Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsLifestyleMedicationInsulinBariatric SurgeryNext in Type 2 Diabetes GuideEating With Type 2 Diabetes: Creating a Meal Plan
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Lifestyle
Medication
Insulin
Bariatric Surgery
Next in Type 2 Diabetes Guide
Type 2 diabetesmedications include metformin, sulfonylureas, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and other medications that change the way your body uses insulin and glucose. Not everyone with type 2 diabetes needs medication, however. Many people can manage their condition with healthy lifestyle changes alone.
There’s no one-size-fits-all treatment fortype 2 diabetes. The key to managing this increasingly common condition is piecing together a treatment plan that fits the individual.
This article looks at diabetes medication and some of the other approved ways to manage and treat type 2 diabetes.
LeoPatrizi / Getty Images
Lifestyle Changes
Weight loss is one of the primary goals of these lifestyle changes. A loss of just 5% to 10% of total body weight can have a dramatic effect onblood sugarlevels in people with type 2 diabetes.
Some of the lifestyle changes to manage type 2 diabetes include:
Diet
It’s especially important to reduce your carbohydrate intake. This can lead to weight loss, improved blood sugar control, and lower levels oftriglycerides. Triglycerides are fats associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
There’s no such thing as an official “diabetes diet.” There are a variety of approaches to eating and nutrition that have been found to be helpful, though, including:
Besides these basic guidelines, there’s evidence that dramatically reducing carbohydrates can have a profound and positive impact on type 2 diabetes.
In one study, people with obesity and type 2 diabetes who followed a very carb-restricted diet for six months had lowerhemoglobinA1Cresults. This test is a measure of blood sugar over a period of two to three months. Participants on the carb-restricted diet also lost more weight than those who followed a reduced-calorie diet.Both groups exercised regularly and had the support of group meetings.
This is just one study, however. Always consult your healthcare provider and/or a dietitian who specializes in diabetes before making major dietary changes.
Diabetes Meal Planning
Exercise
Regular exercise is critical for managing type 2 diabetes.Physical activity burns calories and may contribute to weight loss. Exercise can also have a direct impact on blood sugar control becauseinsulin resistanceis closely linked to increased fat and decreased muscle mass.When you have insulin resistance, your body doesn’t use insulin the way it’s supposed to.
Insulin helps your cells use blood glucose for energy. Muscle cells use insulin far more efficiently than fat. By building muscle and burning fat, you can help better control your blood glucose levels.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends the following exercise guidelines for adults with type 2 diabetes:
The ADA also recommends that people with type 2 diabetes not sit for prolonged periods of time. Aim to get up and move about every 30 minutes or so.
Insulin Resistance vs. Diabetes: Explaining the Differences
Quitting Smoking
People who smoke are 30% to 40% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than nonsmokers. Even using smokeless tobacco can increase diabetes risk.What’s more, smokers with diabetes are more likely to develop seriouscomplications.
People with diabetes who stop smoking see rapid improvements in their diabetes symptoms and overall health.
There are many approaches tosmoking cessation. Discuss the options with a healthcare provider or certified diabetes educator (CDE). This will help you find the strategy that is most likely to work for you.
Type 2 Diabetes Medications
Type 2 diabetes treatment sometimes includes medication. This is usually the next step when dietary changes, exercise, and weight loss aren’t enough to control blood sugar levels.
Some diabetes medications are taken orally, and others are injected.
Medication is not meant to be used as a substitute for healthy lifestyle changes. Because some diabetes medications can cause a drop in blood sugar before or after exercise, however, it is important to know how your body responds to exercise and how your medications may affect you.
Metformin
Metformin is usually the first medication prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes.Most people stay on metforminas other medications are added, as long as it is well tolerated.
Metformin can cause gastrointestinal side effects including:
In recent years, metformin products have been recalled several times due to higher-than-acceptable levels of a potentially cancer-causing contaminant called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) 410 in some formulations. If you’re concerned about the metformin product you’re using, speak to your healthcare provider. Remember that stopping metformin without a replacement can pose serious health risks to patients with type 2 diabetes.
Sulfonylureas
Thiazolidinediones
Thiazolidinediones sensitize muscle and fat cells to accept insulin more readily. These drugs pose certain health risks that will need to be considered before they are prescribed.
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay the conversion of carbohydrates to glucose during digestion. This helps to regulate blood glucose levels and prevent sugars from peaking too high.
Meglitinides
Meglitinideshelp stimulate insulin production when glucose is present in the blood. They are not as effective if blood sugar levels are low.
The brand names Prandin (repaglinide) and Starlix (nateglinide) have been discontinued, but the generic medications are still available.
DPP-4 Inhibitors
It’s important to note that in August 2015, the FDA added awarning and precautionabout a potential side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors: severe and potentially disabling joint pain. If you are taking a medication that contains a DPP-4 inhibitor and develop joint pain, let your healthcare provider know right away. You may need to switch to a different medication.
SSGT-2 Inhibitors
Taking canagliflozin can increase the risk of amputation of a toe, foot, or leg due to infection or other complications. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any pain; tenderness; sores; ulcers; a swollen, warm, reddened area in your leg or foot; fever or chills; or other signs and symptoms of infection.
Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP-1) Receptor Protein
Rybelsus (semaglutide) oral tablet was approved as the first and only oralGLP-1to improve control of blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Kerendia (Finerenone)
This drug is prescribed to people who have type 2 diabetes and kidney disease. It helps reduce the risk of kidney failure, heart attack, and heart failure.
Combination Therapy
Trijardy XR (empagliflozin/linagliptin/metformin hydrochloride extended-release) was approved in January 2020 as the only triple combination oral therapy for type 2 diabetes. Trijardy combines Jardiance, Tradjenta, and metformin hydrochloride in one extended-release pill taken once daily.
Incretin Mimetics
Also known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, incretin mimetics are injectable medications that stimulate the production of insulin. They also slow the rate of digestion so that glucose enters the blood more slowly.
How GLP-1 Receptors Help Lower Blood Sugar Levels
Mounjaro (Tirzepatide)
In May 2022, the FDA approved the once-weekly injection, Mounjaro (tirzepatide). Mounjaro is the only dual-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist approved to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes in addition to diet and exercise.
The FDA updated the label of Ozempic to note the potential increased risk of intestinal blockage. The condition, called ileus, occurs when there are problems pushing food through the intestine and can cause build-up and blockage there. The weight loss drug Wegovy, which has the same active ingredient as Ozempic, and the diabetes drug Mounjaro, already listed ileus on their safety labels.
Amylin
Type 2 diabetes treatment plans sometimes include supplemental insulin, but not always. Although supplemental insulin is vital to managing type 1 diabetes, it is only necessary for certain people with type 2 diabetes. This typically includes:
Your insulin regimen will be tailored to your needs. Some people may need to take long-acting insulin in the morning that will work throughout the day. Others will benefit most from short-acting or rapid-acting insulin taken at mealtime. Others may need both.
The Different Types of Insulin
There are several delivery options for injectable insulin. The most common is an insulin pen. This is a device fitted with a small needle. Other options include:
A synthetic form of insulin called Semglee (insulin glargine) is available. This long-acting form can be substituted for the more expensive Lantus (insulin glargine).
There is also an inhalable insulin called Afrezza (insulin human). This type of insulin is faster-acting than other types.
Blood Glucose Monitoring
For people with type 2 diabetes who take insulin, blood glucose monitoring may be essential for a number of reasons.For example:
If you take multiple injections of insulin throughout the day, you will likely need to take a blood sugar reading before meals and at bedtime. If you take only a long-acting insulin 410, you may just need to test twice a day, before breakfast and before dinner.
Monitoring is done with a device called ablood glucose meter, or glucometer. This device can measure blood sugar based on a single drop of blood taken from a fingertip. Most devices are designed to do single tests, but there are some that providecontinuous glucose monitoring.
If you are very overweight, your healthcare provider may recommend bariatric surgery as part of your type 2 diabetes treatment. This type of weight loss surgery changes the structure of your digestive system.
People with type 2 diabetes with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 35 are candidates for bariatric surgery. Keep in mind, however, that although BMI is still widely used in the medical community (it’s an inexpensive and quick way to analyze a person’s potential health status and outcomes), it is a dated,flawed measure. BMI does not take into account factors such asbody composition, ethnicity, sex, race, and age.
In studies of bariatric surgery performed on more than 135,000 people with type 2 diabetes, the results were significant. Nearly 90% of subjects:
What’s more, 78% of patients went into remission after losing weight as a result of surgery.
As with any surgical procedure, bariatric surgery has risks. It also requires significant lifestyle changes. People who undergo weight loss surgery are required to follow a specific nutrition plan that’s high in protein and limits refined carbs and added sugars. They also must commit to taking nutritional supplements.
Given the potential complications associated with type 2 diabetes, particularly for people with obesity, the benefits of bariatric surgery may outweigh the risks.
Summary
There are many options for managing type 2 diabetes. The first step is usually lifestyle changes like diet and exercise. Quitting smoking is another important way to improve yourdiabetes symptoms.
For people with type 2 diabetes who have a body mass index greater than 35, bariatric surgery may be an option.
Marijuana and Diabetes: Benefits and Precautions
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S145-S157. doi:10.2337/dc24-S008Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al.Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report.Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731–54. doi:10.2337/dci19-0014Bowen ME, Cavanaugh KL, Wolff K, et al.The diabetes nutrition education study randomized controlled trial: A comparative effectiveness study of approaches to nutrition in diabetes self-management education.Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(8):1368-1376. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.03.017Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Diabetes meal planning.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024[published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2024 Feb 05;:].Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S77-S110. doi:10.2337/dc24-S005Tay J, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Thompson CH, et al.A very low-carbohydrate, low–saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial.Diabetes Care2014;37(11):2909-2918. doi:10.2337/dc14-0845ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of care in diabetes—2023.Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Supple 1):S68-S96. doi:10.2337/dc23-S005Raman A, Peiffer JJ, Hoyne GF, Lawler NG, Currie AJ, Fairchild TJ.Effect of exercise on acute postprandial glucose concentrations and interleukin-6 responses in sedentary and overweight males.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43(12):1298-1306. doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0160Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al.Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association.Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2065-2079. doi:10.2337/dc16-1728Carlsson S, Andersson T, Araghi M, et al.Smokeless tobacco (snus) is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes: results from five pooled cohorts.J Intern Med. 2017;281(4):398-406. doi:10.1111/joim.12592Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and diabetes.Shahar J, Hamdy O.Medication and exercise interactions: considering and managing hypoglycemia risk.Diabetes Spectr. 2015;28(1):64-67. doi:10.2337/diaspect.28.1.64American Diabetes Association.Oral & injectable medications for type 2 diabetes.National Health Service.Understanding medication.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. doi:10.2337/dc24-S009MedlinePlus.Metformin.Kalra S, Bahendeka S, Sahay R, et al.Consensus recommendations on sulfonylurea and sulfonylurea combinations in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus - International Task Force.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(1):132–57. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_556_17ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of care in diabetes—2023.Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S140-S157. doi:10.2337/dc23-S009American Journal of Managed Care.FDA approves Kerendia for patients with CKD associated with T2D.Trijardy XR.Prescribing information.Hieronymus L, Griffin S.Role of amylin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Educ. 2015;41(1_suppl):47S-56S. doi:10.1177%2F0145721715607642Federal Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first interchangeable biosimilar insulin product for treatment of diabetes.Klonoff DC.Afrezza inhaled insulin: the fastest-acting FDA-approved insulin on the market has favorable properties.J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8(6):1071-1073. doi:10.1177/1932296814555820Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Manage blood sugar.American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.Surgery for diabetes.Additional ReadingCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.New CDC report: More than 100 million Americans have diabetes or prediabetes.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and diabetes.Ostenson CG, Hilding A, Grill V, et al.High consumption of smokeless tobacco (“snus”) predicts increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a 10-year prospective mtudy of middle-aged swedish men.Scand J Public Health. 2012;40(8):730–7. doi:10.1177/1403494812459814U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that DPP-4 Inhibitors for type 2 diabetes may cause severe joint pain.
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S145-S157. doi:10.2337/dc24-S008Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al.Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report.Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731–54. doi:10.2337/dci19-0014Bowen ME, Cavanaugh KL, Wolff K, et al.The diabetes nutrition education study randomized controlled trial: A comparative effectiveness study of approaches to nutrition in diabetes self-management education.Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(8):1368-1376. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.03.017Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Diabetes meal planning.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024[published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2024 Feb 05;:].Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S77-S110. doi:10.2337/dc24-S005Tay J, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Thompson CH, et al.A very low-carbohydrate, low–saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial.Diabetes Care2014;37(11):2909-2918. doi:10.2337/dc14-0845ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of care in diabetes—2023.Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Supple 1):S68-S96. doi:10.2337/dc23-S005Raman A, Peiffer JJ, Hoyne GF, Lawler NG, Currie AJ, Fairchild TJ.Effect of exercise on acute postprandial glucose concentrations and interleukin-6 responses in sedentary and overweight males.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43(12):1298-1306. doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0160Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al.Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association.Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2065-2079. doi:10.2337/dc16-1728Carlsson S, Andersson T, Araghi M, et al.Smokeless tobacco (snus) is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes: results from five pooled cohorts.J Intern Med. 2017;281(4):398-406. doi:10.1111/joim.12592Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and diabetes.Shahar J, Hamdy O.Medication and exercise interactions: considering and managing hypoglycemia risk.Diabetes Spectr. 2015;28(1):64-67. doi:10.2337/diaspect.28.1.64American Diabetes Association.Oral & injectable medications for type 2 diabetes.National Health Service.Understanding medication.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. doi:10.2337/dc24-S009MedlinePlus.Metformin.Kalra S, Bahendeka S, Sahay R, et al.Consensus recommendations on sulfonylurea and sulfonylurea combinations in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus - International Task Force.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(1):132–57. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_556_17ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of care in diabetes—2023.Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S140-S157. doi:10.2337/dc23-S009American Journal of Managed Care.FDA approves Kerendia for patients with CKD associated with T2D.Trijardy XR.Prescribing information.Hieronymus L, Griffin S.Role of amylin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Educ. 2015;41(1_suppl):47S-56S. doi:10.1177%2F0145721715607642Federal Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first interchangeable biosimilar insulin product for treatment of diabetes.Klonoff DC.Afrezza inhaled insulin: the fastest-acting FDA-approved insulin on the market has favorable properties.J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8(6):1071-1073. doi:10.1177/1932296814555820Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Manage blood sugar.American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.Surgery for diabetes.Additional ReadingCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.New CDC report: More than 100 million Americans have diabetes or prediabetes.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and diabetes.Ostenson CG, Hilding A, Grill V, et al.High consumption of smokeless tobacco (“snus”) predicts increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a 10-year prospective mtudy of middle-aged swedish men.Scand J Public Health. 2012;40(8):730–7. doi:10.1177/1403494812459814U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that DPP-4 Inhibitors for type 2 diabetes may cause severe joint pain.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S145-S157. doi:10.2337/dc24-S008Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al.Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report.Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731–54. doi:10.2337/dci19-0014Bowen ME, Cavanaugh KL, Wolff K, et al.The diabetes nutrition education study randomized controlled trial: A comparative effectiveness study of approaches to nutrition in diabetes self-management education.Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(8):1368-1376. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.03.017Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Diabetes meal planning.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024[published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2024 Feb 05;:].Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S77-S110. doi:10.2337/dc24-S005Tay J, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Thompson CH, et al.A very low-carbohydrate, low–saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial.Diabetes Care2014;37(11):2909-2918. doi:10.2337/dc14-0845ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of care in diabetes—2023.Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Supple 1):S68-S96. doi:10.2337/dc23-S005Raman A, Peiffer JJ, Hoyne GF, Lawler NG, Currie AJ, Fairchild TJ.Effect of exercise on acute postprandial glucose concentrations and interleukin-6 responses in sedentary and overweight males.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43(12):1298-1306. doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0160Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al.Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association.Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2065-2079. doi:10.2337/dc16-1728Carlsson S, Andersson T, Araghi M, et al.Smokeless tobacco (snus) is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes: results from five pooled cohorts.J Intern Med. 2017;281(4):398-406. doi:10.1111/joim.12592Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and diabetes.Shahar J, Hamdy O.Medication and exercise interactions: considering and managing hypoglycemia risk.Diabetes Spectr. 2015;28(1):64-67. doi:10.2337/diaspect.28.1.64American Diabetes Association.Oral & injectable medications for type 2 diabetes.National Health Service.Understanding medication.American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. doi:10.2337/dc24-S009MedlinePlus.Metformin.Kalra S, Bahendeka S, Sahay R, et al.Consensus recommendations on sulfonylurea and sulfonylurea combinations in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus - International Task Force.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(1):132–57. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_556_17ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of care in diabetes—2023.Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S140-S157. doi:10.2337/dc23-S009American Journal of Managed Care.FDA approves Kerendia for patients with CKD associated with T2D.Trijardy XR.Prescribing information.Hieronymus L, Griffin S.Role of amylin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Educ. 2015;41(1_suppl):47S-56S. doi:10.1177%2F0145721715607642Federal Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first interchangeable biosimilar insulin product for treatment of diabetes.Klonoff DC.Afrezza inhaled insulin: the fastest-acting FDA-approved insulin on the market has favorable properties.J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8(6):1071-1073. doi:10.1177/1932296814555820Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Manage blood sugar.American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.Surgery for diabetes.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S145-S157. doi:10.2337/dc24-S008
Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al.Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report.Diabetes Care. 2019;42(5):731–54. doi:10.2337/dci19-0014
Bowen ME, Cavanaugh KL, Wolff K, et al.The diabetes nutrition education study randomized controlled trial: A comparative effectiveness study of approaches to nutrition in diabetes self-management education.Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(8):1368-1376. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.03.017
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Diabetes meal planning.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024[published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2024 Feb 05;:].Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S77-S110. doi:10.2337/dc24-S005
Tay J, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Thompson CH, et al.A very low-carbohydrate, low–saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial.Diabetes Care2014;37(11):2909-2918. doi:10.2337/dc14-0845
ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of care in diabetes—2023.Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Supple 1):S68-S96. doi:10.2337/dc23-S005
Raman A, Peiffer JJ, Hoyne GF, Lawler NG, Currie AJ, Fairchild TJ.Effect of exercise on acute postprandial glucose concentrations and interleukin-6 responses in sedentary and overweight males.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43(12):1298-1306. doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0160
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al.Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association.Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2065-2079. doi:10.2337/dc16-1728
Carlsson S, Andersson T, Araghi M, et al.Smokeless tobacco (snus) is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes: results from five pooled cohorts.J Intern Med. 2017;281(4):398-406. doi:10.1111/joim.12592
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and diabetes.
Shahar J, Hamdy O.Medication and exercise interactions: considering and managing hypoglycemia risk.Diabetes Spectr. 2015;28(1):64-67. doi:10.2337/diaspect.28.1.64
American Diabetes Association.Oral & injectable medications for type 2 diabetes.
National Health Service.Understanding medication.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. doi:10.2337/dc24-S009
MedlinePlus.Metformin.
Kalra S, Bahendeka S, Sahay R, et al.Consensus recommendations on sulfonylurea and sulfonylurea combinations in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus - International Task Force.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(1):132–57. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_556_17
ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of care in diabetes—2023.Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S140-S157. doi:10.2337/dc23-S009
American Journal of Managed Care.FDA approves Kerendia for patients with CKD associated with T2D.
Trijardy XR.Prescribing information.
Hieronymus L, Griffin S.Role of amylin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Educ. 2015;41(1_suppl):47S-56S. doi:10.1177%2F0145721715607642
Federal Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first interchangeable biosimilar insulin product for treatment of diabetes.
Klonoff DC.Afrezza inhaled insulin: the fastest-acting FDA-approved insulin on the market has favorable properties.J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8(6):1071-1073. doi:10.1177/1932296814555820
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Manage blood sugar.
American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.Surgery for diabetes.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.New CDC report: More than 100 million Americans have diabetes or prediabetes.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Smoking and diabetes.Ostenson CG, Hilding A, Grill V, et al.High consumption of smokeless tobacco (“snus”) predicts increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a 10-year prospective mtudy of middle-aged swedish men.Scand J Public Health. 2012;40(8):730–7. doi:10.1177/1403494812459814U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that DPP-4 Inhibitors for type 2 diabetes may cause severe joint pain.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.New CDC report: More than 100 million Americans have diabetes or prediabetes.
Ostenson CG, Hilding A, Grill V, et al.High consumption of smokeless tobacco (“snus”) predicts increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a 10-year prospective mtudy of middle-aged swedish men.Scand J Public Health. 2012;40(8):730–7. doi:10.1177/1403494812459814
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that DPP-4 Inhibitors for type 2 diabetes may cause severe joint pain.
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