If you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the last thing you want to do is eat something that will make your symptoms worse. Unfortunately, some foods have a reputation for being IBS trigger foods because of their effect on yourdigestive system.
This article looks at 11 common foods that may worsen IBS symptoms.
Keep a Food Diary to Identify Food Triggers
Greasy FoodPeeradon Warithkorasuth / Getty ImagesThegastrocolic reflexis your body’s natural response to have a bowel movement soon after eating. Food with a high fat content can increase the strength of these intestinal contractions.If you have a sensitive digestive system, you should avoid fatty meats and fried food, such as:PizzaSausage and baconFrench friesFried chicken or fishFoods with heavy sauce or creamy gravySteaks and burgers (red meat)Ice cream and rich dessertsThis doesn’t mean you need to avoid fat altogether. In fact, foods with healthy fat, such as fish, nuts, and avocados, can be quite beneficial for your digestive and overall health.
Greasy Food
Peeradon Warithkorasuth / Getty Images
Thegastrocolic reflexis your body’s natural response to have a bowel movement soon after eating. Food with a high fat content can increase the strength of these intestinal contractions.
If you have a sensitive digestive system, you should avoid fatty meats and fried food, such as:
This doesn’t mean you need to avoid fat altogether. In fact, foods with healthy fat, such as fish, nuts, and avocados, can be quite beneficial for your digestive and overall health.
Dairy ProductsMany people have a condition known aslactose intolerance, where they can’t digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. Lactose intolerance can lead to digestive symptoms like bloating, cramping, anddiarrhea.Common dairy products include:MilkCheeseYogurtIce creamYou may find that you can enjoy some cheeses that have low lactose levels. These include Brie, Camembert, mozzarella, and Parmesan. Some people are also able to enjoy lactose-free milk products.
Dairy Products
Many people have a condition known aslactose intolerance, where they can’t digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products. Lactose intolerance can lead to digestive symptoms like bloating, cramping, anddiarrhea.
Common dairy products include:
You may find that you can enjoy some cheeses that have low lactose levels. These include Brie, Camembert, mozzarella, and Parmesan. Some people are also able to enjoy lactose-free milk products.
High-FODMAP Fruits
Danita Delimont / Getty Images
Researchers at Monash University in Australia have tested various fruits for theirFODMAP(fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) content.These short-chained carbohydrates include fructose, a sugar in fruit that some people have difficulty absorbing.
Fortunately, some fruits arelow-FODMAP foods, including bananas, blueberries, grapes, oranges, and kiwi.
Many people with IBS report that they have some difficulty with raw fruits. However, cooking fruits may make them easier for your system to handle.
High-FODMAP Vegetables
istetiana / Getty Images
In addition to Brussels sprouts and cauliflower, other cruciferous vegetables can be gas-producing for some people (such as cabbage, kale, broccoli, radishes, and bok choy). You may need to limit these vegetables if you have IBS.
Don’t avoid vegetables altogether, though. Vegetables are essential for your overall health and thehealth of your gut bacteria.
Like fruits, some vegetables may be harder to tolerate if they areeaten raw. You may find you can handle vegetables better if they are cooked orjuiced.
WheatGregoria Gregoriou Crowe fine art and creative photography / Getty ImagesAlthough a diet high in fiber is important for overall health, certain high-fiber foods may cause problems for some people.People withceliac diseasecannot eat a protein called gluten. This protein is found in some whole grains like wheat, rye, and barley. It causes the body’s immune system to attack the small intestine, which can damage the gut and lead to serious health problems.Even if you don’t have celiac disease, you may have difficulty eating foods made with gluten-containing grains. That could be because they contain fructans, a type of FODMAP that is bothersome for many people with IBS.Gluten-containing foods include many popular items like pasta, bread, and baked goods. Fortunately, gluten-free options are fairly easy to find.
Wheat
Gregoria Gregoriou Crowe fine art and creative photography / Getty Images
Although a diet high in fiber is important for overall health, certain high-fiber foods may cause problems for some people.
People withceliac diseasecannot eat a protein called gluten. This protein is found in some whole grains like wheat, rye, and barley. It causes the body’s immune system to attack the small intestine, which can damage the gut and lead to serious health problems.
Even if you don’t have celiac disease, you may have difficulty eating foods made with gluten-containing grains. That could be because they contain fructans, a type of FODMAP that is bothersome for many people with IBS.
Gluten-containing foods include many popular items like pasta, bread, and baked goods. Fortunately, gluten-free options are fairly easy to find.
Beans and Legumes
You have probably learned the hard way that beans and IBS do not play nicely together. This is because beans and legumes contain carbohydrates that are poorly digested. Thus, they are available for gut bacteria to feed on, which often results in intestinal gas.
These foods may belikely to produce gas:
Spicy FoodsJason Langley / Getty ImagesChili peppers are a common ingredient in spicy foods. They are usually the culprit that sets your mouth aflame.A 2008 study found that people with IBS have a greater number of pain sensors that react to a substance in chili peppers.More recent studies confirm thatspicy foodmay contribute to the abdominal pain seen in people with IBS.
Spicy Foods
Jason Langley / Getty Images
Chili peppers are a common ingredient in spicy foods. They are usually the culprit that sets your mouth aflame.
A 2008 study found that people with IBS have a greater number of pain sensors that react to a substance in chili peppers.More recent studies confirm thatspicy foodmay contribute to the abdominal pain seen in people with IBS.
Sugar SubstitutesSharon Pruitt / Getty ImagesThere are two main types of sugar substitutes:artificial sweetenersand sugar alcohols. They taste sweet but don’t contain sugar. Some are created from chemicals (like aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose) while others are made from natural substances like herbs (such as stevia).Sugar alcoholsare ingredients that typically end in “-ol” (such as sorbitol,erythritol, andxylitol) and are found in many sugar-free and diet foods. They are often poorlytoleratedand may produce gas, bloating, and diarrhea.Research is investigating how artificial sweeteners and sugar substitutes affect the gut microbiome.Although more research is needed, some experts believe certain sugar substitutes could change the gut microbiome in ways that increase IBS symptoms and therefore, should be avoided.Be sure to read the labels of the following products carefully:Sugar-free gum and candiesSugar substitute packetsSugar-free ice creamTable sugar, maple syrup, and stevia are sweeteners that you may tolerate better.
Sugar Substitutes
Sharon Pruitt / Getty Images
There are two main types of sugar substitutes:artificial sweetenersand sugar alcohols. They taste sweet but don’t contain sugar. Some are created from chemicals (like aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose) while others are made from natural substances like herbs (such as stevia).
Sugar alcoholsare ingredients that typically end in “-ol” (such as sorbitol,erythritol, andxylitol) and are found in many sugar-free and diet foods. They are often poorlytoleratedand may produce gas, bloating, and diarrhea.
Research is investigating how artificial sweeteners and sugar substitutes affect the gut microbiome.Although more research is needed, some experts believe certain sugar substitutes could change the gut microbiome in ways that increase IBS symptoms and therefore, should be avoided.
Be sure to read the labels of the following products carefully:
Table sugar, maple syrup, and stevia are sweeteners that you may tolerate better.
SodaLeoPatrizi / Getty ImagesAlthough you may love your soda, it may not love you.Carbonated (fizzy) drinkscan contribute to problems with intestinal gas and bloating.The high amount of sugar in regular soda may add to an imbalance in your gut bacteria. This can lead to further gas. Diet soda is no better if your gut reacts negatively to artificial sweeteners.Water, iced tea, or dilutedcranberry juiceare healthier options.
Soda
LeoPatrizi / Getty Images
Although you may love your soda, it may not love you.Carbonated (fizzy) drinkscan contribute to problems with intestinal gas and bloating.
The high amount of sugar in regular soda may add to an imbalance in your gut bacteria. This can lead to further gas. Diet soda is no better if your gut reacts negatively to artificial sweeteners.
Water, iced tea, or dilutedcranberry juiceare healthier options.
AlcoholDavid Sanger / Getty ImagesDon’t overlook what you are drinking when you consider IBS triggers.For example, alcohol has a longstanding reputation as being a GI irritant.Rum, in particular, is high in FODMAPs, and so are many mixers.This doesn’t mean you can’t occasionally enjoy a drink. However, your safest bet is probably to stick to a small amount of red wine.
Alcohol
David Sanger / Getty Images
Don’t overlook what you are drinking when you consider IBS triggers.For example, alcohol has a longstanding reputation as being a GI irritant.
Rum, in particular, is high in FODMAPs, and so are many mixers.
This doesn’t mean you can’t occasionally enjoy a drink. However, your safest bet is probably to stick to a small amount of red wine.
CaffeineSeth Restaino / Getty ImagesIt may be hard to live without your morning cup of coffee, but caffeine is known to be an IBS trigger for some people.In a study of 330 people with IBS, the three most common symptoms reported with caffeine intake weredyspepsia(indigestion), pain, and loose stools.If you are used to having caffeine, you may experiencecaffeine withdrawalfor the first few days after you give up coffee. Gradually decreasing the caffeine content can ease these symptoms. It may be worth trying, though, to see if your IBS symptoms improve.
Caffeine
Seth Restaino / Getty Images
It may be hard to live without your morning cup of coffee, but caffeine is known to be an IBS trigger for some people.In a study of 330 people with IBS, the three most common symptoms reported with caffeine intake weredyspepsia(indigestion), pain, and loose stools.
If you are used to having caffeine, you may experiencecaffeine withdrawalfor the first few days after you give up coffee. Gradually decreasing the caffeine content can ease these symptoms. It may be worth trying, though, to see if your IBS symptoms improve.
Summary
IBS is a condition that results in abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea. Often, certain foods trigger IBS attacks. Learning which foods trigger your attacks can help you manage your IBS. You may find keeping a food diary helps you pinpoint which foods affect you.
A Word From VerywellLiving with IBS can seem overwhelming, given all the possible trigger foods and differing side effects for each individual. However, seeking guidance from a specialized dietitian can help you create a clear plan to manage your symptoms more efficiently. A healthcare provider specializing in IBS will have the expertise to provide a custom diet, like the FODMAP diet, and offer advice on how to identify and manage trigger foods. Don’t be afraid to seek help to find relief and regain control of your digestive health.—KARINA TOLENTINO, RD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
A Word From Verywell
Living with IBS can seem overwhelming, given all the possible trigger foods and differing side effects for each individual. However, seeking guidance from a specialized dietitian can help you create a clear plan to manage your symptoms more efficiently. A healthcare provider specializing in IBS will have the expertise to provide a custom diet, like the FODMAP diet, and offer advice on how to identify and manage trigger foods. Don’t be afraid to seek help to find relief and regain control of your digestive health.—KARINA TOLENTINO, RD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
Living with IBS can seem overwhelming, given all the possible trigger foods and differing side effects for each individual. However, seeking guidance from a specialized dietitian can help you create a clear plan to manage your symptoms more efficiently. A healthcare provider specializing in IBS will have the expertise to provide a custom diet, like the FODMAP diet, and offer advice on how to identify and manage trigger foods. Don’t be afraid to seek help to find relief and regain control of your digestive health.
—KARINA TOLENTINO, RD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
15 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Buscail C, Sabate JM, Bouchoucha M, et al.Western dietary pattern is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in the French NutriNet cohort.Nutrients. 2017;9(9). doi:10.3390/nu9090986Xiong L, Wang Y, Gong X, Chen M.Prevalence of lactose intolerance in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: data from a tertiary center in southern China.J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):38. doi:10.1186/s41043-017-0113-1Varney J, Barrett J, Scarlata K, Catsos P, Gibson PR, Muir JG.FODMAPs: food composition, defining cutoff values and international application.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2017;32 Suppl 1:53-61. doi:10.1111/jgh.13698Volta U, Pinto-Sanchez MI, Boschetti E, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Verdu EF.Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome: Is there a role for gluten?J Neurogastroenterol Motil.2016;22(4):547-557. doi:10.5056/jnm16069Cozma-Petruţ A, Loghin F, Miere D, Dumitraşcu DL.Diet in irritable bowel syndrome: What to recommend, not what to forbid to patients!World J Gastroenterol.2017;23(21):3771-3783. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i21.3771Akbar A, Yiangou Y, Facer P, Walters JR, Anand P, Ghosh S.Increased capsaicin receptor TRPV1-expressing sensory fibres in irritable bowel syndrome and their correlation with abdominal pain.Gut. 2008;57(7):923-9. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.138982Lee S, Masaoka T, Han H, et al.A prospective study on symptom generation according to spicy food intake and TRPV1 genotypes in functional dyspepsia patients.Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2016;28(9):1401-1408. doi:10.1111/nmo.12841Johns Hopkins Medicine.Facts about sugar and sugar substitutes.Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Díaz J, Sáez-Lara MJ, Gil A.Effects of sweeteners on the gut microbiota: A review of experimental studies and clinical trials.Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_1):S31-S48. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy037Spencer M, Gupta A, Dam LV, Shannon C, Menees S, Chey WD.Artificial Sweeteners: A Systematic Review and Primer for Gastroenterologists.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;22(2):168-180. doi:10.5056/jnm15206Plaza-Diaz J, Pastor-Villaescusa B, Rueda-Robles A, Abadia-Molina F, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ.Plausible Biological Interactions of Low- and Non-Calorie Sweeteners with the Intestinal Microbiota: An Update of Recent Studies.Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1153. Published 2020 Apr 21. doi:10.3390/nu12041153Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC.Food Additives, Gut Microbiota, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Hidden Track.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8816. Published 2020 Nov 27. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238816Reding KW, Cain KC, Jarrett ME, Eugenio MD, Heitkemper MM.Relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(2):270-6. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.414Capili B, Anastasi JK, Chang M.Addressing the role of food in irritable bowel syndrome symptom management.J Nurse Pract.2016;12(5):324-329. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.12.007Böhn L, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, Bengtsson U, Simrén M.Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):634-641. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.105641Additional ReadingGibson P, Shepherd S.Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(2):252-258. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.xNational Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet & nutrition for irritable bowel syndrome.
15 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Buscail C, Sabate JM, Bouchoucha M, et al.Western dietary pattern is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in the French NutriNet cohort.Nutrients. 2017;9(9). doi:10.3390/nu9090986Xiong L, Wang Y, Gong X, Chen M.Prevalence of lactose intolerance in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: data from a tertiary center in southern China.J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):38. doi:10.1186/s41043-017-0113-1Varney J, Barrett J, Scarlata K, Catsos P, Gibson PR, Muir JG.FODMAPs: food composition, defining cutoff values and international application.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2017;32 Suppl 1:53-61. doi:10.1111/jgh.13698Volta U, Pinto-Sanchez MI, Boschetti E, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Verdu EF.Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome: Is there a role for gluten?J Neurogastroenterol Motil.2016;22(4):547-557. doi:10.5056/jnm16069Cozma-Petruţ A, Loghin F, Miere D, Dumitraşcu DL.Diet in irritable bowel syndrome: What to recommend, not what to forbid to patients!World J Gastroenterol.2017;23(21):3771-3783. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i21.3771Akbar A, Yiangou Y, Facer P, Walters JR, Anand P, Ghosh S.Increased capsaicin receptor TRPV1-expressing sensory fibres in irritable bowel syndrome and their correlation with abdominal pain.Gut. 2008;57(7):923-9. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.138982Lee S, Masaoka T, Han H, et al.A prospective study on symptom generation according to spicy food intake and TRPV1 genotypes in functional dyspepsia patients.Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2016;28(9):1401-1408. doi:10.1111/nmo.12841Johns Hopkins Medicine.Facts about sugar and sugar substitutes.Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Díaz J, Sáez-Lara MJ, Gil A.Effects of sweeteners on the gut microbiota: A review of experimental studies and clinical trials.Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_1):S31-S48. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy037Spencer M, Gupta A, Dam LV, Shannon C, Menees S, Chey WD.Artificial Sweeteners: A Systematic Review and Primer for Gastroenterologists.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;22(2):168-180. doi:10.5056/jnm15206Plaza-Diaz J, Pastor-Villaescusa B, Rueda-Robles A, Abadia-Molina F, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ.Plausible Biological Interactions of Low- and Non-Calorie Sweeteners with the Intestinal Microbiota: An Update of Recent Studies.Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1153. Published 2020 Apr 21. doi:10.3390/nu12041153Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC.Food Additives, Gut Microbiota, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Hidden Track.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8816. Published 2020 Nov 27. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238816Reding KW, Cain KC, Jarrett ME, Eugenio MD, Heitkemper MM.Relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(2):270-6. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.414Capili B, Anastasi JK, Chang M.Addressing the role of food in irritable bowel syndrome symptom management.J Nurse Pract.2016;12(5):324-329. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.12.007Böhn L, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, Bengtsson U, Simrén M.Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):634-641. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.105641Additional ReadingGibson P, Shepherd S.Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(2):252-258. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.xNational Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet & nutrition for irritable bowel syndrome.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Buscail C, Sabate JM, Bouchoucha M, et al.Western dietary pattern is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in the French NutriNet cohort.Nutrients. 2017;9(9). doi:10.3390/nu9090986Xiong L, Wang Y, Gong X, Chen M.Prevalence of lactose intolerance in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: data from a tertiary center in southern China.J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):38. doi:10.1186/s41043-017-0113-1Varney J, Barrett J, Scarlata K, Catsos P, Gibson PR, Muir JG.FODMAPs: food composition, defining cutoff values and international application.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2017;32 Suppl 1:53-61. doi:10.1111/jgh.13698Volta U, Pinto-Sanchez MI, Boschetti E, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Verdu EF.Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome: Is there a role for gluten?J Neurogastroenterol Motil.2016;22(4):547-557. doi:10.5056/jnm16069Cozma-Petruţ A, Loghin F, Miere D, Dumitraşcu DL.Diet in irritable bowel syndrome: What to recommend, not what to forbid to patients!World J Gastroenterol.2017;23(21):3771-3783. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i21.3771Akbar A, Yiangou Y, Facer P, Walters JR, Anand P, Ghosh S.Increased capsaicin receptor TRPV1-expressing sensory fibres in irritable bowel syndrome and their correlation with abdominal pain.Gut. 2008;57(7):923-9. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.138982Lee S, Masaoka T, Han H, et al.A prospective study on symptom generation according to spicy food intake and TRPV1 genotypes in functional dyspepsia patients.Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2016;28(9):1401-1408. doi:10.1111/nmo.12841Johns Hopkins Medicine.Facts about sugar and sugar substitutes.Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Díaz J, Sáez-Lara MJ, Gil A.Effects of sweeteners on the gut microbiota: A review of experimental studies and clinical trials.Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_1):S31-S48. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy037Spencer M, Gupta A, Dam LV, Shannon C, Menees S, Chey WD.Artificial Sweeteners: A Systematic Review and Primer for Gastroenterologists.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;22(2):168-180. doi:10.5056/jnm15206Plaza-Diaz J, Pastor-Villaescusa B, Rueda-Robles A, Abadia-Molina F, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ.Plausible Biological Interactions of Low- and Non-Calorie Sweeteners with the Intestinal Microbiota: An Update of Recent Studies.Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1153. Published 2020 Apr 21. doi:10.3390/nu12041153Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC.Food Additives, Gut Microbiota, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Hidden Track.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8816. Published 2020 Nov 27. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238816Reding KW, Cain KC, Jarrett ME, Eugenio MD, Heitkemper MM.Relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(2):270-6. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.414Capili B, Anastasi JK, Chang M.Addressing the role of food in irritable bowel syndrome symptom management.J Nurse Pract.2016;12(5):324-329. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.12.007Böhn L, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, Bengtsson U, Simrén M.Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):634-641. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.105641
Buscail C, Sabate JM, Bouchoucha M, et al.Western dietary pattern is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in the French NutriNet cohort.Nutrients. 2017;9(9). doi:10.3390/nu9090986
Xiong L, Wang Y, Gong X, Chen M.Prevalence of lactose intolerance in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: data from a tertiary center in southern China.J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):38. doi:10.1186/s41043-017-0113-1
Varney J, Barrett J, Scarlata K, Catsos P, Gibson PR, Muir JG.FODMAPs: food composition, defining cutoff values and international application.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2017;32 Suppl 1:53-61. doi:10.1111/jgh.13698
Volta U, Pinto-Sanchez MI, Boschetti E, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Verdu EF.Dietary triggers in irritable bowel syndrome: Is there a role for gluten?J Neurogastroenterol Motil.2016;22(4):547-557. doi:10.5056/jnm16069
Cozma-Petruţ A, Loghin F, Miere D, Dumitraşcu DL.Diet in irritable bowel syndrome: What to recommend, not what to forbid to patients!World J Gastroenterol.2017;23(21):3771-3783. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i21.3771
Akbar A, Yiangou Y, Facer P, Walters JR, Anand P, Ghosh S.Increased capsaicin receptor TRPV1-expressing sensory fibres in irritable bowel syndrome and their correlation with abdominal pain.Gut. 2008;57(7):923-9. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.138982
Lee S, Masaoka T, Han H, et al.A prospective study on symptom generation according to spicy food intake and TRPV1 genotypes in functional dyspepsia patients.Neurogastroenterology & Motility. 2016;28(9):1401-1408. doi:10.1111/nmo.12841
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Facts about sugar and sugar substitutes.
Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Díaz J, Sáez-Lara MJ, Gil A.Effects of sweeteners on the gut microbiota: A review of experimental studies and clinical trials.Adv Nutr. 2019;10(suppl_1):S31-S48. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy037
Spencer M, Gupta A, Dam LV, Shannon C, Menees S, Chey WD.Artificial Sweeteners: A Systematic Review and Primer for Gastroenterologists.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;22(2):168-180. doi:10.5056/jnm15206
Plaza-Diaz J, Pastor-Villaescusa B, Rueda-Robles A, Abadia-Molina F, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ.Plausible Biological Interactions of Low- and Non-Calorie Sweeteners with the Intestinal Microbiota: An Update of Recent Studies.Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1153. Published 2020 Apr 21. doi:10.3390/nu12041153
Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Raoul P, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC.Food Additives, Gut Microbiota, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Hidden Track.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8816. Published 2020 Nov 27. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238816
Reding KW, Cain KC, Jarrett ME, Eugenio MD, Heitkemper MM.Relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with irritable bowel syndrome.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(2):270-6. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.414
Capili B, Anastasi JK, Chang M.Addressing the role of food in irritable bowel syndrome symptom management.J Nurse Pract.2016;12(5):324-329. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2015.12.007
Böhn L, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, Bengtsson U, Simrén M.Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):634-641. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.105641
Gibson P, Shepherd S.Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(2):252-258. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.xNational Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet & nutrition for irritable bowel syndrome.
Gibson P, Shepherd S.Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(2):252-258. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x
National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet & nutrition for irritable bowel syndrome.
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