Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhen to Go on ItWhat Happens?Timing and FrequencyManaging EffectsBefore TransplantAdapting
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
When to Go on It
What Happens?
Timing and Frequency
Managing Effects
Before Transplant
Adapting
Dialysis is a type of renal replacement therapy (RRT) that filters waste products and removes excess fluid from the blood when someone’skidneysstop working sufficiently. It can be performed in a hospital, dialysis center, or at home.
To survive beyond a few weeks or months, people with stage 5chronic kidney disease(CKD), also known asend-stage renal disease(ESRD), end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), orkidney failure, typically must use dialysis or get akidney transplant.
This article explains everything you need to know about what kidney dialysis is used for, why and when to go through the dialysis process, offers some tips for adapting to life on dialysis, managing side effects, and more.
When to Go on Dialysis
In most cases, chronic kidney failure can’t be reversed. If left untreated, it’s a life-threatening condition. If you have CKD and your kidneys start to fail, you can choose between two types of dialysis—hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis—based on the following:
2 Main Types of DialysisHemodialysis (HD)uses a machine with a dialyzer filter that acts as an artificial kidney, cleaning the blood and removing excess water. Blood is usually removed and put back into the body via a surgically createdarteriovenous (AV) fistulain the forearm.HD is typically performed at a dialysis center or hospital three times a week for about four hours each time.Peritoneal dialysis (PD)uses a bagged solution called dialysate to remove waste and excess water from the body via a tube inserted into a surgically implanted catheter near the belly button. The dialysate solution is imported into the lower abdomen’speritoneal cavityand exchanged (drained) after about 20–30 minutes.PD is typically self-administered at home every night.
2 Main Types of Dialysis
Hemodialysis (HD)uses a machine with a dialyzer filter that acts as an artificial kidney, cleaning the blood and removing excess water. Blood is usually removed and put back into the body via a surgically createdarteriovenous (AV) fistulain the forearm.HD is typically performed at a dialysis center or hospital three times a week for about four hours each time.Peritoneal dialysis (PD)uses a bagged solution called dialysate to remove waste and excess water from the body via a tube inserted into a surgically implanted catheter near the belly button. The dialysate solution is imported into the lower abdomen’speritoneal cavityand exchanged (drained) after about 20–30 minutes.PD is typically self-administered at home every night.
Hemodialysis (HD)uses a machine with a dialyzer filter that acts as an artificial kidney, cleaning the blood and removing excess water. Blood is usually removed and put back into the body via a surgically createdarteriovenous (AV) fistulain the forearm.HD is typically performed at a dialysis center or hospital three times a week for about four hours each time.
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)uses a bagged solution called dialysate to remove waste and excess water from the body via a tube inserted into a surgically implanted catheter near the belly button. The dialysate solution is imported into the lower abdomen’speritoneal cavityand exchanged (drained) after about 20–30 minutes.PD is typically self-administered at home every night.
Deciding if and when to go on dialysis is a huge, life-changing decision. It requires educating yourself about all the various options and giving yourself ample time (three to six months) to mull over dialysis’s pros and cons based on your specific circumstances and personal preferences.
The typical guideline is that people with stage 5 chronic kidney disease who are relatively asymptomatic can safely delay starting dialysis until their eGFR (filtration rate) is around 5–7 mL/min/1.73 m2. When eGFR is still above 10 (but below 15), continue with your regular checkups to monitor symptom progression or eGFR changes.
Stages of Kidney Failure
Below is a table that illustrates stages of chronic kidney disease based on eGFR numbers.
Home vs. Hospital Dialysis
People who can do dialysis at home are generally healthier than those who have to get dialysis in the hospital.Oftentimes, critically ill patients withacute kidney injury(AKI) are given dialysis when they’re in a hospital’s intensive care unit (ICU). Very sick CKD patients with stage 5 kidney failure may also receive dialysis in the intensive care unit.
Deciding Not to Go on DialysisFor some people, the burdens of dialysis outweigh its benefits. Everyone has a choice when deciding to go on dialysis or not to go on dialysis. Some people choose not to do it. In fact, a decade-long VA study conducted from 2000 to 2011 found that about 1 in 7 veterans with end-stage kidney disease decline dialysis.
Deciding Not to Go on Dialysis
For some people, the burdens of dialysis outweigh its benefits. Everyone has a choice when deciding to go on dialysis or not to go on dialysis. Some people choose not to do it. In fact, a decade-long VA study conducted from 2000 to 2011 found that about 1 in 7 veterans with end-stage kidney disease decline dialysis.
After Starting Dialysis: What Happens?
Although there are commonalities, responses to dialysis are varied and heterogeneous. Every person’s experience will be unique. That said, below are some common features of starting in-center hemodialysis (ICHD)
From Start to Finish
It’s common to feel wiped out after the dialysis session. Consider this when planning your transportation to and from the dialysis center. You might be too tired or light-headed to drive immediately after the session. While recovery time varies for each individual, some regain their energy within about 30 minutes and can safely operate a motor vehicle once light-headedness or blurry vision has subsided.
Symptoms and Side Effects to Know
Below is a list of common symptoms and side effects associated with dialysis:
Dialysis Timing and Frequency
Most people still get in-center HD treatment during the day. However, some people choose to use a home machine that does nocturnal dialysis while they sleep in their own bed or at a long-term nocturnal dialysis center, which allows for longer nighttime sessions.
Increasingly, people who have the physical and cognitive capacity to self-administer peritoneal dialysis at home choose this option. Home PD can be done in short 30–40 minute bursts throughout the night, which gives people more flexibility and control of their daily schedule.
Logistically, not having to drive to a dialysis center makes home PD much more convenient and saves time. For many people who live in rural areas, driving to and from a dialysis center can add an hour or two to their four-hour treatment. Plus, there’s often a half hour or so of time spent getting ready and wrapping up each in-center treatment session.
All told, including transportation, each day’s in-center HD treatment can take more than six hours, well beyond the typical four hours on the dialyzer.
People can be on dialysis for many years. It’s not uncommon for someone who’s waiting for a kidney transplant to be on dialysis for four years or longer. Depending on what age someone is when they start dialysis, they might be on this renal replacement therapy for many years.
Survival Rates and Life ExpectancyLife expectancy with dialysis will depend on your comorbidities (co-occurring health conditions), your age, and your response to treatment. Average life expectancy for people on dialysis is five to 10 years, but it’s not uncommon to live for 20 years or longer on dialysis.For many people, dialysis is a lifeline that keeps them alive for many years while waiting for a kidney transplant. Survival rates for people with kidney failure who aren’t eligible for a transplant or discontinue dialysis may be just seven to 10 days.However, some people onpalliative careor inhospicelive for weeks or months, depending on factors like age and illness severity.
Survival Rates and Life Expectancy
Life expectancy with dialysis will depend on your comorbidities (co-occurring health conditions), your age, and your response to treatment. Average life expectancy for people on dialysis is five to 10 years, but it’s not uncommon to live for 20 years or longer on dialysis.For many people, dialysis is a lifeline that keeps them alive for many years while waiting for a kidney transplant. Survival rates for people with kidney failure who aren’t eligible for a transplant or discontinue dialysis may be just seven to 10 days.However, some people onpalliative careor inhospicelive for weeks or months, depending on factors like age and illness severity.
How to Manage Dialysis-Related Effects
Every person will experience slightly different dialysis-related side effects. For example, some people get really cold during in-center hemodialysis, so they might bring an extra blanket and wear a hat to stay warm. Others don’t feel cold during ICHD.
Having your nephrologist adjust the amount you’re being dialyzed and identify an optimal dose of dialysis that reduces itchiness can help manage this side effect. Maintaining a healthy skin barrier with asuitable moisturizermay help alleviate pruritus. In some instances, the use ofantihistaminesprovide relief.
Some people may experience muscle cramping during hemodialysis if too much water is removed in their last hour of HD. In this case, they might talk to their nephrologist about adjusting their target dry weight (how much a patient weighs when finishing a dialysis session) and removing less water.
Dialysis Before Transplant
For those eligible for a kidney transplant who are on await list, the median time on dialysis is four years.The average wait time for a viable kidney in the United States is three to five years, depending on where you live.
In some parts of the country, wait times are longer, which means someone with end-stage kidney disease will be on dialysis that much longer before treatment.
Adapting to Life on Dialysis
Social workers can help with the process of adapting to life on dialysis. Federal law mandates that every dialysis center in the United States has social workers on staff.These professionals, also known as renal social workers, provide guidance when navigating uncharted physical and psychological territory associated with dialysis treatment.
Your social worker is a vital part of your dialysis care team and is equipped with the knowledge to help you manage both the mental and physical side effects of treatment. Renal social workers also act as administrative assistants who can help with financial and insurance-related issues.
Summary
The kidneys filter and clean blood. If the kidneys stop working, dialysis performs these functions. Although dialysis can extend someone’s life for many years, it isn’t easy. Some people choose not to have dialysis if they’re older or don’t qualify for a kidney transplant. Ideally, dialysis is a way to prolong someone’s life while they are wait-listed for a kidney transplant, which usually takes a few years.
There are different types of dialysis and ways to receive treatment. If someone has advanced chronic kidney disease, it’s wise to start making dialysis decisions before kidney failure. It can take three to six months to organize everything, and you want to give yourself time to think over all the options.
21 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Winterbottom A, Bekker HL, Conner M, Mooney A.Choosing dialysis modality: Decision making in a chronic illness context.Health Expectations. 2014;17(5):710-723. doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00798.xRajan DK.New approaches to arteriovenous fistula creation.Semin Intervent Radiol. 2016;33(1):6-9. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571805Auguste BL, Bargman JM.Peritoneal dialysis prescription and adequacy in clinical practice: core curriculum 2023.American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2023;81(1):100-109. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.004Chen T, Lee VW, Harris DC.When to initiate dialysis for end‐stage kidney disease: evidence and challenges.Medical Journal of Australia. 2018;209(6):275-279. doi:10.5694/mja18.00297American Kidney Fund (AFK).Stages of kidney disease (CKD). Last updated: December 14, 2023Rope R, Ryan E, Weinhandl ED, Abra GE.Home-based dialysis: a primer for the internist.Annu Rev Med. 2024;75(1):205-217. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050922-051415Pickkers P, Darmon M, Hoste E, et al.Acute kidney injury in the critically ill: an updated review on pathophysiology and management.Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(8):835-850. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06454-7Wong SPY, Hebert PL, Laundry RJ, et al. Decisions about renal replacement therapy in patients with advanced kidney disease in the us department of veterans affairs, 2000–2011.CJASN. 2016;11(10):1825-1833. doi:10.2215/CJN.03760416Mount Sinai.Dialysis-hemodialysis.Cox KJ, Parshall MB, Hernandez SHA, Parvez SZ, Unruh ML.Symptoms among patients receiving in‐center hemodialysis: A qualitative study.Hemodialysis International. 2017;21(4):524-533. doi:10.1111/hdi.12521Gong Y, Xie L, Yu S.Long-term in-center nocturnal hemodialysis improves renal anemia and malnutrition and life quality of older patients with chronic renal failure.CIA. 2022;Volume 17:915-923. doi:10.2147/CIA.S358472Daugirdas JT.Hemodialysis treatment time: as important as it seems?Seminars in Dialysis. 2017;30(2):93-98. doi:10.1111/sdi.12575National Kidney Foundation (NKF)How Long Can Someone Be on Diallysis?Lee YC, Lin CW, Ho LC, et al.All-cause standardized mortality ratio in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study.IJERPH. 2023;20(3):2347. doi:10.3390/ijerph20032347O’Connor NR, Dougherty M, Harris PS, Casarett DJ.Survival after dialysis discontinuation and hospice enrollment for ESRD.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013;8(12):2117-2122. doi:10.2215/CJN.04110413Swarna SS, Aziz K, Zubair T, Qadir N, Khan M.Pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive literature review.Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5256. doi:10.7759/cureus.5256Kim HR, Bae HJ, Jeon JW, et al.A novel approach to dry weight adjustments for dialysis patients using machine learning. Dass B, ed.PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250467Stewart D, Mupfudze T, Klassen D.Does anybody really know what (The kidney median waiting) time is?American Journal of Transplantation. 2023;23(2):223-231. doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.005National Kidney Foundation (NKF).The Kidney Transplant Waitlist.Senteio CR, Callahan MB.Supporting quality care for ESRD patients: the social worker can help address barriers to advance care planning.BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12882-020-01720-0American Kidney Fund (AKF).Meet your treatment team: Dialysis social worker.
21 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Winterbottom A, Bekker HL, Conner M, Mooney A.Choosing dialysis modality: Decision making in a chronic illness context.Health Expectations. 2014;17(5):710-723. doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00798.xRajan DK.New approaches to arteriovenous fistula creation.Semin Intervent Radiol. 2016;33(1):6-9. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571805Auguste BL, Bargman JM.Peritoneal dialysis prescription and adequacy in clinical practice: core curriculum 2023.American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2023;81(1):100-109. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.004Chen T, Lee VW, Harris DC.When to initiate dialysis for end‐stage kidney disease: evidence and challenges.Medical Journal of Australia. 2018;209(6):275-279. doi:10.5694/mja18.00297American Kidney Fund (AFK).Stages of kidney disease (CKD). Last updated: December 14, 2023Rope R, Ryan E, Weinhandl ED, Abra GE.Home-based dialysis: a primer for the internist.Annu Rev Med. 2024;75(1):205-217. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050922-051415Pickkers P, Darmon M, Hoste E, et al.Acute kidney injury in the critically ill: an updated review on pathophysiology and management.Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(8):835-850. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06454-7Wong SPY, Hebert PL, Laundry RJ, et al. Decisions about renal replacement therapy in patients with advanced kidney disease in the us department of veterans affairs, 2000–2011.CJASN. 2016;11(10):1825-1833. doi:10.2215/CJN.03760416Mount Sinai.Dialysis-hemodialysis.Cox KJ, Parshall MB, Hernandez SHA, Parvez SZ, Unruh ML.Symptoms among patients receiving in‐center hemodialysis: A qualitative study.Hemodialysis International. 2017;21(4):524-533. doi:10.1111/hdi.12521Gong Y, Xie L, Yu S.Long-term in-center nocturnal hemodialysis improves renal anemia and malnutrition and life quality of older patients with chronic renal failure.CIA. 2022;Volume 17:915-923. doi:10.2147/CIA.S358472Daugirdas JT.Hemodialysis treatment time: as important as it seems?Seminars in Dialysis. 2017;30(2):93-98. doi:10.1111/sdi.12575National Kidney Foundation (NKF)How Long Can Someone Be on Diallysis?Lee YC, Lin CW, Ho LC, et al.All-cause standardized mortality ratio in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study.IJERPH. 2023;20(3):2347. doi:10.3390/ijerph20032347O’Connor NR, Dougherty M, Harris PS, Casarett DJ.Survival after dialysis discontinuation and hospice enrollment for ESRD.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013;8(12):2117-2122. doi:10.2215/CJN.04110413Swarna SS, Aziz K, Zubair T, Qadir N, Khan M.Pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive literature review.Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5256. doi:10.7759/cureus.5256Kim HR, Bae HJ, Jeon JW, et al.A novel approach to dry weight adjustments for dialysis patients using machine learning. Dass B, ed.PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250467Stewart D, Mupfudze T, Klassen D.Does anybody really know what (The kidney median waiting) time is?American Journal of Transplantation. 2023;23(2):223-231. doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.005National Kidney Foundation (NKF).The Kidney Transplant Waitlist.Senteio CR, Callahan MB.Supporting quality care for ESRD patients: the social worker can help address barriers to advance care planning.BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12882-020-01720-0American Kidney Fund (AKF).Meet your treatment team: Dialysis social worker.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Winterbottom A, Bekker HL, Conner M, Mooney A.Choosing dialysis modality: Decision making in a chronic illness context.Health Expectations. 2014;17(5):710-723. doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00798.xRajan DK.New approaches to arteriovenous fistula creation.Semin Intervent Radiol. 2016;33(1):6-9. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571805Auguste BL, Bargman JM.Peritoneal dialysis prescription and adequacy in clinical practice: core curriculum 2023.American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2023;81(1):100-109. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.004Chen T, Lee VW, Harris DC.When to initiate dialysis for end‐stage kidney disease: evidence and challenges.Medical Journal of Australia. 2018;209(6):275-279. doi:10.5694/mja18.00297American Kidney Fund (AFK).Stages of kidney disease (CKD). Last updated: December 14, 2023Rope R, Ryan E, Weinhandl ED, Abra GE.Home-based dialysis: a primer for the internist.Annu Rev Med. 2024;75(1):205-217. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050922-051415Pickkers P, Darmon M, Hoste E, et al.Acute kidney injury in the critically ill: an updated review on pathophysiology and management.Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(8):835-850. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06454-7Wong SPY, Hebert PL, Laundry RJ, et al. Decisions about renal replacement therapy in patients with advanced kidney disease in the us department of veterans affairs, 2000–2011.CJASN. 2016;11(10):1825-1833. doi:10.2215/CJN.03760416Mount Sinai.Dialysis-hemodialysis.Cox KJ, Parshall MB, Hernandez SHA, Parvez SZ, Unruh ML.Symptoms among patients receiving in‐center hemodialysis: A qualitative study.Hemodialysis International. 2017;21(4):524-533. doi:10.1111/hdi.12521Gong Y, Xie L, Yu S.Long-term in-center nocturnal hemodialysis improves renal anemia and malnutrition and life quality of older patients with chronic renal failure.CIA. 2022;Volume 17:915-923. doi:10.2147/CIA.S358472Daugirdas JT.Hemodialysis treatment time: as important as it seems?Seminars in Dialysis. 2017;30(2):93-98. doi:10.1111/sdi.12575National Kidney Foundation (NKF)How Long Can Someone Be on Diallysis?Lee YC, Lin CW, Ho LC, et al.All-cause standardized mortality ratio in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study.IJERPH. 2023;20(3):2347. doi:10.3390/ijerph20032347O’Connor NR, Dougherty M, Harris PS, Casarett DJ.Survival after dialysis discontinuation and hospice enrollment for ESRD.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013;8(12):2117-2122. doi:10.2215/CJN.04110413Swarna SS, Aziz K, Zubair T, Qadir N, Khan M.Pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive literature review.Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5256. doi:10.7759/cureus.5256Kim HR, Bae HJ, Jeon JW, et al.A novel approach to dry weight adjustments for dialysis patients using machine learning. Dass B, ed.PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250467Stewart D, Mupfudze T, Klassen D.Does anybody really know what (The kidney median waiting) time is?American Journal of Transplantation. 2023;23(2):223-231. doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.005National Kidney Foundation (NKF).The Kidney Transplant Waitlist.Senteio CR, Callahan MB.Supporting quality care for ESRD patients: the social worker can help address barriers to advance care planning.BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12882-020-01720-0American Kidney Fund (AKF).Meet your treatment team: Dialysis social worker.
Winterbottom A, Bekker HL, Conner M, Mooney A.Choosing dialysis modality: Decision making in a chronic illness context.Health Expectations. 2014;17(5):710-723. doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00798.x
Rajan DK.New approaches to arteriovenous fistula creation.Semin Intervent Radiol. 2016;33(1):6-9. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571805
Auguste BL, Bargman JM.Peritoneal dialysis prescription and adequacy in clinical practice: core curriculum 2023.American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2023;81(1):100-109. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.07.004
Chen T, Lee VW, Harris DC.When to initiate dialysis for end‐stage kidney disease: evidence and challenges.Medical Journal of Australia. 2018;209(6):275-279. doi:10.5694/mja18.00297
American Kidney Fund (AFK).Stages of kidney disease (CKD). Last updated: December 14, 2023
Rope R, Ryan E, Weinhandl ED, Abra GE.Home-based dialysis: a primer for the internist.Annu Rev Med. 2024;75(1):205-217. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050922-051415
Pickkers P, Darmon M, Hoste E, et al.Acute kidney injury in the critically ill: an updated review on pathophysiology and management.Intensive Care Med. 2021;47(8):835-850. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06454-7
Wong SPY, Hebert PL, Laundry RJ, et al. Decisions about renal replacement therapy in patients with advanced kidney disease in the us department of veterans affairs, 2000–2011.CJASN. 2016;11(10):1825-1833. doi:10.2215/CJN.03760416
Mount Sinai.Dialysis-hemodialysis.
Cox KJ, Parshall MB, Hernandez SHA, Parvez SZ, Unruh ML.Symptoms among patients receiving in‐center hemodialysis: A qualitative study.Hemodialysis International. 2017;21(4):524-533. doi:10.1111/hdi.12521
Gong Y, Xie L, Yu S.Long-term in-center nocturnal hemodialysis improves renal anemia and malnutrition and life quality of older patients with chronic renal failure.CIA. 2022;Volume 17:915-923. doi:10.2147/CIA.S358472
Daugirdas JT.Hemodialysis treatment time: as important as it seems?Seminars in Dialysis. 2017;30(2):93-98. doi:10.1111/sdi.12575
National Kidney Foundation (NKF)How Long Can Someone Be on Diallysis?
Lee YC, Lin CW, Ho LC, et al.All-cause standardized mortality ratio in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study.IJERPH. 2023;20(3):2347. doi:10.3390/ijerph20032347
O’Connor NR, Dougherty M, Harris PS, Casarett DJ.Survival after dialysis discontinuation and hospice enrollment for ESRD.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2013;8(12):2117-2122. doi:10.2215/CJN.04110413
Swarna SS, Aziz K, Zubair T, Qadir N, Khan M.Pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive literature review.Cureus. 2019;11(7):e5256. doi:10.7759/cureus.5256
Kim HR, Bae HJ, Jeon JW, et al.A novel approach to dry weight adjustments for dialysis patients using machine learning. Dass B, ed.PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250467
Stewart D, Mupfudze T, Klassen D.Does anybody really know what (The kidney median waiting) time is?American Journal of Transplantation. 2023;23(2):223-231. doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2022.12.005
National Kidney Foundation (NKF).The Kidney Transplant Waitlist.
Senteio CR, Callahan MB.Supporting quality care for ESRD patients: the social worker can help address barriers to advance care planning.BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12882-020-01720-0
American Kidney Fund (AKF).Meet your treatment team: Dialysis social worker.
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