabetic neuropathy(nerve pain) and Alzheimer’s disease.However, more research is needed to confirm these benefits.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Verywell / Getty Images
Benfotiamine and Thiamine: What’s the Link?
Benfotiamine is a dietary supplement that converts to thiamine in the body. Recommended daily levels of thiamine are 1.2 milligrams (mg) for adult males, 1.1 milligrams for adult females, and 1.4 mg during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Some people may develop a thiamine deficiency when:
Thiamine deficiency is rare in the United States, but it is more likely in older adults and people with the following conditions:
Benfotiamine can boost thiamine levels and help prevent these effects.
Other Health Uses
Some research supports the use of benfotiamine for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and diabetic neuropathy as well. Here’s the latest evidence supporting these claims.
Alzheimer’s Disease
AD is a degenerative brain disease. Symptoms include:
In one study, five people with AD took 300 milligrams (mg) of benfotiamine daily for 18 months. They all had some cognitive improvement.A small sample size limited this trial. Also, there was no placebo (sugar pill) control to compare to the benfotiamine treatment.
Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetes involves high blood sugar levels, which can damage blood vessels and cause diabetic neuropathy.
Symptoms of neuropathy include:
Benfotiamine inhibits what are known as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are markers for diabetic complications.Because thiamine deficiency is also known to cause nerve pain, in theory, supplementing with benfotiamine could alleviate some symptoms of neuropathy.
However, clinical data is minimal. A review of six trials that studied the effect of benfotiamine on diabetic nerve pain was inconclusive.Overall, there was not enough evidence to support the use of benfotiamine for people with this condition.
The recent BENDIP study found neuropathy symptoms improved after taking 300 mg of benfotiamine twice a day for six weeks, but symptoms didn’t improve when taken only once per day.
Natural Remedies for Type-2 Diabetes
Additional Uses
In addition to the potential health benefits listed above, some people use benfotiamine to support:
There is currently not enough evidence to recommend benfotiamine for these uses.
RecapBenfotiamine supplements help increase thiamine (vitamin B1) levels.Thiamine is key to a healthy nervous system. Some research suggests it helps with diabetes-related nerve damage and the cognitive declines of Alzheimer’s.
Recap
Benfotiamine supplements help increase thiamine (vitamin B1) levels.Thiamine is key to a healthy nervous system. Some research suggests it helps with diabetes-related nerve damage and the cognitive declines of Alzheimer’s.
What Are the Side Effects of Benfotiamine?
Your provider may recommend you take benfotiamine for nerve pain or Alzheimer’s disease, or another reason. However, consuming a supplement like benfotiamine may have potential side effects. These side effects may be common or severe.
Common Side Effects
While few side effects have been reported, extremely high doses aren’t advised. Little is known about the long-term safety of benfotiamine.
A safety and tolerability study reported that the rate of adverse effects for short-term benfotiamine use in young, healthy volunteers was similar to that for placebo.The maximum doses studied were 1,200 mg daily for up to ten days. Side effects reported with benfotiamine included:
Severe Side Effects
There are no documented severe side effects of benfotiamine. However, most studies have been short-term, and safety data are limited.
The safety of supplements hasn’t been established for:
Benfotiamine contains sulfur. Don’t take it if you have a sulfur sensitivity.
Verywell / Anastasia Tretiak
Dosage: How Much Benfotiamine Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
No safe or effective dosage recommendations have been established for benfotiamine as a treatment for any condition.
Most studies in people with diabetes have used dosages of 300 mg twice a day. Other trials have used doses as high as 900 mg per day without significant problems.
Benfotiamine does not appear to cause toxicity.
If you want to try benfotiamine supplements, talk to your healthcare provider. They can advise whether it’s safe for you and help determine an appropriate dosage.
Supplement FactsActive ingredient:S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphateAlternate name:Benphothiamine, betivina, benzoylthiamine monophosphate, benfotiamina, benfotiaminumLegal status: Over-the-counter (OTC) supplement in the United StatesSuggested dose:300 milligrams twice a daySafety considerations:Safety unknown during pregnancy, lactation, and in children
Supplement Facts
Active ingredient:S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphateAlternate name:Benphothiamine, betivina, benzoylthiamine monophosphate, benfotiamina, benfotiaminumLegal status: Over-the-counter (OTC) supplement in the United StatesSuggested dose:300 milligrams twice a daySafety considerations:Safety unknown during pregnancy, lactation, and in children
Little is known about benfotiamine’s potential drug or food interactions.
Prescription medications furosemide (Lasix) and fluorouracil (Adrucil) lower the levels of thiamin in the body, so those medicines might also make benfotiamine less effective.
It is essential to carefully read a supplement’s ingredients list and nutrition facts panel to learn which ingredients are in the product and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
Commonly used supplements for thiamin deficiency include:
Other supplements that may benefit patients with diabetic neuropathy include:
Supplements of interest in Alzheimer’s disease include:
Sources of Benfotiamine and What to Look For
Several sources of benfotiamine are available, including foods and dietary supplements.
Food Sources of Benfotiamine
Benfotiamine is found in roasted garlic and other herbs from theAlliumfamily, such as chives, shallots, and leeks.
Benfotiamine Supplements
Benfotiamine supplements are widely available online and in stores specializing in supplements. They may be purchased in capsule or powder form.
When choosing one, review the Supplement Facts label. It will tell you how much of the active ingredient it contains and list any fillers, binders, or flavorings.
Summary
Benfotiamine is a supplement that can increase the level of the essential vitamin, thiamine, in the body. It may help with diabetic neuropathy and Alzheimer’s disease. More research is needed, though.
Side effects are possible, but they’ve been rare in studies. Official dosages aren’t yet established. Check with your healthcare provider before taking benfotiamine.
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Thiamin.Raj V, Ojha S, Howarth FC, Belur PD, Subramanya SB.Therapeutic potential of benfotiamine and its molecular targets.European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences.2018;22(10):3261-3273. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201805_15089Sambon M, Wins P, Bettendorff L.Neuroprotective effects of thiamine and precursors with higher bioavailability: focus on benfotiamine and dibenzoylthiamine.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5418. doi:10.3390/ijms22115418Whitfield KC, Bourassa MW, Adamolekun B, et al.Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1430(1):3-43. doi:10.1111/nyas.13919National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging.What are the signs of Alzheimer’s disease?Pan X, Chen Z, Fei G, et al.Long-term cognitive improvement after benfotiamine administration in patients with alzheimer’s disease.Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(6):591-596. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0067-0Gibson GE, Luchsinger JA, Cirio R, et al.Benfotiamine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled phase IIa clinical trial.J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;78(3):989-1010. doi:10.3233/JAD-200896National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.What is diabetic neuropathy?Stirban A, Pop A, Fischer A, Heckermann S, Tschoepe D.Variability of skin autofluorescence measurement over 6 and 12 weeks and the influence of benfotiamine treatment.Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15(9):733-737. doi:10.1089/dia.2013.0103Karaganis S, Song XJ.B vitamins as a treatment for diabetic pain and neuropathy.J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021;46(5):1199-1212. doi:10.1111/jcpt.13375Ziegler D.Pathogenetic treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2023;206:110764. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110764Manzardo AM, Pendleton T, Poje A, Penick EC, Butler MG.Change in psychiatric symptomatology after benfotiamine treatment in males is related to lifetime alcoholism severity.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:257-263. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.032Khurana N, James S, Coughlan MT, MacIsaac RJ, Ekinci EI.Novel therapies for kidney disease in people with diabetes.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):e1-e24. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab639Sheng L, Cao W, Lin P, et al.Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of benfotiamine in healthy subjects.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:1101-1110. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S296197National Center for Biotechnology Information.PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3032771, Benfotiamine.Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Cirilli I, et al.Capsaicin, its clinical significance in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;153:113439. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113439Nwadiugwu MC.Inflammatory activities in type 2 diabetes patients with co-morbid angiopathies and exploring beneficial interventions: a systematic review.Front Public Health. 2021;8:600427. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.600427Ziegler D, Papanas N, Schnell O, et al.Current concepts in the management of diabetic polyneuropathy.J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(4):464-475. doi:10.1111/jdi.13401Voulgaropoulou SD, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Prickaerts J, et al.The effect of curcumin on cognition in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy aging: A systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Brain Research. 2019;1725:146476. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146476Araya-Quintanilla F, Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, Sánchez-Montoya U, et al.Effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Efectividad de la suplementación de ácidos grasos omega-3 en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis.Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2020;35(2):105-114. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2017.07.009Lauer AA, Grimm HS, Apel B, et al.Mechanistic Link between Vitamin B12 and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules. 2022 Jan 14;12(1):129. doi: 10.3390/biom12010129Browne D, McGuinness B, Woodside JV, McKay GJ.Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s disease: what do we know so far?.Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1303-1317. doi:10.2147/CIA.S186760Singh SK, Srivastav S, Castellani RJ, Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G.Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract Against AD and Other Neurological Disorders.Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16(3):666-674. doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00767-8Roschel H, Gualano B, Ostojic SM, Rawson ES.Creatine supplementation and brain health.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):586. doi:10.3390/nu13020586Allowitz KV, Yoo JJ, Taylor JR, et al.Therapeutic potential of vitamin B1 derivative benfotiamine from diabetes to COVID-19.Future Med Chem. 2022;14(11):809-826. doi:10.4155/fmc-2022-0040Additional ReadingOh SH, Witek RP, Bae SH, Darwiche H, Jung Y, Pi L, Brown A, Petersen BE.Detection of transketolase in bone marrow-derived insulin-producing cells: benfotiamine enhances insulin synthesis and glucose metabolism.Stem Cells Dev.2009. 18(1):37-46. doi:10.1089/scd.2007.0255
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Thiamin.Raj V, Ojha S, Howarth FC, Belur PD, Subramanya SB.Therapeutic potential of benfotiamine and its molecular targets.European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences.2018;22(10):3261-3273. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201805_15089Sambon M, Wins P, Bettendorff L.Neuroprotective effects of thiamine and precursors with higher bioavailability: focus on benfotiamine and dibenzoylthiamine.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5418. doi:10.3390/ijms22115418Whitfield KC, Bourassa MW, Adamolekun B, et al.Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1430(1):3-43. doi:10.1111/nyas.13919National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging.What are the signs of Alzheimer’s disease?Pan X, Chen Z, Fei G, et al.Long-term cognitive improvement after benfotiamine administration in patients with alzheimer’s disease.Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(6):591-596. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0067-0Gibson GE, Luchsinger JA, Cirio R, et al.Benfotiamine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled phase IIa clinical trial.J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;78(3):989-1010. doi:10.3233/JAD-200896National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.What is diabetic neuropathy?Stirban A, Pop A, Fischer A, Heckermann S, Tschoepe D.Variability of skin autofluorescence measurement over 6 and 12 weeks and the influence of benfotiamine treatment.Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15(9):733-737. doi:10.1089/dia.2013.0103Karaganis S, Song XJ.B vitamins as a treatment for diabetic pain and neuropathy.J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021;46(5):1199-1212. doi:10.1111/jcpt.13375Ziegler D.Pathogenetic treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2023;206:110764. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110764Manzardo AM, Pendleton T, Poje A, Penick EC, Butler MG.Change in psychiatric symptomatology after benfotiamine treatment in males is related to lifetime alcoholism severity.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:257-263. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.032Khurana N, James S, Coughlan MT, MacIsaac RJ, Ekinci EI.Novel therapies for kidney disease in people with diabetes.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):e1-e24. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab639Sheng L, Cao W, Lin P, et al.Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of benfotiamine in healthy subjects.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:1101-1110. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S296197National Center for Biotechnology Information.PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3032771, Benfotiamine.Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Cirilli I, et al.Capsaicin, its clinical significance in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;153:113439. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113439Nwadiugwu MC.Inflammatory activities in type 2 diabetes patients with co-morbid angiopathies and exploring beneficial interventions: a systematic review.Front Public Health. 2021;8:600427. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.600427Ziegler D, Papanas N, Schnell O, et al.Current concepts in the management of diabetic polyneuropathy.J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(4):464-475. doi:10.1111/jdi.13401Voulgaropoulou SD, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Prickaerts J, et al.The effect of curcumin on cognition in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy aging: A systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Brain Research. 2019;1725:146476. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146476Araya-Quintanilla F, Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, Sánchez-Montoya U, et al.Effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Efectividad de la suplementación de ácidos grasos omega-3 en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis.Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2020;35(2):105-114. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2017.07.009Lauer AA, Grimm HS, Apel B, et al.Mechanistic Link between Vitamin B12 and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules. 2022 Jan 14;12(1):129. doi: 10.3390/biom12010129Browne D, McGuinness B, Woodside JV, McKay GJ.Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s disease: what do we know so far?.Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1303-1317. doi:10.2147/CIA.S186760Singh SK, Srivastav S, Castellani RJ, Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G.Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract Against AD and Other Neurological Disorders.Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16(3):666-674. doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00767-8Roschel H, Gualano B, Ostojic SM, Rawson ES.Creatine supplementation and brain health.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):586. doi:10.3390/nu13020586Allowitz KV, Yoo JJ, Taylor JR, et al.Therapeutic potential of vitamin B1 derivative benfotiamine from diabetes to COVID-19.Future Med Chem. 2022;14(11):809-826. doi:10.4155/fmc-2022-0040Additional ReadingOh SH, Witek RP, Bae SH, Darwiche H, Jung Y, Pi L, Brown A, Petersen BE.Detection of transketolase in bone marrow-derived insulin-producing cells: benfotiamine enhances insulin synthesis and glucose metabolism.Stem Cells Dev.2009. 18(1):37-46. doi:10.1089/scd.2007.0255
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Thiamin.Raj V, Ojha S, Howarth FC, Belur PD, Subramanya SB.Therapeutic potential of benfotiamine and its molecular targets.European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences.2018;22(10):3261-3273. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201805_15089Sambon M, Wins P, Bettendorff L.Neuroprotective effects of thiamine and precursors with higher bioavailability: focus on benfotiamine and dibenzoylthiamine.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5418. doi:10.3390/ijms22115418Whitfield KC, Bourassa MW, Adamolekun B, et al.Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1430(1):3-43. doi:10.1111/nyas.13919National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging.What are the signs of Alzheimer’s disease?Pan X, Chen Z, Fei G, et al.Long-term cognitive improvement after benfotiamine administration in patients with alzheimer’s disease.Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(6):591-596. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0067-0Gibson GE, Luchsinger JA, Cirio R, et al.Benfotiamine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled phase IIa clinical trial.J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;78(3):989-1010. doi:10.3233/JAD-200896National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.What is diabetic neuropathy?Stirban A, Pop A, Fischer A, Heckermann S, Tschoepe D.Variability of skin autofluorescence measurement over 6 and 12 weeks and the influence of benfotiamine treatment.Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15(9):733-737. doi:10.1089/dia.2013.0103Karaganis S, Song XJ.B vitamins as a treatment for diabetic pain and neuropathy.J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021;46(5):1199-1212. doi:10.1111/jcpt.13375Ziegler D.Pathogenetic treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2023;206:110764. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110764Manzardo AM, Pendleton T, Poje A, Penick EC, Butler MG.Change in psychiatric symptomatology after benfotiamine treatment in males is related to lifetime alcoholism severity.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:257-263. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.032Khurana N, James S, Coughlan MT, MacIsaac RJ, Ekinci EI.Novel therapies for kidney disease in people with diabetes.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):e1-e24. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab639Sheng L, Cao W, Lin P, et al.Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of benfotiamine in healthy subjects.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:1101-1110. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S296197National Center for Biotechnology Information.PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3032771, Benfotiamine.Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Cirilli I, et al.Capsaicin, its clinical significance in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;153:113439. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113439Nwadiugwu MC.Inflammatory activities in type 2 diabetes patients with co-morbid angiopathies and exploring beneficial interventions: a systematic review.Front Public Health. 2021;8:600427. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.600427Ziegler D, Papanas N, Schnell O, et al.Current concepts in the management of diabetic polyneuropathy.J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(4):464-475. doi:10.1111/jdi.13401Voulgaropoulou SD, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Prickaerts J, et al.The effect of curcumin on cognition in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy aging: A systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Brain Research. 2019;1725:146476. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146476Araya-Quintanilla F, Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, Sánchez-Montoya U, et al.Effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Efectividad de la suplementación de ácidos grasos omega-3 en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis.Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2020;35(2):105-114. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2017.07.009Lauer AA, Grimm HS, Apel B, et al.Mechanistic Link between Vitamin B12 and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules. 2022 Jan 14;12(1):129. doi: 10.3390/biom12010129Browne D, McGuinness B, Woodside JV, McKay GJ.Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s disease: what do we know so far?.Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1303-1317. doi:10.2147/CIA.S186760Singh SK, Srivastav S, Castellani RJ, Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G.Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract Against AD and Other Neurological Disorders.Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16(3):666-674. doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00767-8Roschel H, Gualano B, Ostojic SM, Rawson ES.Creatine supplementation and brain health.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):586. doi:10.3390/nu13020586Allowitz KV, Yoo JJ, Taylor JR, et al.Therapeutic potential of vitamin B1 derivative benfotiamine from diabetes to COVID-19.Future Med Chem. 2022;14(11):809-826. doi:10.4155/fmc-2022-0040
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Thiamin.
Raj V, Ojha S, Howarth FC, Belur PD, Subramanya SB.Therapeutic potential of benfotiamine and its molecular targets.European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences.2018;22(10):3261-3273. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201805_15089
Sambon M, Wins P, Bettendorff L.Neuroprotective effects of thiamine and precursors with higher bioavailability: focus on benfotiamine and dibenzoylthiamine.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(11):5418. doi:10.3390/ijms22115418
Whitfield KC, Bourassa MW, Adamolekun B, et al.Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1430(1):3-43. doi:10.1111/nyas.13919
National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging.What are the signs of Alzheimer’s disease?
Pan X, Chen Z, Fei G, et al.Long-term cognitive improvement after benfotiamine administration in patients with alzheimer’s disease.Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(6):591-596. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0067-0
Gibson GE, Luchsinger JA, Cirio R, et al.Benfotiamine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled phase IIa clinical trial.J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;78(3):989-1010. doi:10.3233/JAD-200896
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.What is diabetic neuropathy?
Stirban A, Pop A, Fischer A, Heckermann S, Tschoepe D.Variability of skin autofluorescence measurement over 6 and 12 weeks and the influence of benfotiamine treatment.Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15(9):733-737. doi:10.1089/dia.2013.0103
Karaganis S, Song XJ.B vitamins as a treatment for diabetic pain and neuropathy.J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021;46(5):1199-1212. doi:10.1111/jcpt.13375
Ziegler D.Pathogenetic treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2023;206:110764. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110764
Manzardo AM, Pendleton T, Poje A, Penick EC, Butler MG.Change in psychiatric symptomatology after benfotiamine treatment in males is related to lifetime alcoholism severity.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:257-263. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.032
Khurana N, James S, Coughlan MT, MacIsaac RJ, Ekinci EI.Novel therapies for kidney disease in people with diabetes.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):e1-e24. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab639
Sheng L, Cao W, Lin P, et al.Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of benfotiamine in healthy subjects.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:1101-1110. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S296197
National Center for Biotechnology Information.PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3032771, Benfotiamine.
Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Cirilli I, et al.Capsaicin, its clinical significance in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;153:113439. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113439
Nwadiugwu MC.Inflammatory activities in type 2 diabetes patients with co-morbid angiopathies and exploring beneficial interventions: a systematic review.Front Public Health. 2021;8:600427. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.600427
Ziegler D, Papanas N, Schnell O, et al.Current concepts in the management of diabetic polyneuropathy.J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(4):464-475. doi:10.1111/jdi.13401
Voulgaropoulou SD, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Prickaerts J, et al.The effect of curcumin on cognition in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy aging: A systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Brain Research. 2019;1725:146476. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146476
Araya-Quintanilla F, Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, Sánchez-Montoya U, et al.Effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Efectividad de la suplementación de ácidos grasos omega-3 en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis.Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2020;35(2):105-114. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2017.07.009
Lauer AA, Grimm HS, Apel B, et al.Mechanistic Link between Vitamin B12 and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules. 2022 Jan 14;12(1):129. doi: 10.3390/biom12010129
Browne D, McGuinness B, Woodside JV, McKay GJ.Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s disease: what do we know so far?.Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1303-1317. doi:10.2147/CIA.S186760
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