Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhy They’re LinkedLow Thyroid & High CholesterolHigh Thyroid & Low CholesterolThyroid TreatmentCholesterol TreatmentLifestyle Changes
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Why They’re Linked
Low Thyroid & High Cholesterol
High Thyroid & Low Cholesterol
Thyroid Treatment
Cholesterol Treatment
Lifestyle Changes
Thyroid diseaseand cholesterol levels are closely related.
Interactions between these conditions include:
This article explains why thyroid disease and high cholesterol are linked, the potential problems, and how to manage both conditions at once.
What is a Healthy Cholesterol Level By Age?
Why Thyroid and Cholesterol Are Linked
Thyroid hormones have several jobs, including regulating your body’s energy.
These hormones also control how your body uses cholesterol and other lipids (fats) and help your liver produce fatty acids, which store energy for you to use later.
When thyroid hormones are not at the right levels, these processes can be affected. Getting thyroid hormones in balance helps regulate cholesterol.
Verywell / Emily Roberts
High TSH levels usually mean you have an underactive thyroid.
Symptoms include:
Studies show that people with high TSH levels have much higher total cholesterol and LDL (bad cholesterol) levels than people with normal TSH levels.
Heart Disease in Borderline Hypothyroidism
Health Risks
Untreated hypothyroidism is linked to serious health risks.
These include:
High cholesterol further raises the risk of blood clots, heart disease, and stroke.
Excessivelylow cholesterolcan cause health problems. Sometimes, a sudden drop in cholesterol levels can be a sign of an overactive thyroid.
If you have hyperthyroidism, your thyroid produces too much T3 and T4, which are thyroid hormones.
High levels of these hormones speed up certain processes in your body, leading to:
Graves' diseaseis an autoimmune condition that causes hyperthyroidism. It sometimes involves an eye disease calledorbitopathy. Increased levels of LDL and total cholesterol are risk factors for orbitopathy.
Without treatment, hyperthyroidism can lead to:
Low cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of:
Both conditions are associated with heart disease, possibly compounding the risk.
RecapLow thyroid activity is linked to high total and LDL cholesterol. Without treatment, an underactive thyroid could lead to heart disease, stroke, and other health issues.High thyroid activity is linked to low cholesterol. Untreated, an overactive thyroid can lead to brittle bones, abnormal heart rhythm, and more.
Recap
Low thyroid activity is linked to high total and LDL cholesterol. Without treatment, an underactive thyroid could lead to heart disease, stroke, and other health issues.High thyroid activity is linked to low cholesterol. Untreated, an overactive thyroid can lead to brittle bones, abnormal heart rhythm, and more.
Low thyroid activity is linked to high total and LDL cholesterol. Without treatment, an underactive thyroid could lead to heart disease, stroke, and other health issues.
High thyroid activity is linked to low cholesterol. Untreated, an overactive thyroid can lead to brittle bones, abnormal heart rhythm, and more.
Thyroid Treatment and Cholesterol
You can get effective treatment for underactive or overactive thyroid. Adequate thyroid treatment helps manage your thyroid hormones and may impact your cholesterol as well.
Underactive Thyroid Treatment
Hypothyroidism is usually treated with the drug Synthroid (levothyroxine), a synthetic form of the hormone T4. This drug often improves thyroid levels and cholesterol levels.
A large study of people with hypothyroidism and high cholesterol showed that treating the thyroid problem corrected cholesterol levels 60% of the time.
Since levothyroxine doesn’t always get cholesterol levels in the ideal range, additional medical treatments may be needed.
These include cholesterol-lowering medications such as:
Overactive Thyroid Treatment
Treating hyperthyroidism can help raise low cholesterol levels.
Possible treatments include:
If your entire thyroid gland is removed, you’ll need to take thyroid replacement hormones (such as levothyroxine) for the rest of your life. This is sometimes the case with partial removal and radioiodine therapy as well.
RecapTreatment with levothyroxine can improve both an underactive thyroid and high cholesterol.An overactive thyroid and low cholesterol can both be improved with medication, radioiodine therapy, or surgery directed at reducing the overproduction of thyroid hormone.
Treatment with levothyroxine can improve both an underactive thyroid and high cholesterol.An overactive thyroid and low cholesterol can both be improved with medication, radioiodine therapy, or surgery directed at reducing the overproduction of thyroid hormone.
Treatment with levothyroxine can improve both an underactive thyroid and high cholesterol.
An overactive thyroid and low cholesterol can both be improved with medication, radioiodine therapy, or surgery directed at reducing the overproduction of thyroid hormone.
Cholesterol Treatments and Thyroid Disease
Cholesterol treatmentscan affect thyroid disease and treatment in several ways.
Absorption
Drugs classified asbile acid resinsmay prevent your body from absorbing levothyroxine.
They’re prescribed for hyperthyroidism and include:
You should take these drugs at least four hours after taking levothyroxine to avoid this effect.
Muscle Pain
Muscle pain can be a side effect of statin medications.If you have hypothyroidism, you may be likely to experience this side effect.
Muscle Pain and Weakness in Thyroid Disease
Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
Niacinis a treatment that is sometimes recommended for increasing HDL (“good cholesterol”) levels.
Its side effects, such as flushing,can closely mimic the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.That might make you think your thyroid treatments aren’t working properly.
Thyroid Eye Disease
A 2018 study found that treating high cholesterol with statin medications reduced the risk of Grave’s orbitopathy.
RecapDrugs used to lower cholesterol can produce side effects that mimic symptoms of thyroid disease and interfere with thyroid medication absorption. People who have thyroid disease may also be more likely to experience side effects of cholesterol drugs.
Drugs used to lower cholesterol can produce side effects that mimic symptoms of thyroid disease and interfere with thyroid medication absorption. People who have thyroid disease may also be more likely to experience side effects of cholesterol drugs.
Lifestyle Changes for Both Conditions
Lifestyle changes can help you manage cholesterol and thyroid problems.
Your healthcare provider may recommend the following:
Summary
Thyroid hormones are associated with cholesterol levels. If your cholesterol is high or drops suddenly, you might need to have your thyroid checked.
Thyroid treatments may help you reduce your risk of complications such as heart attack and stroke, and they may also help you manage cholesterol.
If you are taking a cholesterol-lowering medication, know that it can affect your thyroid disease and treatments.
A Word From Verywell
How to Find the Best Healthcare Providers for Thyroid Care
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Wang H, Liu A, Zhou Y, et al.The correlation between serum free thyroxine and regression of dyslipidemia in adult males: A 4.5-year prospective study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(39):e8163. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008163National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Hypothyroidism.Li X, Wang Y, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L.The lipid-lowering effect of levothyroxine in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017;87(1):1-9. doi:10.1111/cen.13338Moon S, Kong SH, Choi HS, et al.Relation of subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in adults with high cardiovascular risk.Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(4):571-577. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.03.371McAninch EA, Rajan KB, Miller CH, Bianco AC.Systemic thyroid hormone status during levothyroxine therapy in hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis[published online ahead of print, 2018 Aug 15].J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(12):4533-4542. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01361National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Hyperthyroidism.Sabini E, Mazzi B, Profilo MA, et al.High serum cholesterol is a novel risk factor for Graves' orbitopathy: Results of a cross-sectional study.Thyroid. 2018;28(3):386-394. doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0430Bandyopadhyay D, Qureshi A, Ghosh S, et al.Safety and efficacy of extremely low LDL-cholesterol levels and its prospects in hyperlipidemia management.J Lipids. 2018;2018:8598054. doi:10.1155/2018/8598054Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, et al.Thyroid and cardiovascular disease research agenda for enhancing knowledge, prevention, and treatment[published online ahead of print, 2019 May 13].Circulation. 2019;10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859Willard DL, Leung AM, Pearce EN.Thyroid function testing in patients with newly diagnosed hyperlipidemia.JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(2):287-289. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12188Johns Hopkins Medicine.High cholesterol: Prevention, treatment and research.Virili C, Antonelli A, Santaguida MG, Benvenga S, Centanni M.Gastrointestinal malabsorption of thyroxine.Endocr Rev. 2019;40(1):118-136. doi:10.1210/er.2018-00168National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Levothyroxine.Parker BA, Thompson PD.Effect of statins on skeletal muscle: exercise, myopathy, and muscle outcomes[published correction appears in Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2013 Jan;41(1):71].Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40(4):188-194. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31826c169eSalehi N, Agoston E, Munir I, Thompson GJ.Rhabdomyolysis in a patient with severe hypothyroidism.Am J Case Rep.2017;18:912-918. doi:10.12659/AJCR.904691Mani P, Rohatgi A.Niacin therapy, HDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease: Is the HDL hypothesis defunct?.Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2015;17(8):43. doi:10.1007/s11883-015-0521-xAmerican Academy of Dermatology Association.Thyroid disease: A checklist of skin, hair, and nail changes.Abbott RD, Sadowski A, Alt AG.Efficacy of the autoimmune protocol diet as part of a multi-disciplinary, supported lifestyle intervention for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.Cureus. 2019;11(4):e4556. doi:10.7759/cureus.4556American Heart Association.Inflammation and heart disease.Brown JD, Buscemi J, Milsom V, Malcolm R, O’Neil PM.Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of weight losses limited to 5-10.Transl Behav Med. 2016;6(3):339-346. doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0353-9Agnihothri RV, Courville AB, Linderman JD, et al.Moderate weight loss is sufficient to affect thyroid hormone homeostasis and inhibit its peripheral conversion.Thyroid. 2014;24(1):19-26. doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0055Cleveland Clinic.Uncontrolled thyroid: Exercise, diet risks. Updated October 31, 2013.Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Barber JL, Sarzynski MA.Effects of exercise on HDL functionality.Curr Opin Lipidol. 2019;30(1):16-23. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000568Sawicka-gutaj N, Gutaj P, Sowiński J, et al.Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland–an update.Endokrynol Pol. 2014;65(1):54-62. doi:10.5603/EP.2014.0008Henning RJ, Johnson GT, Coyle JP, Harbison RD.Acrolein can cause cardiovascular disease: a review.Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2017;17(3):227-236. doi:10.1007/s12012-016-9396-5
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Wang H, Liu A, Zhou Y, et al.The correlation between serum free thyroxine and regression of dyslipidemia in adult males: A 4.5-year prospective study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(39):e8163. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008163National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Hypothyroidism.Li X, Wang Y, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L.The lipid-lowering effect of levothyroxine in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017;87(1):1-9. doi:10.1111/cen.13338Moon S, Kong SH, Choi HS, et al.Relation of subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in adults with high cardiovascular risk.Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(4):571-577. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.03.371McAninch EA, Rajan KB, Miller CH, Bianco AC.Systemic thyroid hormone status during levothyroxine therapy in hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis[published online ahead of print, 2018 Aug 15].J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(12):4533-4542. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01361National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Hyperthyroidism.Sabini E, Mazzi B, Profilo MA, et al.High serum cholesterol is a novel risk factor for Graves' orbitopathy: Results of a cross-sectional study.Thyroid. 2018;28(3):386-394. doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0430Bandyopadhyay D, Qureshi A, Ghosh S, et al.Safety and efficacy of extremely low LDL-cholesterol levels and its prospects in hyperlipidemia management.J Lipids. 2018;2018:8598054. doi:10.1155/2018/8598054Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, et al.Thyroid and cardiovascular disease research agenda for enhancing knowledge, prevention, and treatment[published online ahead of print, 2019 May 13].Circulation. 2019;10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859Willard DL, Leung AM, Pearce EN.Thyroid function testing in patients with newly diagnosed hyperlipidemia.JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(2):287-289. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12188Johns Hopkins Medicine.High cholesterol: Prevention, treatment and research.Virili C, Antonelli A, Santaguida MG, Benvenga S, Centanni M.Gastrointestinal malabsorption of thyroxine.Endocr Rev. 2019;40(1):118-136. doi:10.1210/er.2018-00168National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Levothyroxine.Parker BA, Thompson PD.Effect of statins on skeletal muscle: exercise, myopathy, and muscle outcomes[published correction appears in Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2013 Jan;41(1):71].Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40(4):188-194. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31826c169eSalehi N, Agoston E, Munir I, Thompson GJ.Rhabdomyolysis in a patient with severe hypothyroidism.Am J Case Rep.2017;18:912-918. doi:10.12659/AJCR.904691Mani P, Rohatgi A.Niacin therapy, HDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease: Is the HDL hypothesis defunct?.Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2015;17(8):43. doi:10.1007/s11883-015-0521-xAmerican Academy of Dermatology Association.Thyroid disease: A checklist of skin, hair, and nail changes.Abbott RD, Sadowski A, Alt AG.Efficacy of the autoimmune protocol diet as part of a multi-disciplinary, supported lifestyle intervention for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.Cureus. 2019;11(4):e4556. doi:10.7759/cureus.4556American Heart Association.Inflammation and heart disease.Brown JD, Buscemi J, Milsom V, Malcolm R, O’Neil PM.Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of weight losses limited to 5-10.Transl Behav Med. 2016;6(3):339-346. doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0353-9Agnihothri RV, Courville AB, Linderman JD, et al.Moderate weight loss is sufficient to affect thyroid hormone homeostasis and inhibit its peripheral conversion.Thyroid. 2014;24(1):19-26. doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0055Cleveland Clinic.Uncontrolled thyroid: Exercise, diet risks. Updated October 31, 2013.Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Barber JL, Sarzynski MA.Effects of exercise on HDL functionality.Curr Opin Lipidol. 2019;30(1):16-23. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000568Sawicka-gutaj N, Gutaj P, Sowiński J, et al.Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland–an update.Endokrynol Pol. 2014;65(1):54-62. doi:10.5603/EP.2014.0008Henning RJ, Johnson GT, Coyle JP, Harbison RD.Acrolein can cause cardiovascular disease: a review.Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2017;17(3):227-236. doi:10.1007/s12012-016-9396-5
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Wang H, Liu A, Zhou Y, et al.The correlation between serum free thyroxine and regression of dyslipidemia in adult males: A 4.5-year prospective study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(39):e8163. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008163National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Hypothyroidism.Li X, Wang Y, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L.The lipid-lowering effect of levothyroxine in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017;87(1):1-9. doi:10.1111/cen.13338Moon S, Kong SH, Choi HS, et al.Relation of subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in adults with high cardiovascular risk.Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(4):571-577. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.03.371McAninch EA, Rajan KB, Miller CH, Bianco AC.Systemic thyroid hormone status during levothyroxine therapy in hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis[published online ahead of print, 2018 Aug 15].J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(12):4533-4542. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01361National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Hyperthyroidism.Sabini E, Mazzi B, Profilo MA, et al.High serum cholesterol is a novel risk factor for Graves' orbitopathy: Results of a cross-sectional study.Thyroid. 2018;28(3):386-394. doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0430Bandyopadhyay D, Qureshi A, Ghosh S, et al.Safety and efficacy of extremely low LDL-cholesterol levels and its prospects in hyperlipidemia management.J Lipids. 2018;2018:8598054. doi:10.1155/2018/8598054Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, et al.Thyroid and cardiovascular disease research agenda for enhancing knowledge, prevention, and treatment[published online ahead of print, 2019 May 13].Circulation. 2019;10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859Willard DL, Leung AM, Pearce EN.Thyroid function testing in patients with newly diagnosed hyperlipidemia.JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(2):287-289. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12188Johns Hopkins Medicine.High cholesterol: Prevention, treatment and research.Virili C, Antonelli A, Santaguida MG, Benvenga S, Centanni M.Gastrointestinal malabsorption of thyroxine.Endocr Rev. 2019;40(1):118-136. doi:10.1210/er.2018-00168National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Levothyroxine.Parker BA, Thompson PD.Effect of statins on skeletal muscle: exercise, myopathy, and muscle outcomes[published correction appears in Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2013 Jan;41(1):71].Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40(4):188-194. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31826c169eSalehi N, Agoston E, Munir I, Thompson GJ.Rhabdomyolysis in a patient with severe hypothyroidism.Am J Case Rep.2017;18:912-918. doi:10.12659/AJCR.904691Mani P, Rohatgi A.Niacin therapy, HDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease: Is the HDL hypothesis defunct?.Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2015;17(8):43. doi:10.1007/s11883-015-0521-xAmerican Academy of Dermatology Association.Thyroid disease: A checklist of skin, hair, and nail changes.Abbott RD, Sadowski A, Alt AG.Efficacy of the autoimmune protocol diet as part of a multi-disciplinary, supported lifestyle intervention for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.Cureus. 2019;11(4):e4556. doi:10.7759/cureus.4556American Heart Association.Inflammation and heart disease.Brown JD, Buscemi J, Milsom V, Malcolm R, O’Neil PM.Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of weight losses limited to 5-10.Transl Behav Med. 2016;6(3):339-346. doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0353-9Agnihothri RV, Courville AB, Linderman JD, et al.Moderate weight loss is sufficient to affect thyroid hormone homeostasis and inhibit its peripheral conversion.Thyroid. 2014;24(1):19-26. doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0055Cleveland Clinic.Uncontrolled thyroid: Exercise, diet risks. Updated October 31, 2013.Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Barber JL, Sarzynski MA.Effects of exercise on HDL functionality.Curr Opin Lipidol. 2019;30(1):16-23. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000568Sawicka-gutaj N, Gutaj P, Sowiński J, et al.Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland–an update.Endokrynol Pol. 2014;65(1):54-62. doi:10.5603/EP.2014.0008Henning RJ, Johnson GT, Coyle JP, Harbison RD.Acrolein can cause cardiovascular disease: a review.Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2017;17(3):227-236. doi:10.1007/s12012-016-9396-5
Wang H, Liu A, Zhou Y, et al.The correlation between serum free thyroxine and regression of dyslipidemia in adult males: A 4.5-year prospective study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(39):e8163. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008163
National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Hypothyroidism.
Li X, Wang Y, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L.The lipid-lowering effect of levothyroxine in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017;87(1):1-9. doi:10.1111/cen.13338
Moon S, Kong SH, Choi HS, et al.Relation of subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in adults with high cardiovascular risk.Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(4):571-577. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.03.371
McAninch EA, Rajan KB, Miller CH, Bianco AC.Systemic thyroid hormone status during levothyroxine therapy in hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis[published online ahead of print, 2018 Aug 15].J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(12):4533-4542. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01361
National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Hyperthyroidism.
Sabini E, Mazzi B, Profilo MA, et al.High serum cholesterol is a novel risk factor for Graves' orbitopathy: Results of a cross-sectional study.Thyroid. 2018;28(3):386-394. doi:10.1089/thy.2017.0430
Bandyopadhyay D, Qureshi A, Ghosh S, et al.Safety and efficacy of extremely low LDL-cholesterol levels and its prospects in hyperlipidemia management.J Lipids. 2018;2018:8598054. doi:10.1155/2018/8598054
Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, et al.Thyroid and cardiovascular disease research agenda for enhancing knowledge, prevention, and treatment[published online ahead of print, 2019 May 13].Circulation. 2019;10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036859
Willard DL, Leung AM, Pearce EN.Thyroid function testing in patients with newly diagnosed hyperlipidemia.JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(2):287-289. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12188
Johns Hopkins Medicine.High cholesterol: Prevention, treatment and research.
Virili C, Antonelli A, Santaguida MG, Benvenga S, Centanni M.Gastrointestinal malabsorption of thyroxine.Endocr Rev. 2019;40(1):118-136. doi:10.1210/er.2018-00168
National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Levothyroxine.
Parker BA, Thompson PD.Effect of statins on skeletal muscle: exercise, myopathy, and muscle outcomes[published correction appears in Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2013 Jan;41(1):71].Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40(4):188-194. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31826c169e
Salehi N, Agoston E, Munir I, Thompson GJ.Rhabdomyolysis in a patient with severe hypothyroidism.Am J Case Rep.2017;18:912-918. doi:10.12659/AJCR.904691
Mani P, Rohatgi A.Niacin therapy, HDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease: Is the HDL hypothesis defunct?.Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2015;17(8):43. doi:10.1007/s11883-015-0521-x
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Thyroid disease: A checklist of skin, hair, and nail changes.
Abbott RD, Sadowski A, Alt AG.Efficacy of the autoimmune protocol diet as part of a multi-disciplinary, supported lifestyle intervention for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.Cureus. 2019;11(4):e4556. doi:10.7759/cureus.4556
American Heart Association.Inflammation and heart disease.
Brown JD, Buscemi J, Milsom V, Malcolm R, O’Neil PM.Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of weight losses limited to 5-10.Transl Behav Med. 2016;6(3):339-346. doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0353-9
Agnihothri RV, Courville AB, Linderman JD, et al.Moderate weight loss is sufficient to affect thyroid hormone homeostasis and inhibit its peripheral conversion.Thyroid. 2014;24(1):19-26. doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0055
Cleveland Clinic.Uncontrolled thyroid: Exercise, diet risks. Updated October 31, 2013.
Ruiz-Ramie JJ, Barber JL, Sarzynski MA.Effects of exercise on HDL functionality.Curr Opin Lipidol. 2019;30(1):16-23. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000568
Sawicka-gutaj N, Gutaj P, Sowiński J, et al.Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland–an update.Endokrynol Pol. 2014;65(1):54-62. doi:10.5603/EP.2014.0008
Henning RJ, Johnson GT, Coyle JP, Harbison RD.Acrolein can cause cardiovascular disease: a review.Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2017;17(3):227-236. doi:10.1007/s12012-016-9396-5
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