Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsRheumatoid ArthritisPsoriatic ArthritisReactive ArthritisAnkylosing SpondylitisAxial SpondyloarthritisJuvenile ArthritisPalindromic RheumatismSimilar DiseasesDiagnostic ChallengesTreatmentFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Axial Spondyloarthritis
Juvenile Arthritis
Palindromic Rheumatism
Similar Diseases
Diagnostic Challenges
Treatment
Frequently Asked Questions
Many types ofarthritisare autoimmune in nature. That means your immune system mistakenly attacks your healthy cells, thinking they’re dangerous invaders like a virus or bacterium.
The most common types of autoimmune arthritis arerheumatoid arthritis(RA) andpsoriatic arthritis, but many types exist. And since a lot of other autoimmune diseases affect the joints, autoimmune arthritis can be hard to diagnose.
Science Photo Library / Getty Images
What Are Autoimmune Diseases?
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
RA is a form of autoimmune arthritis that affects about 1.28 to 1.36 million adults in the United States, and is three times more prevalent in women than in men.It commonly affects the joints in the hands, wrists, and knees.
RA has two types: seropositive and seronegative RA. People with seropositive RA test positive for rheumatoid factor (an antibody) and/or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), while those with seronegative RA have neither.
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are:
How RA Affects Parts of Your Body
RA vs. Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis have similar symptoms but are very different conditions.
Osteoarthritis(OA), also known as degenerative joint disease, happens when the smooth cartilage on the joint surface wears out over time. It is generally considered a result of the aging process or overuse of a particular joint. It’s not classified as an autoimmune arthritis.
RA is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the synovium (the membrane lining your joints).
RAAutoimmuneMultiple joints at onceCan affect organsProlonged morning stiffnessOAWear and tearSingle joints at onceDoesn’t affect organsBrief morning stiffness
RAAutoimmuneMultiple joints at onceCan affect organsProlonged morning stiffness
Autoimmune
Multiple joints at once
Can affect organs
Prolonged morning stiffness
OAWear and tearSingle joints at onceDoesn’t affect organsBrief morning stiffness
Wear and tear
Single joints at once
Doesn’t affect organs
Brief morning stiffness
Comparing RA and Osteoarthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)
Psoriatic arthritisaffects about 33% of people who havepsoriasis, an autoimmune arthritis that affects the skin.Psoriatic arthritisaffects the jointsand where the ligaments and tendons connect to bone.
This form of autoimmune arthritis can start at any age, but commonly affects those between 30 and 50 years old.For many people, psoriatic arthritis starts about 10 years after psoriasis develops.
In psoriasis, an overactive immune system can cause a rapid increase in skin cell production that leads to raised, scaly patches on the skin.For people with both psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis, joint problems can begin before skin patches appear.
Some people may develop psoriatic arthritis after an injury. Genetics may also play a role.
Psoriatic arthritis can develop slowly or rapidly. Symptoms include:
Symptoms of Psoriatic Arthritis
Bacteria involved in reactive arthritis include:
These bacteria are really common, but not everyone who becomes infected with them will develop this form of autoimmune arthritis. Researchers have found that people who have a weakened immune system and those with the HLA-B27 gene are more prone to getting the disease, and may have a more sudden and severe onset as well as chronic and long-lasting symptoms.
Reactive arthritis can cause the following symptoms:
Ankylosing spondylitisis an autoimmune arthritis. It causes inflammation between vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine, and in the joints between the spine and pelvis. In some people, it can affect other joints. Ankylosing spondylitis is the most common type of spondyloarthritis, a family of arthritis-associated diseases.
Severe cases of ankylosing spondylitis can lead to ankylosis, where sections of the spine fuse in a fixed, immobile position.Up to 30 genes associated with this condition have been identified. The major gene associated with this disease is HLA-B27.
This type of autoimmune arthritis occurs more often in men than women. About 80% of people with this disease experience some symptoms before 30 years old, and 5% will start having symptoms at over 45 years old.
Symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis include:
Axial spondyloarthritis is another type of autoimmune spondyloarthritis. It typically affects thesacroiliac jointsand spine. The joints in the arms and legs are also affected in some cases. People with this condition most often have low back pain. Men in their teens and 20s, and people with a family history of this disease, are most commonly affected.
People with damage of the sacroiliac joints that is visible on X-rays have a subtype of the disease called radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, while those who don’t, have non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.Some with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis will progress to have structural damage that is visible on X-rays, but some will not. Ankylosing spondylitis is actually a form of radiographic spondyloarthritis.
This form of autoimmune arthritis can progress over the years to cause spinal fusion as well, and can result in a stooped posture if the spine fuses in a forward position.
Symptoms of axial spondyloarthritis may include:
Comparing Axial and Ankylosing Spondylitis
Children can have arthritis too. Juvenile arthritis, also known as pediatric rheumatic disease or childhood arthritis, is an umbrella term for inflammatory andrheumatic diseasesthat affect children under the age of 16.
The most common type of juvenile arthritis isjuvenile idiopathic arthritis.Most kinds of juvenile arthritis are autoimmune diseases.
Juvenile arthritis affects each child differently and can last for indefinite periods of time. There may be times when symptoms improve or disappear, but sometimes symptoms can worsen.A child with juvenile arthritis may also have one or two flare-ups and never have symptoms again.
Symptoms of this type of autoimmune arthritisare:
Some people with PR eventually develop chronic rheumatic disease, the most common being RA.Others may develop lupus or other systemic disorders. People with anti-CCP antibodies detected in a blood test appear more likely to develop RA. There has been some evidence to support that PR can be a presenting feature of RA (or part of the spectrum of RA), rather than a distinct condition.
Symptoms during episodes include:
The time between episodes may last from days to months.
Other Autoimmune Causes of Joint Pain
Several other autoimmune diseases can cause joint pain. They also have myriad other symptoms that can help distinguish them from types of arthritis and each other. Even so, the similarities can be enough to complicate the diagnostic process.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE, often just calledlupus) is can cause inflammation and pain in any part of the body, with the most commonly affected areas being the skin, joints, and internal organs like the heart and kidneys. People with lupus experience joint pain and swelling at some point, and some may develop autoimmune arthritis. SLE often affects the joints of the fingers, hands, wrists, and knees.
SLE appears most often in women between the ages of 15 and 44. In the United States, the disease is more common in Black people, Asian Americans, African Caribbeans, and Hispanic Americans than in White Americans.
Besides joint pain and swelling, people with this autoimmune disease can also have the following symptoms:
How Lupus Is Diagnosed
Systemic Sclerosis
Also calledsystemic scleroderma, this autoimmune disease occurs when scar tissue (fibrosis) builds up in the skin and other internal organs, including muscles and joints. The skin thickening that accompanies systemic scleroderma can cause tightening, resulting in a loss of flexibility and ease of movement, especially in the fingers.
The word “scleroderma” means hard skin in Greek. Fibrosis is due to the excess production of collagen, which normally strengthens and supports connective tissues throughout the body.
Symptoms of systemic sclerosis include:
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) causes widespread aching and stiffness. This autoimmune condition usually affects the shoulders, upper back, and hips. It can start at 50 years old, although the average age for symptoms to start is 70. Approximately 15% of people with PMR develop a potentially dangerous condition calledgiant cell arteritis(GCA), which is inflammation of the lining of the arteries.
Symptoms of PMR are a result of inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues, and they include:
The Difference Between Fibromyalgia and Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Since many of the symptoms of all of these autoimmune arthritis conditions can be very similar and nonspecific, it is important to consult with a rheumatologist to get a proper diagnosis.
Here are some things the healthcare provider will do to help determine your diagnosis:
There is currently no real cure for autoimmune arthritis, but some medications can help control disease progression and alleviate symptoms. Some lifestyle changes can also help people manage their autoimmune arthritis. Treatment is most effective when started early.
Medications
Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment: A Guide to Symptom Management
Lifestyle Changes
Besides medications, lifestyle changes can help with the pain and movement issues associated with autoimmune arthritis. Consider the following:
A Word From Verywell
With so many different types of autoimmune arthritis and other autoimmune diseases that can cause joint pain and swelling, it is important to give your healthcare provider all the information needed to correctly identify and target the one causing your symptoms. While much of why autoimmune arthritis occurs is still a mystery, research is ongoing to learn more about these conditions, which can potentially lead to better treatments and quality of life for those affected.
Stay positive even if you are diagnosed with one of these conditions. There are many ways to manage your disease and relieve painful and annoying symptoms through medications and lifestyle changes.
Frequently Asked QuestionsMost types of arthritis are autoimmune. Common ones include:Rheumatoid arthritisPsoriatic arthritisReactive arthritisAnkylosing spondylitisCommon ones thataren’tautoimmune include osteoarthritis and gout.The exact cause of autoimmune arthritis is unknown. Factors believed to contribute to its development include:Getting olderBeing biologically femaleGeneticsSmoking or early exposure to cigarette smokeNot giving birthHaving obesityLearn MoreAutoimmunity: Causes and Risk FactorsGout is often called the most painful type of arthritis. It involves crystals that form inside the joint. It’s classified as inflammatory but not autoimmune.Learn MoreOverview of Gout
Most types of arthritis are autoimmune. Common ones include:Rheumatoid arthritisPsoriatic arthritisReactive arthritisAnkylosing spondylitisCommon ones thataren’tautoimmune include osteoarthritis and gout.
Most types of arthritis are autoimmune. Common ones include:
Common ones thataren’tautoimmune include osteoarthritis and gout.
The exact cause of autoimmune arthritis is unknown. Factors believed to contribute to its development include:Getting olderBeing biologically femaleGeneticsSmoking or early exposure to cigarette smokeNot giving birthHaving obesityLearn MoreAutoimmunity: Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of autoimmune arthritis is unknown. Factors believed to contribute to its development include:Getting olderBeing biologically femaleGeneticsSmoking or early exposure to cigarette smokeNot giving birthHaving obesity
The exact cause of autoimmune arthritis is unknown. Factors believed to contribute to its development include:
Learn MoreAutoimmunity: Causes and Risk Factors
Gout is often called the most painful type of arthritis. It involves crystals that form inside the joint. It’s classified as inflammatory but not autoimmune.Learn MoreOverview of Gout
Gout is often called the most painful type of arthritis. It involves crystals that form inside the joint. It’s classified as inflammatory but not autoimmune.
Learn MoreOverview of Gout
32 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Hunter TM, Boytsov NN, Zhang X, Schroeder K, Michaud K, Araujo AB.Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States adult population in healthcare claims databases.Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(9):1551-1557. doi: 10.1007/s00296-017-3726-1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.What is arthritis?Ranza R, Carneiro S, Qureshi AA, et al.Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in a large cohort of brazilian patients with psoriasis.J Rheumatol. 2015;42(5):829-834. doi:10.3899/jrheum.140474National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriatic arthritis.Lowes MA, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG.Immunology of psoriasis.Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:227-255. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120225National Library of Medicine.Reactive arthritis.American College of Rheumatology.Reactive arthritis.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Ankylosing Spondylitis.Brandt HC, Spiller I, Song IH, Vahldiek JL, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J.Performance of referral recommendations in patients with chronic back pain and suspected axial spondyloarthritis.Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(11):1479-1484. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.068734Spondylitis Association of America.Overview of ankylosing spondylitis.American College of Rheumatology.Spondyloarthritis.Poddubnyy D.Axial spondyloarthritis: is there a treatment of choice?.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013;5(1):45-54. doi: 10.1177/1759720X12468658Arthritis Foundation.Axial spondyloarthritis and body image.Spondylitis Association of America.Symptoms of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Childhood arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.Juvenile arthritis.National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.Palindromic rheumatism.Sanmartí R, Frade-Sosa B, Morlà R, et al.Palindromic Rheumatism: Just a pre-rheumatoid stage or something else?.Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:657983. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.657983National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Systemic lupus erythematosus.Young A, Namas R, Dodge C, Khanna D.Hand impairment in Systemic Sclerosis: Various manifestations and currently available treatment.Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol. 2016;2(3):252-269. doi:10.1007/s40674-016-0052-9National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Systemic scleroderma.Arthritis Foundation.Polymyalgia rheumatica.Arthritis Foundation.Corticosteroids.Arthritis Foundation.DMARDS.Qiu F, Liang CL, Liu H, et al.Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness: Up and down or upside down?.Oncotarget. 2017;8(1):268-284. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13613Arthritis Foundation.The ultimate arthritis diet.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Self-care for arthritis: Five ways to manage your symptoms.Arthritis National Research Foundation.What is osteoarthritis?Singh JA.Gout: will the “King of Diseases” be the first rheumatic disease to be cured?.BMC Med. 2016;14(1):180. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0732-1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gout.Additional ReadingOrange DE, Blachere NE, DiCarlo EF, Mirza S, Pannellini T, Jiang CS, Frank MO, Parveen S, Figgie MP, Gravallese EM, Bykerk VP, Orbai AM, Mackie SL, Goodman SM.Rheumatoid arthritis morning stiffness is associated with synovial fibrin and neutrophils.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Apr;72(4):557-564. doi: 10.1002/art.41141
32 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Hunter TM, Boytsov NN, Zhang X, Schroeder K, Michaud K, Araujo AB.Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States adult population in healthcare claims databases.Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(9):1551-1557. doi: 10.1007/s00296-017-3726-1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.What is arthritis?Ranza R, Carneiro S, Qureshi AA, et al.Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in a large cohort of brazilian patients with psoriasis.J Rheumatol. 2015;42(5):829-834. doi:10.3899/jrheum.140474National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriatic arthritis.Lowes MA, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG.Immunology of psoriasis.Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:227-255. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120225National Library of Medicine.Reactive arthritis.American College of Rheumatology.Reactive arthritis.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Ankylosing Spondylitis.Brandt HC, Spiller I, Song IH, Vahldiek JL, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J.Performance of referral recommendations in patients with chronic back pain and suspected axial spondyloarthritis.Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(11):1479-1484. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.068734Spondylitis Association of America.Overview of ankylosing spondylitis.American College of Rheumatology.Spondyloarthritis.Poddubnyy D.Axial spondyloarthritis: is there a treatment of choice?.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013;5(1):45-54. doi: 10.1177/1759720X12468658Arthritis Foundation.Axial spondyloarthritis and body image.Spondylitis Association of America.Symptoms of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Childhood arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.Juvenile arthritis.National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.Palindromic rheumatism.Sanmartí R, Frade-Sosa B, Morlà R, et al.Palindromic Rheumatism: Just a pre-rheumatoid stage or something else?.Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:657983. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.657983National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Systemic lupus erythematosus.Young A, Namas R, Dodge C, Khanna D.Hand impairment in Systemic Sclerosis: Various manifestations and currently available treatment.Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol. 2016;2(3):252-269. doi:10.1007/s40674-016-0052-9National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Systemic scleroderma.Arthritis Foundation.Polymyalgia rheumatica.Arthritis Foundation.Corticosteroids.Arthritis Foundation.DMARDS.Qiu F, Liang CL, Liu H, et al.Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness: Up and down or upside down?.Oncotarget. 2017;8(1):268-284. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13613Arthritis Foundation.The ultimate arthritis diet.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Self-care for arthritis: Five ways to manage your symptoms.Arthritis National Research Foundation.What is osteoarthritis?Singh JA.Gout: will the “King of Diseases” be the first rheumatic disease to be cured?.BMC Med. 2016;14(1):180. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0732-1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gout.Additional ReadingOrange DE, Blachere NE, DiCarlo EF, Mirza S, Pannellini T, Jiang CS, Frank MO, Parveen S, Figgie MP, Gravallese EM, Bykerk VP, Orbai AM, Mackie SL, Goodman SM.Rheumatoid arthritis morning stiffness is associated with synovial fibrin and neutrophils.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Apr;72(4):557-564. doi: 10.1002/art.41141
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Hunter TM, Boytsov NN, Zhang X, Schroeder K, Michaud K, Araujo AB.Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States adult population in healthcare claims databases.Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(9):1551-1557. doi: 10.1007/s00296-017-3726-1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.What is arthritis?Ranza R, Carneiro S, Qureshi AA, et al.Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in a large cohort of brazilian patients with psoriasis.J Rheumatol. 2015;42(5):829-834. doi:10.3899/jrheum.140474National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriatic arthritis.Lowes MA, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG.Immunology of psoriasis.Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:227-255. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120225National Library of Medicine.Reactive arthritis.American College of Rheumatology.Reactive arthritis.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Ankylosing Spondylitis.Brandt HC, Spiller I, Song IH, Vahldiek JL, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J.Performance of referral recommendations in patients with chronic back pain and suspected axial spondyloarthritis.Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(11):1479-1484. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.068734Spondylitis Association of America.Overview of ankylosing spondylitis.American College of Rheumatology.Spondyloarthritis.Poddubnyy D.Axial spondyloarthritis: is there a treatment of choice?.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013;5(1):45-54. doi: 10.1177/1759720X12468658Arthritis Foundation.Axial spondyloarthritis and body image.Spondylitis Association of America.Symptoms of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Childhood arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.Juvenile arthritis.National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.Palindromic rheumatism.Sanmartí R, Frade-Sosa B, Morlà R, et al.Palindromic Rheumatism: Just a pre-rheumatoid stage or something else?.Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:657983. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.657983National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Systemic lupus erythematosus.Young A, Namas R, Dodge C, Khanna D.Hand impairment in Systemic Sclerosis: Various manifestations and currently available treatment.Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol. 2016;2(3):252-269. doi:10.1007/s40674-016-0052-9National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Systemic scleroderma.Arthritis Foundation.Polymyalgia rheumatica.Arthritis Foundation.Corticosteroids.Arthritis Foundation.DMARDS.Qiu F, Liang CL, Liu H, et al.Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness: Up and down or upside down?.Oncotarget. 2017;8(1):268-284. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13613Arthritis Foundation.The ultimate arthritis diet.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Self-care for arthritis: Five ways to manage your symptoms.Arthritis National Research Foundation.What is osteoarthritis?Singh JA.Gout: will the “King of Diseases” be the first rheumatic disease to be cured?.BMC Med. 2016;14(1):180. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0732-1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gout.
Hunter TM, Boytsov NN, Zhang X, Schroeder K, Michaud K, Araujo AB.Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States adult population in healthcare claims databases.Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(9):1551-1557. doi: 10.1007/s00296-017-3726-1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis Foundation.What is arthritis?
Ranza R, Carneiro S, Qureshi AA, et al.Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in a large cohort of brazilian patients with psoriasis.J Rheumatol. 2015;42(5):829-834. doi:10.3899/jrheum.140474
National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriatic arthritis.
Lowes MA, Suárez-Fariñas M, Krueger JG.Immunology of psoriasis.Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:227-255. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120225
National Library of Medicine.Reactive arthritis.
American College of Rheumatology.Reactive arthritis.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Ankylosing Spondylitis.
Brandt HC, Spiller I, Song IH, Vahldiek JL, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J.Performance of referral recommendations in patients with chronic back pain and suspected axial spondyloarthritis.Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(11):1479-1484. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.068734
Spondylitis Association of America.Overview of ankylosing spondylitis.
American College of Rheumatology.Spondyloarthritis.
Poddubnyy D.Axial spondyloarthritis: is there a treatment of choice?.Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2013;5(1):45-54. doi: 10.1177/1759720X12468658
Arthritis Foundation.Axial spondyloarthritis and body image.
Spondylitis Association of America.Symptoms of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Childhood arthritis.
Arthritis Foundation.Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).
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Sanmartí R, Frade-Sosa B, Morlà R, et al.Palindromic Rheumatism: Just a pre-rheumatoid stage or something else?.Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:657983. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.657983
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Young A, Namas R, Dodge C, Khanna D.Hand impairment in Systemic Sclerosis: Various manifestations and currently available treatment.Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol. 2016;2(3):252-269. doi:10.1007/s40674-016-0052-9
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Systemic scleroderma.
Arthritis Foundation.Polymyalgia rheumatica.
Arthritis Foundation.Corticosteroids.
Arthritis Foundation.DMARDS.
Qiu F, Liang CL, Liu H, et al.Impacts of cigarette smoking on immune responsiveness: Up and down or upside down?.Oncotarget. 2017;8(1):268-284. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13613
Arthritis Foundation.The ultimate arthritis diet.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Self-care for arthritis: Five ways to manage your symptoms.
Arthritis National Research Foundation.What is osteoarthritis?
Singh JA.Gout: will the “King of Diseases” be the first rheumatic disease to be cured?.BMC Med. 2016;14(1):180. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0732-1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gout.
Orange DE, Blachere NE, DiCarlo EF, Mirza S, Pannellini T, Jiang CS, Frank MO, Parveen S, Figgie MP, Gravallese EM, Bykerk VP, Orbai AM, Mackie SL, Goodman SM.Rheumatoid arthritis morning stiffness is associated with synovial fibrin and neutrophils.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Apr;72(4):557-564. doi: 10.1002/art.41141
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