Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsHepatitis BDTaPTdapHaemophilus InfluenzaePneumococcal DiseasePoliovirusRotavirusMeasles, Mumps, RubellaChickenpoxHepatitis AInfluenza (Flu)Meningococcal DiseaseHPVShinglesCOVID-19Rabies VaccineCholeraJapanese EncephalitisYellow FeverTyphoid
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Hepatitis B
DTaP
Tdap
Haemophilus Influenzae
Pneumococcal Disease
Poliovirus
Rotavirus
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
Chickenpox
Hepatitis A
Influenza (Flu)
Meningococcal Disease
HPV
Shingles
COVID-19
Rabies Vaccine
Cholera
Japanese Encephalitis
Yellow Fever
Typhoid
Vaccinesare among the best ways a parent can protect their children from certain infectious diseases. Vaccines can also prevent diseases in adults and limit the spread of infection through communities. In some cases, vaccines have completelyeliminated once-dreaded diseases.
Steve Debenport/iStock
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Hepatitis Bis a viral disease that causes liver inflammation and damage. Over time, chronic hepatitis B infection can causecirrhosis,liver failure, andliver cancer.
Vaccine Schedules: Standard vs. Alternative
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis (DTaP)
DTaP vaccineis a combination vaccine that protects against three different bacterial diseases:
There are two DTaP vaccines approved for use in the United States.
Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap)
TheTdap vaccineis a combination vaccine used to boost immunity against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. There is also theTd vaccinethat protects against tetanus and diphtheria.
Tdap vaccination is currently recommended for:
There are two Tdap vaccines approved for use in the United States.
Haemophilus influenzae Type B (Hib)
The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine protects againstHaemophilus influenzaetype b,abacteria that can cause pneumonia,meningitis(inflammation of the protective membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord), andepiglottitis(inflammation of the cartilage flap covering the windpipe).
There are three Hib vaccines approved for use in the United States.
Pneumococcal Vaccine
Pneumococcal vaccines protect againstStreptococcus pneumoniae,a bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, andbacteremia(bacterial infection of the bloodstream).The two types of pneumococcal vaccines are pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV15, PCV20, and PCV21) and the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).
There are four pneumococcal vaccines approved for use in the United States:
Adult Vaccinations: Which Ones Are Recommended?
Inactivated Poliovirus
Poliois a rare viral infection transmitted through contaminated water or food or direct contact with an infected person. The vast majority of infections occur with no symptoms. Less than 1% of those infected will develop paralytic poliomyelitis, while between 1% and 5% will experience non-paralyticmeningitis.
There is one polio vaccine approved for use in the United States, called Ipol, that is made with aninactivated (dead) virus.
Theliveoral polio vaccine, used in the United States for almost 40 years, was discontinued in 2000 due to the potential risk of vaccine-inducedpoliomyelitis.
Re-Emerging Diseases: Why Some Are Making a Comeback
Rotavirus Vaccine
Rotavirusis a viral infection that can cause severe gastroenteritis (stomach flu) in infants and children, leading the dehydration and, in some cases, death. Rotavirus is the most common cause of childhood diarrhea worldwide. Roughly 80% of rotavirus deaths occur in the developing world.
Prior to the development of a rotavirus vaccine, an estimated three million cases occurred in the United States every year.
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
The MMR vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against three different diseases:
There are two MMR vaccines approved for use in the United States.
Can the MMR Vaccine Cause Autism?
Varicella Vaccine
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causeschickenpox. The disease is highly contagious, causing itchy, fluid-filled blisters on the skin. Young children are at the greatest risk of hospitalization from chickenpox.
There is one varicella vaccine, called Varivax, approved for use in the United States.
Hepatitis A Vaccine
There are two hepatitis A vaccines approved for use in the United States.
Cases of Mysterious Hepatitis Identified in American Kids
Influenza Vaccine
The influenza vaccine protects againstseasonal flu. For most people, seasonal flu is nothing more than a nuisance, causing short-term illness. However, for some, flu can be severe and even life-threatening. Babies, older adults, and people withcompromised immune systemsare among those with a high risk of complications.
Because the virus mutates quickly, annual vaccination is needed to avoid infection.
Annual flu vaccination is recommended for everyone 6 months of age and older. There are nine different flu vaccines approved for use in the United States.
When Is It Too Late to Get a Flu Shot?
Meningococcal Vaccine
Some meningococcal vaccines (called meningococcal conjugate vaccines) protect against common forms of the bacteria, namely serogroups A, C, W, and Y.Others protect against serogroup B bacteria, the most frequent cause of meningococcal disease in adolescents and young adults in the United States.One vaccine includes components of both types of vaccines and protects against serogroups A, B, C, W, and Y.
These are the meningococcal vaccines currently licensed for use:
Causes and Risk Factors of Meningitis
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)is a group of related viruses, some of which causegenital wartsand others of which can lead tocervical cancer,anal cancer, and other types of cancer.
The CDC currently recommends vaccination in adolescents between 11 and 12 years of age. Vaccination can be started as early as age 9. The vaccine is also recommended for people through age 26 years who have not been adequately vaccinated. Adults 27 to 45 may also be vaccinated based on a shared decision with their doctor.
There is one HPV vaccine, called Gardasil-9, approved for use in the United States.
Shingles Vaccine
The HZV vaccine is given to adults 50 and older and immunocompromised adults 19 years and older.There is only one shingles vaccine available in the United States, called Shingrix.
An earlier shingles vaccine, called Zostavax, was discontinued in November 2020. Even if you’ve received Zostavax in the past, the CDC still recommends that you get vaccinated with Shingrix.
What to Do If You Get Shingles
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)is a respiratory infection that became apandemicin 2020.Symptomsare variable, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms and theloss of taste or smellto pneumonia,respiratory failure, shock, and death.
Since the pandemic began, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) grantedemergency use authorization (EUA)or FDA approval to four COVID-19 vaccines. Three of those options are still available.
The CDC regularly recommends that all adults and children receive updated vaccines as new COVID variants develop.
Updated vaccines that protect against current variants are now available. They are recommended for all people age 6 months and up.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccines
Even so, people in the United States who are at risk of exposure (including veterinarians, animal handlers, spelunkers, or rabies laboratory workers) may be offered the vaccine as a precaution. The same applies to travelers to parts of the world where rabies is widespread.
There are two rabies vaccines available for use in the United States.
Three doses of the vaccine are used for pre-exposure vaccination (to prevent infection),while four doses are used for post-exposure prophylaxis (to avert infection after possible exposure) for people who have not been previously vaccinated, and only two doses are needed for those who have been previously vaccinated.
How Rabies Is Treated
Cholera Vaccine
Cholera is rare in the United States and not a disease for which American residents are routinely vaccinated. The vaccine is used for people traveling to (or living in) tropical areas where the disease is widespread. Some countries will require proof of vaccination before you are allowed to enter.
There is one FDA-approved cholera vaccine, called Vaxchora, that is given as a single dose at least 10 days before travel to anendemicregion.
What Are Neglected Tropical Diseases?
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne disease that occurs mainly in rural and agricultural parts of Asia and the West Pacific.Most JEV infections are mild but, in some people, the infection can turn serious and cause brain inflammation, seizures, and even death.
There is one JEV vaccine licensed for use in the United States, called Ixiaro, that is given in two doses and completed at least one week before travel to an endemic region.
Yellow Fever Vaccine
Yellow feveris a mosquito-borne viral disease common in sub-Saharan Africa and South America. An infection can cause fever, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and the characteristic yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). Severe cases can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding,acute kidney failure, encephalopathy, andcerebral edema.
Yellow fever vaccination is indicated for people 9 months and older traveling to endemic regions. There is one yellow fever vaccine, called YF-Vax, given as a single dose at least 10 days before travel.
Typhoid Vaccine
Typhoid feveris a bacterial infection calledSalmonella typhi.Symptoms include high fever, weakness, fatigue, headache, loss of appetite, stomach pain, and occasionally a rash. The bacteria is transmitted via contaminated food and water.
Typhoid is prevalent in parts of the world with poor sanitation, including parts of Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Central America, South America, and the Middle East.
There are two typhoid vaccines available for use in the United States, both of which are given before travel to an endemic region.
Tymphim Vi should be given at least two weeks before departure to an endemic region, while the Vivotif vaccine series should be completed at least a week before travel.
Before traveling abroad, check the CDC traveler advisory website for vaccine recommendations for your destination.
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36 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Nelson NP, Easterbrook PJ, McMahon BJ.Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease.Clin Liver Dis. 2016 Nov;20(4):607-28. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.006Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations — United States, 2023.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.U.S. vaccines: table 1.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) VIS.Tiwari TS, Moro PL, Acosta AM.Tetanus. In: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Hall E., Wodi A.P., Hamborsky J., et al., eds. 14th ed. Washington, D.C. Public Health Foundation, 2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pertussis: summary of vaccine recommendations.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal polysaccharide VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal vaccination: what everyone should know.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Poliomyelitis. In:Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (13th edition).Updated December 30, 2016.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Polio VIS.Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization.About rotavirus.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.MMR (measles, mumps, & rubella) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chickenpox VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis A VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at Higher Risk of Flu Complications.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Flu & People 65 Years and Older.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Meningococcal Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know.National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.Meningococcal disease.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Human papillomavirus (HPV) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Shingles (herpes zoster).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Recombinant shingles VIS.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.COVID-19 vaccines.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Staying Up to Date with COVID-19 Vaccines.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Updated COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations Are Now Available.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies VIS.Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, et al.Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies.PLOS Neglect Trop Dis. 2015 Apr:9(4):e0003709. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies: preexposure vaccinations.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies vaccine.Usmani M, Brumfield KD, Jamal Y, Huq A, Colwell RR, Jutla A.A Review of the Environmental Trigger and Transmission Components for Prediction of Cholera. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 5;6(3):147. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030147.World Health Organization.Japanese encephalitis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Japanese encephalitis VIS.McGuinness I, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, Pastula DM.An Overview of Yellow Fever Virus Disease.Neurohospitalist. 2017;7(4):157-158. doi:10.1177/1941874417708129Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Typhoid VIS.Marchello CS, Hong CY, Crump JA.Global Typhoid Fever Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(Suppl 2):S105-S116. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1094
36 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Nelson NP, Easterbrook PJ, McMahon BJ.Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease.Clin Liver Dis. 2016 Nov;20(4):607-28. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.006Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations — United States, 2023.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.U.S. vaccines: table 1.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) VIS.Tiwari TS, Moro PL, Acosta AM.Tetanus. In: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Hall E., Wodi A.P., Hamborsky J., et al., eds. 14th ed. Washington, D.C. Public Health Foundation, 2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pertussis: summary of vaccine recommendations.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal polysaccharide VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal vaccination: what everyone should know.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Poliomyelitis. In:Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (13th edition).Updated December 30, 2016.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Polio VIS.Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization.About rotavirus.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.MMR (measles, mumps, & rubella) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chickenpox VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis A VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at Higher Risk of Flu Complications.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Flu & People 65 Years and Older.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Meningococcal Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know.National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.Meningococcal disease.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Human papillomavirus (HPV) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Shingles (herpes zoster).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Recombinant shingles VIS.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.COVID-19 vaccines.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Staying Up to Date with COVID-19 Vaccines.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Updated COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations Are Now Available.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies VIS.Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, et al.Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies.PLOS Neglect Trop Dis. 2015 Apr:9(4):e0003709. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies: preexposure vaccinations.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies vaccine.Usmani M, Brumfield KD, Jamal Y, Huq A, Colwell RR, Jutla A.A Review of the Environmental Trigger and Transmission Components for Prediction of Cholera. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 5;6(3):147. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030147.World Health Organization.Japanese encephalitis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Japanese encephalitis VIS.McGuinness I, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, Pastula DM.An Overview of Yellow Fever Virus Disease.Neurohospitalist. 2017;7(4):157-158. doi:10.1177/1941874417708129Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Typhoid VIS.Marchello CS, Hong CY, Crump JA.Global Typhoid Fever Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(Suppl 2):S105-S116. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1094
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Nelson NP, Easterbrook PJ, McMahon BJ.Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease.Clin Liver Dis. 2016 Nov;20(4):607-28. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.006Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations — United States, 2023.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.U.S. vaccines: table 1.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) VIS.Tiwari TS, Moro PL, Acosta AM.Tetanus. In: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Hall E., Wodi A.P., Hamborsky J., et al., eds. 14th ed. Washington, D.C. Public Health Foundation, 2021.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pertussis: summary of vaccine recommendations.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal polysaccharide VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal vaccination: what everyone should know.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Poliomyelitis. In:Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (13th edition).Updated December 30, 2016.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Polio VIS.Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization.About rotavirus.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.MMR (measles, mumps, & rubella) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chickenpox VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis A VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at Higher Risk of Flu Complications.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Flu & People 65 Years and Older.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Meningococcal Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know.National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.Meningococcal disease.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Human papillomavirus (HPV) VIS.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Shingles (herpes zoster).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Recombinant shingles VIS.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.COVID-19 vaccines.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Staying Up to Date with COVID-19 Vaccines.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Updated COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations Are Now Available.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies VIS.Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, et al.Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies.PLOS Neglect Trop Dis. 2015 Apr:9(4):e0003709. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies: preexposure vaccinations.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies vaccine.Usmani M, Brumfield KD, Jamal Y, Huq A, Colwell RR, Jutla A.A Review of the Environmental Trigger and Transmission Components for Prediction of Cholera. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 5;6(3):147. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030147.World Health Organization.Japanese encephalitis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Japanese encephalitis VIS.McGuinness I, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, Pastula DM.An Overview of Yellow Fever Virus Disease.Neurohospitalist. 2017;7(4):157-158. doi:10.1177/1941874417708129Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Typhoid VIS.Marchello CS, Hong CY, Crump JA.Global Typhoid Fever Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(Suppl 2):S105-S116. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1094
Nelson NP, Easterbrook PJ, McMahon BJ.Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease.Clin Liver Dis. 2016 Nov;20(4):607-28. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.006
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations — United States, 2023.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.U.S. vaccines: table 1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) VIS.
Tiwari TS, Moro PL, Acosta AM.Tetanus. In: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Hall E., Wodi A.P., Hamborsky J., et al., eds. 14th ed. Washington, D.C. Public Health Foundation, 2021.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pertussis: summary of vaccine recommendations.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) VIS.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal polysaccharide VIS.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pneumococcal vaccination: what everyone should know.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Poliomyelitis. In:Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (13th edition).Updated December 30, 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Polio VIS.
Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization.About rotavirus.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.MMR (measles, mumps, & rubella) VIS.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chickenpox VIS.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis A VIS.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.People at Higher Risk of Flu Complications.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Flu & People 65 Years and Older.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Meningococcal Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know.
National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.Meningococcal disease.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Human papillomavirus (HPV) VIS.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Shingles (herpes zoster).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Recombinant shingles VIS.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.COVID-19 vaccines.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Staying Up to Date with COVID-19 Vaccines.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Updated COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations Are Now Available.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies VIS.
Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, et al.Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies.PLOS Neglect Trop Dis. 2015 Apr:9(4):e0003709. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies: preexposure vaccinations.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rabies vaccine.
Usmani M, Brumfield KD, Jamal Y, Huq A, Colwell RR, Jutla A.A Review of the Environmental Trigger and Transmission Components for Prediction of Cholera. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 5;6(3):147. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030147.
World Health Organization.Japanese encephalitis.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Japanese encephalitis VIS.
McGuinness I, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, Pastula DM.An Overview of Yellow Fever Virus Disease.Neurohospitalist. 2017;7(4):157-158. doi:10.1177/1941874417708129
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Typhoid VIS.
Marchello CS, Hong CY, Crump JA.Global Typhoid Fever Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(Suppl 2):S105-S116. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1094
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