Ulcerative Colitis Diet: What to Eat for Better Management

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Not to EatWhat to EatDuring a FlareEating HabitsDurationModificationsConsiderationsRestrictionsSupport

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

What Not to Eat

What to Eat

During a Flare

Eating Habits

Duration

Modifications

Considerations

Restrictions

Support

If you have ulcerative colitis, your diet may help you manage symptoms. Research has indicated that many people who have mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis benefit from making changes to their diet in conjunction with other treatments (such as medication).

As with any health condition, one way of eating won’t necessarily work for everyone who has ulcerative colitis. However, if you can identify the foods and beverages that are more (or less) likely to give you a flare-up of ulcerative colitis symptoms, it may be easier for you to manage your symptoms.

2:33What Causes Ulcerative Colitis?

2:33

What Causes Ulcerative Colitis?

If your digestive tract is inflamed because of a condition likeulcerative colitis, certain kinds of food and drink may worsen your symptoms. Spicy foods, for example, or those that are high in fat (like fried foods) may trigger certain symptoms. High-fiber foods may also cause problems for people with ulcerative colitis since fiber is harder for your intestines to break down.

People who have severe ulcerative colitis may also experience certain complications, such as strictures, that require them to avoid entire food groups or adhere to a certain type of diet for a longer period.

Certain foods are known triggers for people with ulcerative colitis. These include:

You should also avoid eating foods that are high in fiber and foods that contain sulfur or sulfate.

It might require some trial and error, but you can create a balanced and nutritious ulcerative colitis diet that meets your individual tastes and nutritional needs along with helping you control your symptoms.Here are some foods that are generally easier to eat for people with ulcerative colitis:

Foods that May Fight Ulcerative ColitisAlthough more research is needed, there is some evidence that certain foods may help reduce symptoms of ulcerative colitis. These include foods high in:Linoleic acid, such as walnuts, olive oil, and egg yolksOmega-3 fatty acids, such as fishProbiotics, such as those present in yogurt

Foods that May Fight Ulcerative Colitis

Although more research is needed, there is some evidence that certain foods may help reduce symptoms of ulcerative colitis. These include foods high in:Linoleic acid, such as walnuts, olive oil, and egg yolksOmega-3 fatty acids, such as fishProbiotics, such as those present in yogurt

Although more research is needed, there is some evidence that certain foods may help reduce symptoms of ulcerative colitis. These include foods high in:

Keeping a Food Journal

Not everyone with ulcerative colitis has the same food triggers. This is why dieticians recommend keeping a food journal when developing an ulcerative colitis diet plan. A food journal can identify which foods trigger your symptoms and which foods you tolerate well.You can use a simple paper journal or an app for your smartphone.

Note everything you eat in your journal and the time you ate it. If you experience symptoms that day, note those, too. It may take a few weeks of logging everything you eat and the symptoms you experienced before you will have a good idea about which foods are triggering for you.

Ulcerative Colitis Diet Food ListCompliant FoodsPlain pasta noodles made from refined white flourLow-fat yogurt (as tolerated)White riceApplesauceBananasSourdough or gluten-free breadSaltines, rice crackersSmooth nut butter (as tolerated)White potatoChicken breast without skin, lean cut of porkHoneydew melon, cantaloupeTofuSoft cooked eggsClear soups and brothNon-Compliant FoodsPrunes, prune juiceRaw fruit with skin or seedsRaw vegetablesCruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower)OnionsCornWhole-grain bread, pasta, crackersMilk and cheeseBeansLunchmeatTough, fatty, cuts of meatCereal or granola with nuts/fruitBranDried fruitWhole nutsPopcornButter, coconut, creamPastries, cakes, cookies, candy, chocolateSugar substitutes such as xylitol and sorbitolGreasy, fatty, spicy, or fried foodsCoffeeAlcohol

Ulcerative Colitis Diet Food List

Compliant FoodsPlain pasta noodles made from refined white flourLow-fat yogurt (as tolerated)White riceApplesauceBananasSourdough or gluten-free breadSaltines, rice crackersSmooth nut butter (as tolerated)White potatoChicken breast without skin, lean cut of porkHoneydew melon, cantaloupeTofuSoft cooked eggsClear soups and broth

Plain pasta noodles made from refined white flour

Low-fat yogurt (as tolerated)

White rice

Applesauce

Bananas

Sourdough or gluten-free bread

Saltines, rice crackers

Smooth nut butter (as tolerated)

White potato

Chicken breast without skin, lean cut of pork

Honeydew melon, cantaloupe

Tofu

Soft cooked eggs

Clear soups and broth

Non-Compliant FoodsPrunes, prune juiceRaw fruit with skin or seedsRaw vegetablesCruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower)OnionsCornWhole-grain bread, pasta, crackersMilk and cheeseBeansLunchmeatTough, fatty, cuts of meatCereal or granola with nuts/fruitBranDried fruitWhole nutsPopcornButter, coconut, creamPastries, cakes, cookies, candy, chocolateSugar substitutes such as xylitol and sorbitolGreasy, fatty, spicy, or fried foodsCoffeeAlcohol

Prunes, prune juice

Raw fruit with skin or seeds

Raw vegetables

Cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower)

Onions

Corn

Whole-grain bread, pasta, crackers

Milk and cheese

Beans

Lunchmeat

Tough, fatty, cuts of meat

Cereal or granola with nuts/fruit

Bran

Dried fruit

Whole nuts

Popcorn

Butter, coconut, cream

Pastries, cakes, cookies, candy, chocolate

Sugar substitutes such as xylitol and sorbitol

Greasy, fatty, spicy, or fried foods

Coffee

Alcohol

What to Eat During a Flare

When you are not feeling well and have ulcerative colitis symptoms, you may find that sticking to bland food that doesn’t have a lot of fiber is easier to digest and helps reduce your discomfort. Choose bread, pasta, and other carbohydrates that are low in fiber. Usually, this means they’re made from refined white flour instead of whole grains.

Foods that don’t leave a lot of undigested material behind in your colon (calledlow-residuefoods) may also be helpful if you are having a flare of ulcerative colitis symptoms.When you have less of this food residue in your intestines, you won’t have as many bowel movements.

Some people with severe inflammatory bowel disease may occasionally need to use special diets, like aliquid-only diet, to give their body time to heal.

Your eating habits and the way you cook your food may contribute to your flares. Adjusting these habits can help you manage your symptoms and reduce the number of flares you experience.

Timing

If you’re having a flare of ulcerative colitis symptoms, you may find that you feel better eating a little bit at a time rather than having a large meal.As long as you eat frequently enough to get adequate calories and nutrition, this strategy can be effective.

Some people with IBD find eating this way helps them manage their condition even during periods when they are symptom-free. People with ulcerative colitis may also prefer to eat and drink at separate times to avoid feeling overly full or getting full too quickly when they are having meals.

Cooking Tips

Not only does cooking provide you with the opportunity to change how your food tastes, but it also gives you the chance to alter the food’s physical properties to make it easier for your gut to digest.

If you have ulcerative colitis, you may want to avoid adding spices, oils, butter, lard, or cheese to your food, as these products can be difficult to digest and/orirritating to your intestines. The exception is olive oil, which in small amounts (such as what you’d use for cooking) may help decrease the risk of ulcerative colitis, according to research from the University of East Anglia.

Researchers presented a paper on a small human research study. Most of the studies have been done on mice, showing good effects of extra-virgin olive oil on markers of inflammation and the gut biome.

You should avoid any food that has been fried, as the batters make these meals especially greasy, dense, and high in fat.

Foods that are high in fiber, such as raw veggies, may be easier for you to digest if you cook them. Remove any stems, seeds, and peels from fresh produce as you’re preparing to cook.

Steaming vegetables can helpbreak down the tough fibersin the produce, meaning your digestive system has to do less work.Most produce can be poached, boiled, grilled, blanched, and even microwaved.

As is often the case with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, how often you need to adopt an ulcerative colitis diet and how long you need to stick with it will depend on many factors. These include how severe the condition is, whether or not you have complications, and your other health problems and dietary needs.Treatmentsyour healthcare provider has prescribed are also a consideration.

If you have symptoms often, you may find that paying attention to the composition of your diet is an essential part of managing the condition. Some people with ulcerative colitis only adjust their diet when they’re having symptoms, but others may choose to follow a special diet all the time because they feel it helps prevent flares of symptoms.

Work with your healthcare provider, as well as other health professionals who have specific knowledge of nutrition (such as a registered dietitian) to figure out what you need to include in your ulcerative colitis diet to meet your needs.

In some cases, your healthcare provider may ask you to follow a specific restricted diet to help you prepare for a procedure or recovery from surgery. For example, if you need to have a colonoscopy to assess your ulcerative colitis’ progress, you will need to follow a special diet as part of theprep for the procedure.

If you have certain complications from IBD, such asnarrowing of the bowel (strictures), develop a bowel obstruction, or need to have surgery, your healthcare provider may ask you to follow a soft diet until you are healed. These adjustments are usually temporary. Your healthcare provider will let you know when you can begin to transition back to your regular diet. Strictures are common in Crohn’s disease, but not in ulcerative colitis.

If you have other health conditions orfood allergiesthat require you to pay special attention to what you eat, you may need to modify yourulcerative colitis diet.

There may be situations where you need to make significant, but temporary, changes to your diet. One example is if you become pregnant. IBD symptoms may increase during this time, in part because of the fluctuation in hormones which may affect the gut. But you also may have fewer flares during this time—everyone is different.

If you are having a flare of ulcerative colitis symptoms while you’re pregnant, or even just trying to manage gastrointestinal symptoms related to pregnancy, the most important consideration for your diet is ensuring you get enough nutrition.

What diet is best for ulcerative colitis?No one diet is considered “best” for ulcerative colitis since everyone with the condition has different trigger foods and various ways of eating. However, some diets are generally better for people with IBD, such as theMediterranean dietandplant-based diets.It’s always best to work with your healthcare provider or a dietician when developing an eating plan.

What diet is best for ulcerative colitis?

No one diet is considered “best” for ulcerative colitis since everyone with the condition has different trigger foods and various ways of eating. However, some diets are generally better for people with IBD, such as theMediterranean dietandplant-based diets.It’s always best to work with your healthcare provider or a dietician when developing an eating plan.

Factors to Keep in Mind

Managing your ulcerative colitis can be challenging, and there are a few things you should keep in mind as you’re developing your eating plan.

General Nutrition

Eating a varied diet that provides all the nutrition you need can be challenging if you avoid or limit certain types or groups of food. If you have a flare of ulcerative colitis symptoms or experience intense complications, such as bowel obstruction, you may find it difficult to eat enough to meet your daily caloric needs.

It’s important that you talk with your healthcare provider if you have concerns, especially if you are not sure if you are eating enough or if what you are eating provides the nutrition you need.

Your healthcare provider may recommend that you work with a dietitian or nutritionist, especially if they would like you to use supplements to address the nutritional gaps in your diet.

If you are malnourished, have lost a lot of weight, have experienced complications, or are recovering from surgery, your healthcare provider may want you to have afeeding tube.Usually, this is only a short-term measure; however, some people with severe ulcerative colitis may need to use parenteral or enteral nutrition for longer.

Supplements

Talk to your healthcare provider about whether you need to take supplements. Ideally, you should try to get everything you need from the foods you eat, but sometimes this isn’t possible, especially when you are experiencing a flare. Some of the supplements your healthcare provider may recommend include:

Cost

For the most part, the foods you can choose from when creating an ulcerative colitis diet are generally affordable. Some staples, like white rice, can be even cheaper if you buy them in bulk.

If you want to try your hand at pureeing foods to make them easier to digest, the basic kitchen implements you’ll need (like blenders or handheld food processors) can be purchased for around $20.

Popular brands of liquid nutritional supplements you can buy online, at the pharmacy, or the grocery store, can be expensive—especially if you need to drink one or more per day. If your healthcare provider wants you to make these products part of your ulcerative colitis diet, find out if yourinsurance will coveror reimburse you for the cost.

Side Effects

Any time you change how you eat, it may take some time for your body to adjust.If you start eating more or less fiber, for example, you will likely notice a change in your bowel habits.

If you notice these symptoms aren’t improving or are getting worse, tell your healthcare provider. Sometimes, people following a low-fiber diet experience constipation. While it might be as simple as drinking more water or taking a fiber supplement, if you have a chronic digestive disorder it’s important to mention any changes in your bowel movements to your healthcare provider. Likewise, if you have diarrhea that is persistent, you’re at risk of becoming dehydrated.

Disordered Eating

People with ulcerative colitis sometimes exhibit patterns of disordered eating.They may avoid eating or restrict their diets more than what is healthy. Some examples of disordered eating behaviors include:

If you have experienced any of these, talk to your healthcare provider. Disordered eating patterns may worsen symptoms of ulcerative colitis.

Energy and General Health

If you’re following a restricted or relatively “bland” diet to help cope with a flare of ulcerative colitis symptoms, or you’re on a liquid-only diet as your body heals from surgery, you may be getting fewer calories and nutrition. As a result, you might not have as much energy as you typically do.

It’s important that you try your best to eat enough each day to meet your body’s nutrition and energy needs. Not only to help manage ulcerative colitis but to maintain your overall health.

Complications from IBD, such as infections, may be more likely if your body is weakened from malnourishment, vitamin deficiencies, and dehydration.

Preventing nutritional deficiencies may help prevent flares. In 2017, research from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center indicated that people with ulcerative colitis who are in remission may be more likely to experience a relapse of symptoms if they are deficient in vitamin D.

Dietary Restrictions

There are several situations where your other dietary needs and preferences may influence what you can include in your ulcerative colitis diet.

For example, if you haveceliac diseaseand need to avoid gluten and wheat, you will need to look for products such as bread, cereals, and pasta that are gluten-free.

However, it’s important to check the ingredients list of gluten-free products, as some alternatives to wheat are made with beans, legumes, or corn—which may be irritating.

For those who adhere to plant-based diets (such as vegetarians and vegans), it may be tricky to find popular foods that comply with the guidelines for your ulcerative colitis diet. For example, staples of a vegetarian diet such as whole grains, beans, nuts, and raw vegetables may not be tolerated if you have ulcerative colitis.

If you have any other dietary considerations, it’s important to talk to your healthcare provider. When you are restricting your diet in more than one way, such as to manage symptoms of a health condition and to meet your preferences, it may be more difficult for you to stay adequately nourished. Your healthcare provider may want you to take supplements or vitamins to ensure that you don’t become deficient.

Getting Support

If you have a chronic illness like ulcerative colitis, you might find joining an online or in-personsupport groupto be helpful. These groups typically include a community of patients who come together to discuss questions and concerns about living with ulcerative colitis as well as treatment. Dietary challenges and practices may fall under both categories.

Summary

Eating certain foods and avoiding other foods is an important part of ulcerative colitis management. Focus on low-fiber, easy-to-digest foods, especially during flares. Avoid foods that are harder to digest such as whole grains, fried foods, and desserts.

16 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kakodkar S, Mutlu EA.Diet as a therapeutic option for adult inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):745-767. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.016Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.What should I eat?Nakanishi M, Matz A, Klemashevich C, Rosenberg DW.Dietary walnut supplementation alters mucosal metabolite profiles during DSS-induced colonic ulceration.Nutrients. 2019;11(5). doi:10.3390/nu11051118Abhari MB, Afshar PF, Alimoradzadeh R, Mirmiranpour H.Comparing the effect of including omega-3 to treatment regimen in elderly patients with ulcerative colitis with placebo: A randomized clinical trial.Immunopathol Persa. 2020;12:16. doi:10.15171/ipp.2018.10Huang C, Hao W, Wang X, Zhou R, Lin Q.Probiotics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a review of experimental research from 2018 to 2022.Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1211271. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211271Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation.Diet, nutrition, and inflammatory bowel disease.Abbas N, Shakil M, Akhtar Rana Z, et al.A systematic review of the role of diet in ulcerative colitis.Cureus. 2023;15(5):e39350. doi:10.7759/cureus.39350Marcelino G, Hiane PA, Freitas KC, et al.Effects of olive oil and its minor components on cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and gut microbiota.Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1826. doi:10.3390/nu11081826UCLA Health.Patient instructions: Bowel prep for colonoscopy, diet, medications and transportation.Olendzki BC, Hsiao BS, Weinstein K, et al.Dietary intake of pregnant women with and without inflammatory bowel disease in the United States.Nutrients. 2023;15(11):2464. doi:10.3390/nu15112464Jiang Y, Jarr K, Layton C, et al.Therapeutic implications of diet in inflammatory bowel disease and related immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.Nutrients. 2021;13(3):890. doi:10.3390/nu13030890Wędrychowicz A, Zając A, Tomasik P.Advances in nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: Review.World J Gastroenterol. 2016;21;22(3):1045-66. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1045Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.Vitamin and mineral supplementation.Knight-Sepulveda K, Kais S, Santaolalla R, Abreu MT.Diet and inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2015;11(8):511-20Day AS, Yao CK, Costello SP, Andrews JM, Bryant RV.Food avoidance, restrictive eating behaviour and association with quality of life in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic scoping review.Appetite. 2021;167:105650. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105650Gubatan J, Mitsuhashi S, Zenlea T, Rosenberg L, Robson S, Moss AC.Low serum vitamin D during remission increases risk of clinical relapse in patients With ulcerative colitis.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(2):240-246.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.035

16 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kakodkar S, Mutlu EA.Diet as a therapeutic option for adult inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):745-767. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.016Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.What should I eat?Nakanishi M, Matz A, Klemashevich C, Rosenberg DW.Dietary walnut supplementation alters mucosal metabolite profiles during DSS-induced colonic ulceration.Nutrients. 2019;11(5). doi:10.3390/nu11051118Abhari MB, Afshar PF, Alimoradzadeh R, Mirmiranpour H.Comparing the effect of including omega-3 to treatment regimen in elderly patients with ulcerative colitis with placebo: A randomized clinical trial.Immunopathol Persa. 2020;12:16. doi:10.15171/ipp.2018.10Huang C, Hao W, Wang X, Zhou R, Lin Q.Probiotics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a review of experimental research from 2018 to 2022.Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1211271. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211271Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation.Diet, nutrition, and inflammatory bowel disease.Abbas N, Shakil M, Akhtar Rana Z, et al.A systematic review of the role of diet in ulcerative colitis.Cureus. 2023;15(5):e39350. doi:10.7759/cureus.39350Marcelino G, Hiane PA, Freitas KC, et al.Effects of olive oil and its minor components on cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and gut microbiota.Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1826. doi:10.3390/nu11081826UCLA Health.Patient instructions: Bowel prep for colonoscopy, diet, medications and transportation.Olendzki BC, Hsiao BS, Weinstein K, et al.Dietary intake of pregnant women with and without inflammatory bowel disease in the United States.Nutrients. 2023;15(11):2464. doi:10.3390/nu15112464Jiang Y, Jarr K, Layton C, et al.Therapeutic implications of diet in inflammatory bowel disease and related immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.Nutrients. 2021;13(3):890. doi:10.3390/nu13030890Wędrychowicz A, Zając A, Tomasik P.Advances in nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: Review.World J Gastroenterol. 2016;21;22(3):1045-66. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1045Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.Vitamin and mineral supplementation.Knight-Sepulveda K, Kais S, Santaolalla R, Abreu MT.Diet and inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2015;11(8):511-20Day AS, Yao CK, Costello SP, Andrews JM, Bryant RV.Food avoidance, restrictive eating behaviour and association with quality of life in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic scoping review.Appetite. 2021;167:105650. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105650Gubatan J, Mitsuhashi S, Zenlea T, Rosenberg L, Robson S, Moss AC.Low serum vitamin D during remission increases risk of clinical relapse in patients With ulcerative colitis.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(2):240-246.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.035

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Kakodkar S, Mutlu EA.Diet as a therapeutic option for adult inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):745-767. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.016Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.What should I eat?Nakanishi M, Matz A, Klemashevich C, Rosenberg DW.Dietary walnut supplementation alters mucosal metabolite profiles during DSS-induced colonic ulceration.Nutrients. 2019;11(5). doi:10.3390/nu11051118Abhari MB, Afshar PF, Alimoradzadeh R, Mirmiranpour H.Comparing the effect of including omega-3 to treatment regimen in elderly patients with ulcerative colitis with placebo: A randomized clinical trial.Immunopathol Persa. 2020;12:16. doi:10.15171/ipp.2018.10Huang C, Hao W, Wang X, Zhou R, Lin Q.Probiotics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a review of experimental research from 2018 to 2022.Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1211271. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211271Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation.Diet, nutrition, and inflammatory bowel disease.Abbas N, Shakil M, Akhtar Rana Z, et al.A systematic review of the role of diet in ulcerative colitis.Cureus. 2023;15(5):e39350. doi:10.7759/cureus.39350Marcelino G, Hiane PA, Freitas KC, et al.Effects of olive oil and its minor components on cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and gut microbiota.Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1826. doi:10.3390/nu11081826UCLA Health.Patient instructions: Bowel prep for colonoscopy, diet, medications and transportation.Olendzki BC, Hsiao BS, Weinstein K, et al.Dietary intake of pregnant women with and without inflammatory bowel disease in the United States.Nutrients. 2023;15(11):2464. doi:10.3390/nu15112464Jiang Y, Jarr K, Layton C, et al.Therapeutic implications of diet in inflammatory bowel disease and related immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.Nutrients. 2021;13(3):890. doi:10.3390/nu13030890Wędrychowicz A, Zając A, Tomasik P.Advances in nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: Review.World J Gastroenterol. 2016;21;22(3):1045-66. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1045Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.Vitamin and mineral supplementation.Knight-Sepulveda K, Kais S, Santaolalla R, Abreu MT.Diet and inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2015;11(8):511-20Day AS, Yao CK, Costello SP, Andrews JM, Bryant RV.Food avoidance, restrictive eating behaviour and association with quality of life in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic scoping review.Appetite. 2021;167:105650. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105650Gubatan J, Mitsuhashi S, Zenlea T, Rosenberg L, Robson S, Moss AC.Low serum vitamin D during remission increases risk of clinical relapse in patients With ulcerative colitis.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(2):240-246.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.035

Kakodkar S, Mutlu EA.Diet as a therapeutic option for adult inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):745-767. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.016

Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.What should I eat?

Nakanishi M, Matz A, Klemashevich C, Rosenberg DW.Dietary walnut supplementation alters mucosal metabolite profiles during DSS-induced colonic ulceration.Nutrients. 2019;11(5). doi:10.3390/nu11051118

Abhari MB, Afshar PF, Alimoradzadeh R, Mirmiranpour H.Comparing the effect of including omega-3 to treatment regimen in elderly patients with ulcerative colitis with placebo: A randomized clinical trial.Immunopathol Persa. 2020;12:16. doi:10.15171/ipp.2018.10

Huang C, Hao W, Wang X, Zhou R, Lin Q.Probiotics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a review of experimental research from 2018 to 2022.Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1211271. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211271

Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation.Diet, nutrition, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Abbas N, Shakil M, Akhtar Rana Z, et al.A systematic review of the role of diet in ulcerative colitis.Cureus. 2023;15(5):e39350. doi:10.7759/cureus.39350

Marcelino G, Hiane PA, Freitas KC, et al.Effects of olive oil and its minor components on cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and gut microbiota.Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1826. doi:10.3390/nu11081826

UCLA Health.Patient instructions: Bowel prep for colonoscopy, diet, medications and transportation.

Olendzki BC, Hsiao BS, Weinstein K, et al.Dietary intake of pregnant women with and without inflammatory bowel disease in the United States.Nutrients. 2023;15(11):2464. doi:10.3390/nu15112464

Jiang Y, Jarr K, Layton C, et al.Therapeutic implications of diet in inflammatory bowel disease and related immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.Nutrients. 2021;13(3):890. doi:10.3390/nu13030890

Wędrychowicz A, Zając A, Tomasik P.Advances in nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: Review.World J Gastroenterol. 2016;21;22(3):1045-66. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1045

Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.Vitamin and mineral supplementation.

Knight-Sepulveda K, Kais S, Santaolalla R, Abreu MT.Diet and inflammatory bowel disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2015;11(8):511-20

Day AS, Yao CK, Costello SP, Andrews JM, Bryant RV.Food avoidance, restrictive eating behaviour and association with quality of life in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic scoping review.Appetite. 2021;167:105650. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105650

Gubatan J, Mitsuhashi S, Zenlea T, Rosenberg L, Robson S, Moss AC.Low serum vitamin D during remission increases risk of clinical relapse in patients With ulcerative colitis.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(2):240-246.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.035

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