Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat’s TestedEstrogenProgesteroneFollicle StimulatingTestosterone/DHEAThyroidLuteinizing HormoneOther HormonesTesting Options
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What’s Tested
Estrogen
Progesterone
Follicle Stimulating
Testosterone/DHEA
Thyroid
Luteinizing Hormone
Other Hormones
Testing Options
A hormone test for women can reveal important information about your health. These tests can detect fertility problems, where you are in your menstrual cycle, or whether you’re starting perimenopause.
Hormone blood tests can also play a role in diagnosing medical conditions such as thyroid disease or diabetes. In some instances, they can show how well a medication is working.
What’s Being Tested?
Hormone blood tests can look at several key hormones:
In most cases, healthcare providers use hormone test results combined with other factors—such as symptoms, medical history, and other test results—to reach a diagnosis.
Estrogen isn’t a single hormone. You have many types of estrogens. Only three of them are commonly tested:
E2 is the most often tested form. It’s the major hormone responsible for sexual function and also plays a major role in:
E2 levels slowly decrease as you age. The largest drop occurs at menopause when the ovaries “switch off.”
Everyone has some estradiol in their bodies, regardless of their biological sex.
When Estrogen May Be Tested
You may need an estrogen test if you have symptoms of an estrogen-related condition or:
Estrogen Test Results
What’s considered normal for estradiol levels depends on your menstrual cycle and phase of life. Testing for fertility looks at three phases of the menstrual cycle:
Estrogen levels are measured in picograms (one-millionth of a gram) per milliliter (pg/mL).
What the Results Mean
Low estrogen levelsmay be a sign of:
High estrogen levels may occur with conditions such as:
Certain medications are also known to increase estrogen levels. These include steroid hormones,phenothiazines,tetracyclineantibiotics, andampicillin.
When Should You Get a Hormone Blood Test?You may need one if you’re having symptoms of a hormonal imbalance. These are often done during the first half of your menstrual cycle, when levels are more distinct.However, progesterone tests to check ovulation are typically done on day 21 of your cycle.
When Should You Get a Hormone Blood Test?
You may need one if you’re having symptoms of a hormonal imbalance. These are often done during the first half of your menstrual cycle, when levels are more distinct.However, progesterone tests to check ovulation are typically done on day 21 of your cycle.
Progesterone is essential for regulating menstruation and fetal development. During the luteal phase, it helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg. What happens next depends on whether the egg is fertilized:
When Progesterone Levels May Be Tested
You may need a progesterone test to determine:
Progesterone Test Results
As with estrogen, what’s considered normal for progesterone depends on the timing of the test. Midway through the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels start climbing. Between six and 10 days later, if there’s no fertilized egg, levels drop off.
If the egg is fertilized, levels rise through the earliest stage of pregnancy.
Progesterone levels are measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/L).
If progesterone levels are low during pregnancy, it could be a sign that you’re at risk of miscarriage orpremature labor.You may be given a synthetic form of progesterone to prevent early labor.
High progesterone levelsusually do not signal any health problems unless they continue for a long time. In those instances, high levels may indicate an increased risk ofbreast cancer.
How Early Can a Blood Test Detect Pregnancy?Blood tests can detect pregnancy between six and eight days after ovulation.By contrast, to be accurate,home pregnancy (urine) testsshould be taken after your period is late. That’s between 12 and 16 days after ovulation.
How Early Can a Blood Test Detect Pregnancy?
Blood tests can detect pregnancy between six and eight days after ovulation.By contrast, to be accurate,home pregnancy (urine) testsshould be taken after your period is late. That’s between 12 and 16 days after ovulation.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
FSH can be checked with either blood or urine tests. Healthcare providers may look at a single sample or, to look for fluctuations, several samples taken over a 24-hour period.
The pituitary gland produces more FSH when estrogen and other hormone levels begin to drop before menopause when the ovaries are losing their reproductive potential.
When FSH Levels May Be Tested
In adult females, the FSH test may be used in diagnosing:
FSH Test Results
This hormone also changes over the course of yourmenstrual cycleand lifetime.
FSH is measured in milli-international units per milliliter (mIU/mL).
Testosterone and DHEA
Whiletestosteroneis usually regarded as the “male sex hormone,” it’s also part of the female hormonal makeup. In females, testosterone is produced in the ovaries andadrenal glands. Most of it is then converted to estradiol with the help of an enzyme calledaromatase.
Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA)is also classified as an androgen, but it is normally present in females as well.
When Testosterone/DHEA Levels May Be Tested
You may need a testosterone or DHEA test because of:
Testosterone/DHEA Test Results
Testosterone doesn’t fluctuate like female hormones, so the timing of tests isn’t important. Testosterone is measured in nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL) or nmol/L.
Normal DHEA levels depend on your age. It’s measured in micrograms per deciliter (mg/dL) or micromoles per liter (mmol/L).
High testosterone could mean steroid abuse, PCOS, cancers of the adrenal glands or ovaries, orcongenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Low libido is associated with low levels of testosterone. A drop in testosterone can also indicate perimenopause.
Testosterone in MenopauseTestosterone naturally drops during menopause, causing myriad symptoms including:Diminished sex drive, sexual pleasure, and orgasmic responseLow energyDepression
Testosterone in Menopause
Testosterone naturally drops during menopause, causing myriad symptoms including:Diminished sex drive, sexual pleasure, and orgasmic responseLow energyDepression
Testosterone naturally drops during menopause, causing myriad symptoms including:
High DHEA levels on blood tests may be a sign of conditions such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia orcancer of the adrenal gland.
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid function tests are often included in a female hormone panel becausethyroid diseasesare more common in women than men. It may also be included to examine whether the thyroid is affectingfertility and pregnancy.
When Thyroid Levels May Be Tested
You may need a thyroid hormone test if you have symptoms of either an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) or an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).
Hypothyroidism symptoms include:
Hyperthyroidism symptoms include:
Thyroid Test Results
Healthcare providers may use TSH alone or a combination of TSH, T4, and T3 tests to diagnose thyroid disorders.
TSH is measured in milli-international units per liter (mIU/L). There’s a range for non-pregnant females as well as trimester-specific ranges in pregnancy.
T4 is measured in micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL). T3 is measured in nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL).
Interpreting TSH results can be confusing. That’s because high TSH means low thyroid activity and low TSH means high thyroid activity.
Your provider may look at TSH alone or all three hormones together in order to reach a diagnosis.
If results start out with low TSH and high thyroid hormones and then reverse with further testing, it indicatesthyroiditis, which is inflammation of the thyroid gland.
Autoimmune Thyroid DiseaseAntibody (TPOAb) testing may be done to see if you have an autoimmune thyroid condition such asHashimoto’sorGraves' disease. TPOAb is measured in international units per microliter. A normal range is less than 9 IU/mL.
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Antibody (TPOAb) testing may be done to see if you have an autoimmune thyroid condition such asHashimoto’sorGraves' disease. TPOAb is measured in international units per microliter. A normal range is less than 9 IU/mL.
Your pituitary gland makes luteinizing hormone (LH), which helps control your menstrual cycle. This hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation, or the release of an egg.
When you have too much luteinizing hormone, you may have difficulty getting pregnant. Too much LH can also cause problems with menstruation such as irregular periods.
When Luteinizing Hormone May Be Tested
Your healthcare provider may want to check your LH levels for a few possible reasons:
Luteinizing Hormone Test Results
LH is measured in international units per milliliter (IU/mL). Normal LH levels vary during the menstrual cycle. They are also different for someone who has reached menopause.
High LH levels could mean a few different things:
Low LH levels can be related to:
Your healthcare provider may also want to check the levels of other types of hormones. Some of these include:
Depending on your symptoms and/or the hormone that needs to be tested, you may have a few options for where to have the test done.
Your Healthcare Provider’s Office
Most people have their hormone levels tested after a visit to a healthcare provider. Your healthcare provider may want to check your hormone levels because of a symptom you are experiencing or some other concern.
Many hormones can be tested with a simple blood test. These tests are usually done in your provider’s office or in a separate testing facility. During the test, a sample of blood is collected into a vial using a small needle.
Some hormones are checked with a urine or saliva test. These can also be done at a testing facility or in your healthcare provider’s office.
At Home
At-home testing kits are also available. Some home tests check female reproductive hormones as well as cortisol and thyroid hormones. These tests involve collecting a small amount of saliva and mailing it to a laboratory for testing.
At-home tests are more convenient than testing at a healthcare provider’s office and can be a good option for people who prefer to avoid needles. However, because hormone levels can fluctuate, these tests are not always reliable.At-home tests are also more prone to error.
If you get one of these tests, it is also important to discuss the results with your healthcare provider rather than trying to interpret them yourself.
Summary
Hormone tests are often done as part ofroutine bloodwork, but your healthcare provider may order them if you’re having menstrual issues, changes in sex characteristics, fatigue, loss of sex drive, or problems getting pregnant.
Providers may specifically check estrogen, progesterone, FSH, testosterone/DHEA, and thyroid hormone levels. Abnormal readings can indicate that you have a condition such as PCOS, ovarian cysts, thyroid disease, or, possibly, cancer.
Tests are one step in the process of diagnosing a condition. If the results are concerning, your provider may order additional tests.
29 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Khattar D, Sodhi C, Parmod J, Dutta A.Correlating estrogen levels and cognitive functions in regularly menstruating females of reproductive age group and post menopausal women of North India.J Family Reprod Health. 2015;9(2):83-88.Saran S, Gupta BS, Philip R, et al.Effect of hypothyroidism on female reproductive hormones.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(1):108-113. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.172245Ajayi O, Charles-Davies M, Anetor J, Ademola A.Pituitary, gonadal, thyroid hormones and endocrine disruptors in pre and postmenopausal nigerian women with ER-, PR- and HER-2-positive and negative breast cancers.Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6(2):37. doi:10.3390/medsci6020037National Library of Medicine.Estrogen levels test.Victoria State Government, Victoria, Australia: Better Health Channel.Menstrual cycle.Schorr M, Miller KK.The endocrine manifestations of anorexia nervosa: Mechanisms and management.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):174-186. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.175Ko SH, Kim HS.Menopause-associated lipid metabolic disorders and foods beneficial for postmenopausal women.Nutrients. 2020;12(1):202. doi:10.3390/nu12010202Endocrine Society.What is estrogen?Society for Endocrinology: You and Your Hormones.Laboratory tests: Introduction to laboratory tests.Mesen TB, Young SL.Progesterone and the luteal phase: A requisite to reproduction.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):135-151. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.10.003National Library of Medicine.Progesterone test.Haas DM, Hathaway TJ, Ramsey PS.Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10(10):CD003511. Published 2018 Oct 8. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub4U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Knowing if you are pregnant.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Pregnancy.National Library of Medicine.Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels test.Mikhael S, Punjala-Patel A, Gavrilova-Jordan L.Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis disorders impacting female fertility.Biomedicines. 2019;7(1):5. doi:10.3390/biomedicines7010005Davis S, Wahlin-Jacobsen S.Testosterone in women—the clinical significance.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2015;3(2):980-92. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00284-3National Library of Medicine.Testosterone levels test.National Library of Medicine.DHEA sulfate test.Vegunta S, Kling JM, Kapoor E.Androgen therapy in women.J Womens Health.2020;29(1):57-64. doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7494Achilli C, Pundir J, Ramanathan P, Sabatini L, Hamoda H, Panay N.Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Fertil Steril. 2017;107(2):475-482.e15. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.028National Library of Medicine.Thyroid antibodies.National Library of Medicine.Hypothyroidism.National Library of Medicine.TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) test.National Library of Medicine.Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels test.National Library of Medicine.Cortisol test.National Library of Medicine.Growth hormone tests.National Library of Medicine.Insulin in blood.Khanwalker M, Johns J, Honikel MM, et al.Electrochemical detection of fertility hormones.Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2019;47(3):235-247. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019026545Additional ReadingGaloiu S.First trimester of pregnancy reference ranges for serum TSH and thyroid tumor reclassified as benign.Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2016;12(2):242-243. doi:10.4183/aeb.2016.242Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.DHEA-sulfate test.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.Testosterone.University of California Los Angeles: UCLA Health.What are normal thyroid hormone levels?University of North Carolina Medical Center, UNC Health Care.Serum progesterone.University of North Carolina Medical Center, UNC Health Care.Estrogen, serum (estradiol).
29 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Khattar D, Sodhi C, Parmod J, Dutta A.Correlating estrogen levels and cognitive functions in regularly menstruating females of reproductive age group and post menopausal women of North India.J Family Reprod Health. 2015;9(2):83-88.Saran S, Gupta BS, Philip R, et al.Effect of hypothyroidism on female reproductive hormones.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(1):108-113. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.172245Ajayi O, Charles-Davies M, Anetor J, Ademola A.Pituitary, gonadal, thyroid hormones and endocrine disruptors in pre and postmenopausal nigerian women with ER-, PR- and HER-2-positive and negative breast cancers.Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6(2):37. doi:10.3390/medsci6020037National Library of Medicine.Estrogen levels test.Victoria State Government, Victoria, Australia: Better Health Channel.Menstrual cycle.Schorr M, Miller KK.The endocrine manifestations of anorexia nervosa: Mechanisms and management.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):174-186. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.175Ko SH, Kim HS.Menopause-associated lipid metabolic disorders and foods beneficial for postmenopausal women.Nutrients. 2020;12(1):202. doi:10.3390/nu12010202Endocrine Society.What is estrogen?Society for Endocrinology: You and Your Hormones.Laboratory tests: Introduction to laboratory tests.Mesen TB, Young SL.Progesterone and the luteal phase: A requisite to reproduction.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):135-151. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.10.003National Library of Medicine.Progesterone test.Haas DM, Hathaway TJ, Ramsey PS.Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10(10):CD003511. Published 2018 Oct 8. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub4U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Knowing if you are pregnant.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Pregnancy.National Library of Medicine.Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels test.Mikhael S, Punjala-Patel A, Gavrilova-Jordan L.Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis disorders impacting female fertility.Biomedicines. 2019;7(1):5. doi:10.3390/biomedicines7010005Davis S, Wahlin-Jacobsen S.Testosterone in women—the clinical significance.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2015;3(2):980-92. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00284-3National Library of Medicine.Testosterone levels test.National Library of Medicine.DHEA sulfate test.Vegunta S, Kling JM, Kapoor E.Androgen therapy in women.J Womens Health.2020;29(1):57-64. doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7494Achilli C, Pundir J, Ramanathan P, Sabatini L, Hamoda H, Panay N.Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Fertil Steril. 2017;107(2):475-482.e15. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.028National Library of Medicine.Thyroid antibodies.National Library of Medicine.Hypothyroidism.National Library of Medicine.TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) test.National Library of Medicine.Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels test.National Library of Medicine.Cortisol test.National Library of Medicine.Growth hormone tests.National Library of Medicine.Insulin in blood.Khanwalker M, Johns J, Honikel MM, et al.Electrochemical detection of fertility hormones.Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2019;47(3):235-247. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019026545Additional ReadingGaloiu S.First trimester of pregnancy reference ranges for serum TSH and thyroid tumor reclassified as benign.Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2016;12(2):242-243. doi:10.4183/aeb.2016.242Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.DHEA-sulfate test.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.Testosterone.University of California Los Angeles: UCLA Health.What are normal thyroid hormone levels?University of North Carolina Medical Center, UNC Health Care.Serum progesterone.University of North Carolina Medical Center, UNC Health Care.Estrogen, serum (estradiol).
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Khattar D, Sodhi C, Parmod J, Dutta A.Correlating estrogen levels and cognitive functions in regularly menstruating females of reproductive age group and post menopausal women of North India.J Family Reprod Health. 2015;9(2):83-88.Saran S, Gupta BS, Philip R, et al.Effect of hypothyroidism on female reproductive hormones.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(1):108-113. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.172245Ajayi O, Charles-Davies M, Anetor J, Ademola A.Pituitary, gonadal, thyroid hormones and endocrine disruptors in pre and postmenopausal nigerian women with ER-, PR- and HER-2-positive and negative breast cancers.Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6(2):37. doi:10.3390/medsci6020037National Library of Medicine.Estrogen levels test.Victoria State Government, Victoria, Australia: Better Health Channel.Menstrual cycle.Schorr M, Miller KK.The endocrine manifestations of anorexia nervosa: Mechanisms and management.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):174-186. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.175Ko SH, Kim HS.Menopause-associated lipid metabolic disorders and foods beneficial for postmenopausal women.Nutrients. 2020;12(1):202. doi:10.3390/nu12010202Endocrine Society.What is estrogen?Society for Endocrinology: You and Your Hormones.Laboratory tests: Introduction to laboratory tests.Mesen TB, Young SL.Progesterone and the luteal phase: A requisite to reproduction.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):135-151. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.10.003National Library of Medicine.Progesterone test.Haas DM, Hathaway TJ, Ramsey PS.Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10(10):CD003511. Published 2018 Oct 8. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub4U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Knowing if you are pregnant.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Pregnancy.National Library of Medicine.Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels test.Mikhael S, Punjala-Patel A, Gavrilova-Jordan L.Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis disorders impacting female fertility.Biomedicines. 2019;7(1):5. doi:10.3390/biomedicines7010005Davis S, Wahlin-Jacobsen S.Testosterone in women—the clinical significance.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2015;3(2):980-92. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00284-3National Library of Medicine.Testosterone levels test.National Library of Medicine.DHEA sulfate test.Vegunta S, Kling JM, Kapoor E.Androgen therapy in women.J Womens Health.2020;29(1):57-64. doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7494Achilli C, Pundir J, Ramanathan P, Sabatini L, Hamoda H, Panay N.Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Fertil Steril. 2017;107(2):475-482.e15. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.028National Library of Medicine.Thyroid antibodies.National Library of Medicine.Hypothyroidism.National Library of Medicine.TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) test.National Library of Medicine.Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels test.National Library of Medicine.Cortisol test.National Library of Medicine.Growth hormone tests.National Library of Medicine.Insulin in blood.Khanwalker M, Johns J, Honikel MM, et al.Electrochemical detection of fertility hormones.Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2019;47(3):235-247. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019026545
Khattar D, Sodhi C, Parmod J, Dutta A.Correlating estrogen levels and cognitive functions in regularly menstruating females of reproductive age group and post menopausal women of North India.J Family Reprod Health. 2015;9(2):83-88.
Saran S, Gupta BS, Philip R, et al.Effect of hypothyroidism on female reproductive hormones.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;20(1):108-113. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.172245
Ajayi O, Charles-Davies M, Anetor J, Ademola A.Pituitary, gonadal, thyroid hormones and endocrine disruptors in pre and postmenopausal nigerian women with ER-, PR- and HER-2-positive and negative breast cancers.Med Sci (Basel). 2018;6(2):37. doi:10.3390/medsci6020037
National Library of Medicine.Estrogen levels test.
Victoria State Government, Victoria, Australia: Better Health Channel.Menstrual cycle.
Schorr M, Miller KK.The endocrine manifestations of anorexia nervosa: Mechanisms and management.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):174-186. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.175
Ko SH, Kim HS.Menopause-associated lipid metabolic disorders and foods beneficial for postmenopausal women.Nutrients. 2020;12(1):202. doi:10.3390/nu12010202
Endocrine Society.What is estrogen?
Society for Endocrinology: You and Your Hormones.Laboratory tests: Introduction to laboratory tests.
Mesen TB, Young SL.Progesterone and the luteal phase: A requisite to reproduction.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):135-151. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.10.003
National Library of Medicine.Progesterone test.
Haas DM, Hathaway TJ, Ramsey PS.Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10(10):CD003511. Published 2018 Oct 8. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub4
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Knowing if you are pregnant.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Pregnancy.
National Library of Medicine.Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels test.
Mikhael S, Punjala-Patel A, Gavrilova-Jordan L.Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis disorders impacting female fertility.Biomedicines. 2019;7(1):5. doi:10.3390/biomedicines7010005
Davis S, Wahlin-Jacobsen S.Testosterone in women—the clinical significance.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2015;3(2):980-92. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00284-3
National Library of Medicine.Testosterone levels test.
National Library of Medicine.DHEA sulfate test.
Vegunta S, Kling JM, Kapoor E.Androgen therapy in women.J Womens Health.2020;29(1):57-64. doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7494
Achilli C, Pundir J, Ramanathan P, Sabatini L, Hamoda H, Panay N.Efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Fertil Steril. 2017;107(2):475-482.e15. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.028
National Library of Medicine.Thyroid antibodies.
National Library of Medicine.Hypothyroidism.
National Library of Medicine.TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) test.
National Library of Medicine.Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels test.
National Library of Medicine.Cortisol test.
National Library of Medicine.Growth hormone tests.
National Library of Medicine.Insulin in blood.
Khanwalker M, Johns J, Honikel MM, et al.Electrochemical detection of fertility hormones.Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2019;47(3):235-247. doi:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019026545
Galoiu S.First trimester of pregnancy reference ranges for serum TSH and thyroid tumor reclassified as benign.Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2016;12(2):242-243. doi:10.4183/aeb.2016.242Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.DHEA-sulfate test.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.Testosterone.University of California Los Angeles: UCLA Health.What are normal thyroid hormone levels?University of North Carolina Medical Center, UNC Health Care.Serum progesterone.University of North Carolina Medical Center, UNC Health Care.Estrogen, serum (estradiol).
Galoiu S.First trimester of pregnancy reference ranges for serum TSH and thyroid tumor reclassified as benign.Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2016;12(2):242-243. doi:10.4183/aeb.2016.242
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.DHEA-sulfate test.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.Testosterone.
University of California Los Angeles: UCLA Health.What are normal thyroid hormone levels?
University of North Carolina Medical Center, UNC Health Care.Serum progesterone.
University of North Carolina Medical Center, UNC Health Care.Estrogen, serum (estradiol).
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