Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Side Effects
Complications
Risk Factors
Recovery
When to See a Provider
Thyroid surgery recovery time is different for everyone, but most people can go home the day after the procedure. It may take two weeks before you feel ready to go back to work after athyroidectomy.
You will experience some pain after thyroid surgery, such as sore throat, neck pain, and difficulty swallowing. You’ll need to follow a restricted diet until the day after surgery. And for the next few weeks, you’ll have to avoid tasks that will put strain on your neck.
Side effects, such as neck pain and stiffness or sore throat, are common after surgery. Complications like hematoma and nerve injury are rare but can be serious and even potentially life-threatening if they do occur.
This article explores common side effects of thyroid surgery, what to expect during the recovery process, and warning signs of complications.
3:15
There are a number of short-term side effects that people may experience after thyroid surgery. Most of these will be temporary, but some may persist.
Neck Pain and Stiffness
The neck is put in an extended position during surgery, and many people avoid moving their necks afterward. This can lead to neck pain and stiffness.
Using pain medication after surgery may reduce discomfort, making it easier for you to keep moving your neck so that you have less stiffness later on. Applying a warm compress may also help.
Most often, neck stiffness lasts for only a few days to a few weeks after surgery. If yours persists, talk to your surgeon about seeing a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation (a physiatrist) or a physical therapist, They can work with you to improve the flexibility of your neck and design an exercise program to restore your neck mobility.
A Sore Throat
Thyroid surgery is often done undergeneral anesthesiawith a breathing tube placed in the windpipe, or trachea, to breathe for you. This can lead to a sore throat and the sensation of a lump—like something is stuck in your throat—with swallowing.
Difficulty Swallowing
Dysphagia, or swallowing problems, are common after thyroid surgery, though they usually don’t last long, often resolving within two weeks.
Hoarseness and Voice Problems
After surgery, your voice may be hoarse or whispery, and it may feel tiring to talk. This is very common and expected during the first week or two after surgery.
Around 1.6% of people may have permanent damage to the nerves supplying the vocal cords. Up to 11% of people will have temporary symptoms due to irritation of the nerves during surgery or inflammation around the nerves afterward.
Symptoms usually improve in the first few weeks but may persist up to six months after surgery. While there is no specific treatment for this hoarseness, it’s helpful for your loved ones to be aware of the problem so that you don’t feel the need to talk loudly or more often than is comfortable. If the nerve was injured, more severe symptoms may be noted after surgery.
Nausea or Vomiting
Nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy was the norm at one time, and you may be concerned if you talk with others who had this procedure in the past.
Fortunately, if nausea does develop, there are treatments that can alleviate your symptoms. The use of medications such as dexamethasone can greatly reduce vomiting.
Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin
Transient Hypoparathyroidism
Transient (temporary)hypoparathyroidismcan happen after thyroid surgery. Hypoparathyroidism occurs when you have too littleparathyroidhormone, which can lead to low calcium levels.
The four parathyroid glands lie on the back of the thyroid gland and are sometimes injured or removed during surgery. These glands are responsible for controlling the body’s calcium levels. They secrete parathyroid hormone that helps your kidneys and bones to maintain the balance of calcium and phosphorous.
More than half of those who get a total thyroidectomy may experience temporary low calcium levels, known ashypocalcemia, for at least a few weeks after thyroid surgery.It may last for up to six months.
Symptoms of hypocalcemia commonly include:
Most often calcium levels improve in a few weeks but may continue to be low for up to six months.During this time, your healthcare provider will monitor your calcium levels.
A 2018 study found that when a solution of potassium iodide was given prior to thyroid surgery for those withGrave’s disease—a condition that can lead to an overactive thyroid—it was associated with less temporary hypoparathyroidism and hoarseness. It may also improve the safety of the procedure for those with Grave’s disease.Consult with your surgeon about this prior to your surgery.
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypothyroidism
If you have a total thyroidectomy or the entire thyroid gland is removed, you will require prescription thyroid replacement therapy after the procedure. This is because you’ll no longer have a gland to make thyroid hormone and will experience symptoms ofhypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid, without replacement therapy.
If you have a subtotal thyroidectomy, which means all but a small portion of your thyroid is removed to try to preserve thyroid function, hypothyroidism sometimes still occurs and you will need monitoring to see if replacement therapy is needed.
If you had a subtotal thyroidectomy and are not immediately put on thyroid hormone medications, watch carefully for symptoms of hypothyroidism and contact your healthcare provider if they occur. Having regularthyroid testingdone is also important, as hypothyroidism may not occur right away, or even for months or years.
There are many symptoms of hypothyroidism, but some of the more common ones include:
4:10Thyroidectomy Recovery Stories From 3 Different Patients
4:10
Thyroidectomy Recovery Stories From 3 Different Patients
What Is Postprocedural Hypothyroidism?
Though thyroid surgery is considered a relatively safe procedure, complications may sometimes occur. Some of these require prompt treatment, so it’s important to be aware of them.
Hematoma
Bleeding into the tissues surrounding the neck, which is known as a neckhematoma, is uncommon, but is potentially life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Occurring in roughly one in 300 procedures, most hematomas occur within 24 hours of surgery, though research indicates they may occur later in 10% to 28% of cases.
Symptoms may include an area of firmness and swelling on the front or side of the neck (usually beneath the incision), neck pain, and symptoms of airway obstruction such as shortness of breath, lightheadedness, orstridor(a high-pitched wheezing sound that’s usually most noticeable with inspiration than exhalation).
Treatment includes immediate surgery to remove the hematoma and address any areas of bleeding.
What Is a Hematoma? Types and Treatment
Permanent Hypoparathyroidism
Factors that increase the risk of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery include a diagnosis ofthyroid cancer, a longer duration of thyroid disease before surgery, a central incision, and the removal of a large amount of thyroid tissue.
If untreated and the condition is permanent, further symptoms may include tingling and numbness of the bottoms of the feet, muscle cramps and twitches, anxiety, depression, and headaches.
If hypocalcemia is severe, the condition can progress to symptoms of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), difficulty breathing (due to muscle spasms in the voice box),kidney stones,heart failure, and/orseizures. As with other side effects and complications, the timing of symptoms can vary from one person to the next.
Most often, lifelong calcium supplementation is all that is needed. But if severe symptoms occur, intravenous calcium, which is delivered in the hospital through a vein, may be required.
All About Hypoparathyroidism
Laryngeal Nerve Injury
Less than 1% of people having a thyroidectomy will experience damage to either the recurrentlaryngealnerve or the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.If hoarseness persists, especially if it is still present six months after surgery, it’s likely that the recurrent laryngeal nerve was injured. This nerve controls the muscles that move the vocal cords.
Injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is usually less obvious. When injured, a person may have difficulty making high-pitched noises or yelling, though their routine speaking voice may be unchanged.
The Anatomy of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Infection
The risk of infection is present with any type of surgery but is relatively rare with thyroid surgery. It occurs in roughly one in 2,000 surgeries.Treatment usually includesIV antibiotics, which are medications to kill bacteria that are delivered through a vein.
Seroma
Thyroid Storm
Symptoms of thyroid storm include a fever (over 102 degrees F in most people), profuse sweating, a rapid heart rate, and sometimes delirium (severe confusion).
The use of iodine was thought to reduce the risk, but a 2017 study questioned the benefit.Treatment in the intensive care unit includes cooling, intravenous fluids, medications such as propylthiouracil (PTU), and management of arrhythmias.
Understanding Thyroid Storm
Anesthesia Risks
Possiblecomplications of general anesthesiamay also occur since most thyroidectomies require it. This can include changes in blood pressure or heart problems.
While complications can affect anyone, there are some risk factors that increase the chance of adverse effects.These include:
While a total thyroidectomy is a more extensive surgery than a subtotal thyroidectomy, several studies suggest that the safety of the two procedures is similar with regard to complications. However, temporary low calcium levels (and hypothyroidism due to the removal of the entire thyroid) are more common with the total procedure.
Inpatient vs. Outpatient
There has been some controversy over inpatient vs. outpatient thyroidectomies, especially with the recent trend toward same-day surgery. The primary reason for concern is that neck bleeding, which can be life-threatening, may occur after a person has returned home after outpatient surgery.
As far as safety, a 2018 study suggests that outpatient surgery may be safe, but the researchers admitted that the study may be biased. People who were at greater risk are more likely to be hospitalized, whereas those at lower risk were more likely to be offered the procedure on an outpatient basis.
Healthcare Provider Volume and Expertise
Keep in mind, as well, that the likelihood of a complication occurring is much less with an experienced surgeon. Thus, it’s a good idea to ask your surgeon how many thyroidectomies they have performed in the past.
You may also wish to ask about their complication rate, but this is not necessarily an accurate measure of competence. For example, more experienced surgeons may agree to take on more challenging cases that are likely to have a higher complication rate, and less experienced surgeons may limit themselves to low-risk cases.
2:58
After surgery, you will be monitored in the recovery room, sometimes for up to six hours. During this time, the staff will monitor you closely for any signs of neck swelling that could indicate a neck hematoma.
You may remain in the hospital overnight or be allowed to return home if you had outpatient surgery and are stable.
Before you leave the hospital, your healthcare provider will go over any instructions and talk about when you should follow up with your surgeon. Be sure you know what your at-home treatment regimen entails (medication, supplementation) and how to take any pain medications prescribed, if applicable.
Keep in mind that pain medications can cause constipation, and your healthcare provider may recommend a stool softener and/or laxative.
Once you are at home, raise the head of your bed to reduce swelling.
What to Eat After Surgery
You will be allowed to eat a regular diet once you return home, usually the day after surgery. Your surgeon will likely recommend avoiding heavy, fatty, or spicy foods for a few days.
Eating soft foods for the first few days can be helpful if your throat is sore or if swallowing is painful. Examples include foods with sauces or gravy, cooked vegetables, and casseroles.
Medications and Supplements
Your surgeon may send you home with medication or advise you to take certain supplements:
Is Synthroid Better Than Generic Levothyroxine?
Recuperation Time and Restrictions
Most people are advised to take roughly two weeks off from work to recuperate, depending on their occupation. You should not drive as long as you continue to need pain medications, and some surgeons recommend abstaining from driving for the first week after surgery altogether.
You should also avoid any heavy lifting or strenuous activities, such as many sports, for a few weeks. The excess activity could increase your chance of developing a hematoma or keep your wound from healing properly. Light housekeeping and walking are usually fine once you arrive home.
Stretching Exercises
Many surgeons recommend doing gentlestretchingand range-of-motion exercises to reduce stiffness. Before doing these, however, ask your surgeon about their appropriateness for you, any additional exercises they believe might be helpful, how often you should perform them, and whether there are any exercises you should avoid. Recommended exercises may include the following:
Suggested frequency: 10 repetitions, three times a day.
Showering and Bathing
You can shower the day after surgery, but try to keep your neck as dry as possible while showering. Do not submerge, soak, or scrub your incision. After showering, you can lightly pat your neck dry or use a hair dryer set on the “cool” setting. Avoid swimming or taking baths for at least a week after the surgery.
Caring for Your Incision
Your surgeon will talk to you about whether you should continue to wear a dressing over your incision.
Your incision may appear red and hard at first, and you may notice some slight swelling and bruising. If it itches, ask your surgeon if you can apply scar gel or aloe.
The hardening typically peaks about three weeks after surgery and then subsides over the next two to three months. In time, your incision will turn pink and then white, and most are completely healed in six to nine months.The University of California Los Angeles has ascar gallerywith photos of people who have had thyroid surgery at various points in the healing process.
The hardening typically peaks about three weeks after surgery and then subsides over the next two to three months. In time, your incision will turn pink and then white, and most are completely healed in six to nine months.
The University of California Los Angeles has ascar gallerywith photos of people who have had thyroid surgery at various points in the healing process.
The area around your incision will be prone to sunburns, so wear sunscreen outdoors for at least a year after surgery.
Thyroidectomy: Everything You Need to Know
When to See a Healthcare Provider
If you experience any of the following symptoms during your recovery, call your surgeon:
Seek emergency medical care at once if:
Generally speaking, you will usually need to return to the surgeon for a follow-up visit around one to two weeks after surgery. In the meantime, contact your thyroid-care team if you have any questions regarding your recovery process.
At your follow-up appointment, your surgeon will determine if you need to remain on calcium and vitamin D. If you were started on hormone replacement therapy, athyroid-stimulating hormone test (TSH)should be checked about six weeks after surgery.
Thyroid Disease Healthcare Provider Discussion GuideGet our printable guide for your next healthcare provider’s appointment to help you ask the right questions.Download PDFEmail AddressSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
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Summary
Side effects of thyroid surgery are common and include neck pain, a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and temporary hypoparathyroidism that usually resolves within a few weeks.
Complications are much less common and can include neck bleeding, permanent hypoparathyroidism that requires ongoing calcium replacement, and damage to nerves that can lead to long-term hoarseness and vocal changes.
14 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Alqahtani SM, Al-Sohabi HR, Alfattani AA, Alalawi Y.Post-thyroidectomy hematoma: Risk factors to be considered for ambulatory thyroidectomy.Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31539. doi:10.7759/cureus.31539Stefanou CK, Papathanakos G, Stefanou SK, et al.Surgical tips and techniques to avoid complications of thyroid surgery.Innov Surg Sci. 2022;7(3-4):115-123. doi:10.1515/iss-2021-0038Bai B, Chen W.Protective effects of intraoperative nerve monitoring (Ionm) For recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroidectomy: Meta-analysis.Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7761. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26219-5Eismontas V, Slepavicius A, Janusonis V, et al.Predictors of postoperative hypocalcemia occurring after a total thyroidectomy: Results of prospective multicenter study.BMC Surg. 2018;18(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12893-018-0387-2American Thyroid Association.Clinical thyroidology for the public.Randle RW, Bates MF, Long KL, Pitt SC, Schneider DF, Sippel RS.Impact of potassium iodide on thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: Implications for safety and operative difficulty.Surgery.2018;163(1):68-72. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2017.03.030Suzuki S, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Saito Y, Yamasoba T.Factors associated with neck hematoma after thyroidectomy: a retrospective analysis using a japanese inpatient database.Medicine. 2016;95(7):e2812. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002812Almquist M, Hallgrimsson P, Nordenström E, Bergenfelz A.Prediction of permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy.World J Surg. 2014;38(10):2613-20. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2622-zQiao N, Wu LF, Gao W, et al.Anatomic characteristics, identification, and protection of the nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.2017;157(2):210-216. doi:10.1177/0194599817700583Myssiorek D, Ahmed Y, Parsikia A, Castaldi M, Mcnelis J.Factors predictive of the development of surgical site infection in thyroidectomy - An analysis of NSQIP database.Int J Surg.2018;60:273-278. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.11.013Hope N, Kelly A.Pre-operative Lugol’s iodine treatment in the management of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: a review of the literature.Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6(1):20-25. doi:10.1159/000450976Padur AA, Kumar N, Guru A, et al.Safety and effectiveness of total thyroidectomy and its comparison with subtotal thyroidectomy and other thyroid surgeries: a systematic review.J Thyroid Res. 2016;2016:1-6. doi:10.1155/2016/7594615Lee DJ, Chin CJ, Hong CJ, Perera S, Witterick IJ.Outpatient versus inpatient thyroidectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Head & Neck. 2018;40(1):192-202. doi:10.1002/hed.24934American Thyroid Association.Post operative expectations.Additional ReadingBraverman, MD, Lewis E., and Robert D. Utiger, MD. Werner and Ingbar’sThe Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 10th ed.,Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW), 2012.
14 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Alqahtani SM, Al-Sohabi HR, Alfattani AA, Alalawi Y.Post-thyroidectomy hematoma: Risk factors to be considered for ambulatory thyroidectomy.Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31539. doi:10.7759/cureus.31539Stefanou CK, Papathanakos G, Stefanou SK, et al.Surgical tips and techniques to avoid complications of thyroid surgery.Innov Surg Sci. 2022;7(3-4):115-123. doi:10.1515/iss-2021-0038Bai B, Chen W.Protective effects of intraoperative nerve monitoring (Ionm) For recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroidectomy: Meta-analysis.Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7761. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26219-5Eismontas V, Slepavicius A, Janusonis V, et al.Predictors of postoperative hypocalcemia occurring after a total thyroidectomy: Results of prospective multicenter study.BMC Surg. 2018;18(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12893-018-0387-2American Thyroid Association.Clinical thyroidology for the public.Randle RW, Bates MF, Long KL, Pitt SC, Schneider DF, Sippel RS.Impact of potassium iodide on thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: Implications for safety and operative difficulty.Surgery.2018;163(1):68-72. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2017.03.030Suzuki S, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Saito Y, Yamasoba T.Factors associated with neck hematoma after thyroidectomy: a retrospective analysis using a japanese inpatient database.Medicine. 2016;95(7):e2812. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002812Almquist M, Hallgrimsson P, Nordenström E, Bergenfelz A.Prediction of permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy.World J Surg. 2014;38(10):2613-20. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2622-zQiao N, Wu LF, Gao W, et al.Anatomic characteristics, identification, and protection of the nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.2017;157(2):210-216. doi:10.1177/0194599817700583Myssiorek D, Ahmed Y, Parsikia A, Castaldi M, Mcnelis J.Factors predictive of the development of surgical site infection in thyroidectomy - An analysis of NSQIP database.Int J Surg.2018;60:273-278. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.11.013Hope N, Kelly A.Pre-operative Lugol’s iodine treatment in the management of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: a review of the literature.Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6(1):20-25. doi:10.1159/000450976Padur AA, Kumar N, Guru A, et al.Safety and effectiveness of total thyroidectomy and its comparison with subtotal thyroidectomy and other thyroid surgeries: a systematic review.J Thyroid Res. 2016;2016:1-6. doi:10.1155/2016/7594615Lee DJ, Chin CJ, Hong CJ, Perera S, Witterick IJ.Outpatient versus inpatient thyroidectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Head & Neck. 2018;40(1):192-202. doi:10.1002/hed.24934American Thyroid Association.Post operative expectations.Additional ReadingBraverman, MD, Lewis E., and Robert D. Utiger, MD. Werner and Ingbar’sThe Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 10th ed.,Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW), 2012.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Alqahtani SM, Al-Sohabi HR, Alfattani AA, Alalawi Y.Post-thyroidectomy hematoma: Risk factors to be considered for ambulatory thyroidectomy.Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31539. doi:10.7759/cureus.31539Stefanou CK, Papathanakos G, Stefanou SK, et al.Surgical tips and techniques to avoid complications of thyroid surgery.Innov Surg Sci. 2022;7(3-4):115-123. doi:10.1515/iss-2021-0038Bai B, Chen W.Protective effects of intraoperative nerve monitoring (Ionm) For recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroidectomy: Meta-analysis.Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7761. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26219-5Eismontas V, Slepavicius A, Janusonis V, et al.Predictors of postoperative hypocalcemia occurring after a total thyroidectomy: Results of prospective multicenter study.BMC Surg. 2018;18(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12893-018-0387-2American Thyroid Association.Clinical thyroidology for the public.Randle RW, Bates MF, Long KL, Pitt SC, Schneider DF, Sippel RS.Impact of potassium iodide on thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: Implications for safety and operative difficulty.Surgery.2018;163(1):68-72. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2017.03.030Suzuki S, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Saito Y, Yamasoba T.Factors associated with neck hematoma after thyroidectomy: a retrospective analysis using a japanese inpatient database.Medicine. 2016;95(7):e2812. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002812Almquist M, Hallgrimsson P, Nordenström E, Bergenfelz A.Prediction of permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy.World J Surg. 2014;38(10):2613-20. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2622-zQiao N, Wu LF, Gao W, et al.Anatomic characteristics, identification, and protection of the nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.2017;157(2):210-216. doi:10.1177/0194599817700583Myssiorek D, Ahmed Y, Parsikia A, Castaldi M, Mcnelis J.Factors predictive of the development of surgical site infection in thyroidectomy - An analysis of NSQIP database.Int J Surg.2018;60:273-278. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.11.013Hope N, Kelly A.Pre-operative Lugol’s iodine treatment in the management of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: a review of the literature.Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6(1):20-25. doi:10.1159/000450976Padur AA, Kumar N, Guru A, et al.Safety and effectiveness of total thyroidectomy and its comparison with subtotal thyroidectomy and other thyroid surgeries: a systematic review.J Thyroid Res. 2016;2016:1-6. doi:10.1155/2016/7594615Lee DJ, Chin CJ, Hong CJ, Perera S, Witterick IJ.Outpatient versus inpatient thyroidectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Head & Neck. 2018;40(1):192-202. doi:10.1002/hed.24934American Thyroid Association.Post operative expectations.
Alqahtani SM, Al-Sohabi HR, Alfattani AA, Alalawi Y.Post-thyroidectomy hematoma: Risk factors to be considered for ambulatory thyroidectomy.Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31539. doi:10.7759/cureus.31539
Stefanou CK, Papathanakos G, Stefanou SK, et al.Surgical tips and techniques to avoid complications of thyroid surgery.Innov Surg Sci. 2022;7(3-4):115-123. doi:10.1515/iss-2021-0038
Bai B, Chen W.Protective effects of intraoperative nerve monitoring (Ionm) For recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in thyroidectomy: Meta-analysis.Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7761. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26219-5
Eismontas V, Slepavicius A, Janusonis V, et al.Predictors of postoperative hypocalcemia occurring after a total thyroidectomy: Results of prospective multicenter study.BMC Surg. 2018;18(1):55. doi:10.1186/s12893-018-0387-2
American Thyroid Association.Clinical thyroidology for the public.
Randle RW, Bates MF, Long KL, Pitt SC, Schneider DF, Sippel RS.Impact of potassium iodide on thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: Implications for safety and operative difficulty.Surgery.2018;163(1):68-72. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2017.03.030
Suzuki S, Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Saito Y, Yamasoba T.Factors associated with neck hematoma after thyroidectomy: a retrospective analysis using a japanese inpatient database.Medicine. 2016;95(7):e2812. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002812
Almquist M, Hallgrimsson P, Nordenström E, Bergenfelz A.Prediction of permanent hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy.World J Surg. 2014;38(10):2613-20. doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2622-z
Qiao N, Wu LF, Gao W, et al.Anatomic characteristics, identification, and protection of the nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.2017;157(2):210-216. doi:10.1177/0194599817700583
Myssiorek D, Ahmed Y, Parsikia A, Castaldi M, Mcnelis J.Factors predictive of the development of surgical site infection in thyroidectomy - An analysis of NSQIP database.Int J Surg.2018;60:273-278. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.11.013
Hope N, Kelly A.Pre-operative Lugol’s iodine treatment in the management of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: a review of the literature.Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6(1):20-25. doi:10.1159/000450976
Padur AA, Kumar N, Guru A, et al.Safety and effectiveness of total thyroidectomy and its comparison with subtotal thyroidectomy and other thyroid surgeries: a systematic review.J Thyroid Res. 2016;2016:1-6. doi:10.1155/2016/7594615
Lee DJ, Chin CJ, Hong CJ, Perera S, Witterick IJ.Outpatient versus inpatient thyroidectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Head & Neck. 2018;40(1):192-202. doi:10.1002/hed.24934
American Thyroid Association.Post operative expectations.
Braverman, MD, Lewis E., and Robert D. Utiger, MD. Werner and Ingbar’sThe Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 10th ed.,Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW), 2012.
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