Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is Disordered Eating?Fad DietsSigns and SymptomsVersus an Eating DisordersCausesDiagnosis ChallengesIt Can Affect EveryoneWhy so Pervasive?TreatmentSupport
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is Disordered Eating?
Fad Diets
Signs and Symptoms
Versus an Eating Disorders
Causes
Diagnosis Challenges
It Can Affect Everyone
Why so Pervasive?
Treatment
Support
Potential disordered eating symptoms include binge eating, excessive fasting, and avoiding entire food groups. Diet culture—health myths about food and eating habits and the conflated relationship between body size and health—has made it increasingly difficult to know when habits labeled as “healthy” fall into a more dangerous category.
Those who do not match stereotypes surrounding eating disorders, like people of various racial and ethnic backgrounds, men, and people with higher body weights, may experience more barriers to recognizing the signs and getting a proper diagnosis.
This article discusses what disordered eating is, including how to spot signs of disordered eating patterns and how it compares to eating disorders.
FG Trade / Getty Images
What Is Disordered Eating Exactly?
Disordered eating is a range of irregular eating behaviors, often for purported but not evidence-backed health reasons. It’s tricky to recognize because it may not align with a specific eating disorder diagnosis, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. However, it can still pose significant risks to your physical and mental health.
Some potential signs of disordered eating include:
When left unmanaged, disordered eating can lead to nutritional deficiencies, compromised immune function, and an increased risk of developing clinically recognized eating disorders.
Are Fad Diets Considered Disordered Eating?
Fad diets often eliminate entire food groups or significantly restrict caloric intake and the variety of foods you can eat. Over time, this can set you up for potentialnutritional deficienciesand a harmful relationship with food. Focusing on rapid weight loss rather than long-term health can make people feel worse about their bodies and lead to cycles of yo-yo dieting (where weight is repeatedly lost and regained).
Fad diets are popular, and not everyone who follows one develops disordered eating as a result. However, their rigid rules and unsustainable nature can promote unhealthy eating behaviors and relationships with food and your body.
Emotional Eating: Factors Behind Motivations
Signs and Symptoms of Disordered Eating
Depending on the individual, their behaviors, and underlying triggers, disordered eating may appear differently.
Some common signs and symptoms of disordered eating are:
What Are the Signs of Disordered Eating?
Disordered Eating vs. Eating Disorders: What’s the Difference?
Disordered eating and eating disorders are related but unique concerns. The key difference between disordered eating and eating disorders lies in the intensity, frequency, and impact of the behaviors.
Disordered eating includes a range of irregular eating behaviors, such as chronic dieting, meal skipping, and binge eating, that don’t automatically meet the criteria for a clinical diagnosis. While unhealthy and potentially harmful, disordered eating patterns are often more sporadic and less severe.
Eating disorders include diagnoses like:
Types of Eating Disorders
What Causes Disordered Eating?
Genetics may predispose someone to develop disordered eating behaviors, especially those with a family history of eating disorders, mental health conditions, or obesity. If you grew up in a household in which you experienced disordered eating patterns as the norm, this may also make you more likely to fall into this behavior.
Psychological factors, such as low self-esteem, perfectionism, anxiety, and depression, can also play a role. Emotional eating is a coping mechanism for many, but over time, it could potentially contribute to disordered eating patterns.
Social influences, like pervasive media images about what an ideal body image looks like and the cultural norms around dieting and weight, can also play a significant role in disordered eating.
Furthermore, traumatic experiences like bullying, abuse, or extreme stress can trigger or worsen disordered eating habits.
How Weight Stigma and Discrimination Can Prevent ED Diagnoses
Some people experienceweight stigmaand discrimination that prevent them from receiving the health care they need. For example, individuals with larger bodies often face stereotypes that they are unhealthy or lack self-control. Weight stigma can result in eating disorders being overlooked, misdiagnosed, or minimized.
This stigma can also discourage people from seeking help due to fear of being judged or shamed for their weight. Without an appropriate diagnosis or treatment plan, people may be set up for worsened eating behaviors and health consequences.
The Shortfalls of BMI
Disordered Eating Affects All Genders, Races, Body Sizes, and Income Levels
Like most health conditions, disordered eating does not discriminate based on individual traits, including age, gender, body size, income, or ethnicity. We all face challenges like stress, body dissatisfaction, traumas, and the pursuit of societal beauty standards that can trigger disordered eating patterns.
Socioeconomic Status
Disordered eating can affect people of all economic groups. While the specific triggers may vary, the underlying factors behind disordered eating are universal.
People of higher socioeconomic groups might have more access to pricey diet products, gym memberships, and voluntary cosmetic procedures that contribute to their focus on body image. On the other hand, people of lower socioeconomic status may be dealing with factors like lack of access to healthy food access or stress from financial insecurity.
Age
Disordered eating can impact people at any age, from adolescence to older adulthood. It can stem from influences like peer pressure and a desire to mimic others or reflect what is seen in the media.
Teens are especially vulnerable to disordered eating because of the intense social and academic pressures they face. These pressures can lead to unhealthy eating patterns as they navigate identity and self-esteem issues.
Studies show an increase in women over age 50 seeking out support for chronic, recurrent, or late-onset eating disorders.
Men
The stereotype that disordered eating and body image issues only affect women is inaccurate. While women experience more direct societal pressures around what to eat and what to look like, men also experience specific pressures and stigmas.
As a result, men may engage in behaviors aimed at building a more muscular body or using supplements. The stigma that disordered eating and body image issues are “feminine” issues may discourage them from seeking help. Primary care providers should be educated in identifying disordered eating symptoms among men and help destigmatize the issue.
Why Is Disordered Eating so Pervasive?
According to the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), 9% of Americans (roughly 29 million people) will have an eating disorder in their lifetime.The cultural and social influences most people interact with daily—such as social media messaging about food and body size—play a significant role in disordered eating behaviors.
How Disordered Eating Is Treated
If you experience disordered eating severe enough to require treatment, successful recovery depends on a comprehensive support system, including therapy, medical care, and a supportive social environment.
One of the most essential pieces of treatment is therapy.Cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT) is particularly effective in addressing thought patterns and behaviors that often promote disordered eating.In some cases, a healthcare provider may prescribe medication to address related mental health challenges like depression or anxiety.
The team of professionals should include aregistered dietitianwho can help address imbalanced eating behaviors and improve the nutritional quality of your diet pattern.
A healthcare team should also help monitor physical health concerns to prevent and manage complications. Support groups can also provide a sense of community and shared understanding.
Recovery Challenges
Personalized treatment, appropriate resources, and ongoing support are essential for long-term recovery. However, depending on how severe someone’s disordered eating patterns have become, recovery can present various challenges.
One of the most common obstacles is the pervasiveness nature of diet culture and societal pressures that reinforce unhealthy body ideals.
Additionally, disordered eating is frequently intertwined with deep-seated emotional and mental challenges like anxiety and perfectionism that can complicate recovery efforts. Developing a healthy relationship with food is a process that involves confronting and unlearning unhealthy patterns.
People in recovery from disordered eating may face stigma or lack of understanding from those around them, further leading to feelings of isolation and discouragement.
When to Seek Support for Disordered Eating
It’s essential to get support for disordered eating when it starts to negatively impact your physical or mental health or ability to engage in your everyday functions. Some signs that it’s time to seek professional help include:
Seeking help early on can help prevent disordered eating from worsening or developing into an eating disorder. If you think you’re struggling with disordered eating, consider reaching out to a trusted healthcare provider, dietitian, therapist, or support group to start addressing it.
Summary
Disordered eating is not the same as a diagnosed eating disorder, but that doesn’t mean it requires any less attention or is any less complicated. If you or someone you know is struggling with disordered eating, know that you’re not alone and there are resources to help, regardless of your age, socioeconomic status, or gender. Seeking support as soon as you recognize a problem is important to creating a healthy relationship with food.
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Treasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U.Eating disorders.Lancet. 2020;395(10227):899-911. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3Jovanovski N, Jaeger T.Demystifying ‘diet culture’: exploring the meaning of diet culture in online ‘anti-diet’ feminist, fat activist, and health professional communities.Women’s Studies International Forum, 90. 2022. 1–10.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102558Schmidt T. (2024).What is disordered eating and when does it become an eating disorder?Tahreem A, Rakha A, Rabail R, et al.Fad diets: facts and fiction. Front Nutr. 2022;9:960922. Published 2022 Jul 5. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.960922Stewart TM, Martin CK, Williamson DA.The complicated relationship between dieting, dietary restraint, caloric restriction, and eating disorders: Is a shift in public health messaging warranted?. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):491. Published 2022 Jan 3. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010491National Institute of Mental Health.Eating disorders.Hay P.Current approach to eating disorders: a clinical update. Intern Med J. 2020;50(1):24-29. doi:10.1111/imj.14691Tan EJ, Raut T, Le LK, et al.The association between eating disorders and mental health: an umbrella review.J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):51. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00725-4Trace SE, Baker JH, Peñas-Lledó E, Bulik CM.The genetics of eating disorders.Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:589-620. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185546Suarez-Albor CL, Galletta M, Gómez-Bustamante EM.Factors associated with eating disorders in adolescents: a systematic review.Acta Biomed. 2022;93(3):e2022253. doi:10.23750/abm.v93i3.13140Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, et al.Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review.J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4Westbury S, Oyebode O, van Rens T, Barber TM.Obesity stigma: causes, consequences, and potential solutions.Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(1):10-23. doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00495-3Solmi M, Radua J, Stubbs B, et al.Risk factors for eating disorders: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses.Braz J Psychiatry. 2021;43(3):314-323. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1099Thomas KS, Williams MO, Vanderwert RE.Disordered eating and internalizing symptoms in preadolescence.Brain Behav. 2021;11(1):e01904. doi:10.1002/brb3.1904Simone M, Emery RL, Hazzard VM, Eisenberg ME, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D.Disordered eating in a population-based sample of young adults during the COVID-19 outbreak.Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(7):1189-1201. doi:10.1002/eat.23505Samuels KL, Maine MM, Tantillo M.Disordered eating, eating disorders, and body image in midlife and older women.Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(8):70. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1057-5Sangha S, Oliffe JL, Kelly MT, McCuaig F.Eating disorders in males: how primary care providers can improve recognition, diagnosis, and treatment.Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(3):1557988319857424. doi:10.1177/1557988319857424National Eating Disorders Association.Statistics.Wilksch SM, O’Shea A, Ho P, Byrne S, Wade TD.The relationship between social media use and disordered eating in young adolescents.Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(1):96-106. doi:10.1002/eat.23198Emanuelli F, Waller G, Jones-Chester M, Ostuzzi R.Recovery from disordered eating: sufferers' and clinicians' perspectives. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20(5):363-372. doi:10.1002/erv.2159Agras WS.Cognitive behavior therapy for the eating disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(2):169-179. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2019.01.001Costandache GI, Munteanu O, Salaru A, Oroian B, Cozmin M.An overview of the treatment of eating disorders in adults and adolescents: pharmacology and psychotherapy.Postep Psychiatr Neurol. 2023;32(1):40-48. doi:10.5114/ppn.2023.127237Heafala A, Ball L, Rayner J, Mitchell LJ.What role do dietitians have in providing nutrition care for eating disorder treatment? An integrative review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2021;34(4):724-735. doi:10.1111/jhn.12927Hambleton A, Pepin G, Le A, et al.Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature.J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):132. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00654-2Monteleone AM, Pellegrino F, Croatto G, et al.Treatment of eating disorders: A systematic meta-review of meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;142:104857. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104857
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Treasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U.Eating disorders.Lancet. 2020;395(10227):899-911. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3Jovanovski N, Jaeger T.Demystifying ‘diet culture’: exploring the meaning of diet culture in online ‘anti-diet’ feminist, fat activist, and health professional communities.Women’s Studies International Forum, 90. 2022. 1–10.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102558Schmidt T. (2024).What is disordered eating and when does it become an eating disorder?Tahreem A, Rakha A, Rabail R, et al.Fad diets: facts and fiction. Front Nutr. 2022;9:960922. Published 2022 Jul 5. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.960922Stewart TM, Martin CK, Williamson DA.The complicated relationship between dieting, dietary restraint, caloric restriction, and eating disorders: Is a shift in public health messaging warranted?. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):491. Published 2022 Jan 3. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010491National Institute of Mental Health.Eating disorders.Hay P.Current approach to eating disorders: a clinical update. Intern Med J. 2020;50(1):24-29. doi:10.1111/imj.14691Tan EJ, Raut T, Le LK, et al.The association between eating disorders and mental health: an umbrella review.J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):51. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00725-4Trace SE, Baker JH, Peñas-Lledó E, Bulik CM.The genetics of eating disorders.Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:589-620. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185546Suarez-Albor CL, Galletta M, Gómez-Bustamante EM.Factors associated with eating disorders in adolescents: a systematic review.Acta Biomed. 2022;93(3):e2022253. doi:10.23750/abm.v93i3.13140Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, et al.Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review.J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4Westbury S, Oyebode O, van Rens T, Barber TM.Obesity stigma: causes, consequences, and potential solutions.Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(1):10-23. doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00495-3Solmi M, Radua J, Stubbs B, et al.Risk factors for eating disorders: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses.Braz J Psychiatry. 2021;43(3):314-323. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1099Thomas KS, Williams MO, Vanderwert RE.Disordered eating and internalizing symptoms in preadolescence.Brain Behav. 2021;11(1):e01904. doi:10.1002/brb3.1904Simone M, Emery RL, Hazzard VM, Eisenberg ME, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D.Disordered eating in a population-based sample of young adults during the COVID-19 outbreak.Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(7):1189-1201. doi:10.1002/eat.23505Samuels KL, Maine MM, Tantillo M.Disordered eating, eating disorders, and body image in midlife and older women.Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(8):70. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1057-5Sangha S, Oliffe JL, Kelly MT, McCuaig F.Eating disorders in males: how primary care providers can improve recognition, diagnosis, and treatment.Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(3):1557988319857424. doi:10.1177/1557988319857424National Eating Disorders Association.Statistics.Wilksch SM, O’Shea A, Ho P, Byrne S, Wade TD.The relationship between social media use and disordered eating in young adolescents.Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(1):96-106. doi:10.1002/eat.23198Emanuelli F, Waller G, Jones-Chester M, Ostuzzi R.Recovery from disordered eating: sufferers' and clinicians' perspectives. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20(5):363-372. doi:10.1002/erv.2159Agras WS.Cognitive behavior therapy for the eating disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(2):169-179. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2019.01.001Costandache GI, Munteanu O, Salaru A, Oroian B, Cozmin M.An overview of the treatment of eating disorders in adults and adolescents: pharmacology and psychotherapy.Postep Psychiatr Neurol. 2023;32(1):40-48. doi:10.5114/ppn.2023.127237Heafala A, Ball L, Rayner J, Mitchell LJ.What role do dietitians have in providing nutrition care for eating disorder treatment? An integrative review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2021;34(4):724-735. doi:10.1111/jhn.12927Hambleton A, Pepin G, Le A, et al.Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature.J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):132. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00654-2Monteleone AM, Pellegrino F, Croatto G, et al.Treatment of eating disorders: A systematic meta-review of meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;142:104857. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104857
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Treasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U.Eating disorders.Lancet. 2020;395(10227):899-911. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3Jovanovski N, Jaeger T.Demystifying ‘diet culture’: exploring the meaning of diet culture in online ‘anti-diet’ feminist, fat activist, and health professional communities.Women’s Studies International Forum, 90. 2022. 1–10.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102558Schmidt T. (2024).What is disordered eating and when does it become an eating disorder?Tahreem A, Rakha A, Rabail R, et al.Fad diets: facts and fiction. Front Nutr. 2022;9:960922. Published 2022 Jul 5. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.960922Stewart TM, Martin CK, Williamson DA.The complicated relationship between dieting, dietary restraint, caloric restriction, and eating disorders: Is a shift in public health messaging warranted?. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):491. Published 2022 Jan 3. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010491National Institute of Mental Health.Eating disorders.Hay P.Current approach to eating disorders: a clinical update. Intern Med J. 2020;50(1):24-29. doi:10.1111/imj.14691Tan EJ, Raut T, Le LK, et al.The association between eating disorders and mental health: an umbrella review.J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):51. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00725-4Trace SE, Baker JH, Peñas-Lledó E, Bulik CM.The genetics of eating disorders.Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:589-620. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185546Suarez-Albor CL, Galletta M, Gómez-Bustamante EM.Factors associated with eating disorders in adolescents: a systematic review.Acta Biomed. 2022;93(3):e2022253. doi:10.23750/abm.v93i3.13140Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, et al.Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review.J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4Westbury S, Oyebode O, van Rens T, Barber TM.Obesity stigma: causes, consequences, and potential solutions.Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(1):10-23. doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00495-3Solmi M, Radua J, Stubbs B, et al.Risk factors for eating disorders: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses.Braz J Psychiatry. 2021;43(3):314-323. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1099Thomas KS, Williams MO, Vanderwert RE.Disordered eating and internalizing symptoms in preadolescence.Brain Behav. 2021;11(1):e01904. doi:10.1002/brb3.1904Simone M, Emery RL, Hazzard VM, Eisenberg ME, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D.Disordered eating in a population-based sample of young adults during the COVID-19 outbreak.Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(7):1189-1201. doi:10.1002/eat.23505Samuels KL, Maine MM, Tantillo M.Disordered eating, eating disorders, and body image in midlife and older women.Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(8):70. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1057-5Sangha S, Oliffe JL, Kelly MT, McCuaig F.Eating disorders in males: how primary care providers can improve recognition, diagnosis, and treatment.Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(3):1557988319857424. doi:10.1177/1557988319857424National Eating Disorders Association.Statistics.Wilksch SM, O’Shea A, Ho P, Byrne S, Wade TD.The relationship between social media use and disordered eating in young adolescents.Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(1):96-106. doi:10.1002/eat.23198Emanuelli F, Waller G, Jones-Chester M, Ostuzzi R.Recovery from disordered eating: sufferers' and clinicians' perspectives. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20(5):363-372. doi:10.1002/erv.2159Agras WS.Cognitive behavior therapy for the eating disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(2):169-179. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2019.01.001Costandache GI, Munteanu O, Salaru A, Oroian B, Cozmin M.An overview of the treatment of eating disorders in adults and adolescents: pharmacology and psychotherapy.Postep Psychiatr Neurol. 2023;32(1):40-48. doi:10.5114/ppn.2023.127237Heafala A, Ball L, Rayner J, Mitchell LJ.What role do dietitians have in providing nutrition care for eating disorder treatment? An integrative review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2021;34(4):724-735. doi:10.1111/jhn.12927Hambleton A, Pepin G, Le A, et al.Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature.J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):132. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00654-2Monteleone AM, Pellegrino F, Croatto G, et al.Treatment of eating disorders: A systematic meta-review of meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;142:104857. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104857
Treasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U.Eating disorders.Lancet. 2020;395(10227):899-911. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3
Jovanovski N, Jaeger T.Demystifying ‘diet culture’: exploring the meaning of diet culture in online ‘anti-diet’ feminist, fat activist, and health professional communities.Women’s Studies International Forum, 90. 2022. 1–10.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102558
Schmidt T. (2024).What is disordered eating and when does it become an eating disorder?
Tahreem A, Rakha A, Rabail R, et al.Fad diets: facts and fiction. Front Nutr. 2022;9:960922. Published 2022 Jul 5. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.960922
Stewart TM, Martin CK, Williamson DA.The complicated relationship between dieting, dietary restraint, caloric restriction, and eating disorders: Is a shift in public health messaging warranted?. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):491. Published 2022 Jan 3. doi:10.3390/ijerph19010491
National Institute of Mental Health.Eating disorders.
Hay P.Current approach to eating disorders: a clinical update. Intern Med J. 2020;50(1):24-29. doi:10.1111/imj.14691
Tan EJ, Raut T, Le LK, et al.The association between eating disorders and mental health: an umbrella review.J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):51. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00725-4
Trace SE, Baker JH, Peñas-Lledó E, Bulik CM.The genetics of eating disorders.Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:589-620. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185546
Suarez-Albor CL, Galletta M, Gómez-Bustamante EM.Factors associated with eating disorders in adolescents: a systematic review.Acta Biomed. 2022;93(3):e2022253. doi:10.23750/abm.v93i3.13140
Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, et al.Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review.J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):8. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4
Westbury S, Oyebode O, van Rens T, Barber TM.Obesity stigma: causes, consequences, and potential solutions.Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(1):10-23. doi:10.1007/s13679-023-00495-3
Solmi M, Radua J, Stubbs B, et al.Risk factors for eating disorders: an umbrella review of published meta-analyses.Braz J Psychiatry. 2021;43(3):314-323. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1099
Thomas KS, Williams MO, Vanderwert RE.Disordered eating and internalizing symptoms in preadolescence.Brain Behav. 2021;11(1):e01904. doi:10.1002/brb3.1904
Simone M, Emery RL, Hazzard VM, Eisenberg ME, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D.Disordered eating in a population-based sample of young adults during the COVID-19 outbreak.Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(7):1189-1201. doi:10.1002/eat.23505
Samuels KL, Maine MM, Tantillo M.Disordered eating, eating disorders, and body image in midlife and older women.Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(8):70. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1057-5
Sangha S, Oliffe JL, Kelly MT, McCuaig F.Eating disorders in males: how primary care providers can improve recognition, diagnosis, and treatment.Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(3):1557988319857424. doi:10.1177/1557988319857424
National Eating Disorders Association.Statistics.
Wilksch SM, O’Shea A, Ho P, Byrne S, Wade TD.The relationship between social media use and disordered eating in young adolescents.Int J Eat Disord. 2020;53(1):96-106. doi:10.1002/eat.23198
Emanuelli F, Waller G, Jones-Chester M, Ostuzzi R.Recovery from disordered eating: sufferers' and clinicians' perspectives. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012;20(5):363-372. doi:10.1002/erv.2159
Agras WS.Cognitive behavior therapy for the eating disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2019;42(2):169-179. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2019.01.001
Costandache GI, Munteanu O, Salaru A, Oroian B, Cozmin M.An overview of the treatment of eating disorders in adults and adolescents: pharmacology and psychotherapy.Postep Psychiatr Neurol. 2023;32(1):40-48. doi:10.5114/ppn.2023.127237
Heafala A, Ball L, Rayner J, Mitchell LJ.What role do dietitians have in providing nutrition care for eating disorder treatment? An integrative review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2021;34(4):724-735. doi:10.1111/jhn.12927
Hambleton A, Pepin G, Le A, et al.Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature.J Eat Disord. 2022;10(1):132. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00654-2
Monteleone AM, Pellegrino F, Croatto G, et al.Treatment of eating disorders: A systematic meta-review of meta-analyses and network meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;142:104857. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104857
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