Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Are Cannabinoids and What Do They Do?ExamplesHow Do Cannabinoids Work?How Are Cannabinoids Used?Side Effects and SafetyWho Shouldn’t Use Cannabinoids?Legal Status
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Are Cannabinoids and What Do They Do?
Examples
How Do Cannabinoids Work?
How Are Cannabinoids Used?
Side Effects and Safety
Who Shouldn’t Use Cannabinoids?
Legal Status
Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals or compounds found in the cannabis sativa plant.This includes tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),cannabidiol (CBD), and hundreds of other substances.
Cannabinoids may also be naturally present in the human body and are referred to as endocannabinoids.
Cannabinoids are commonly used to minimize symptoms associated with pain conditions such asneuropathy,rheumatoid arthritis, andchronic pain. They may also be used for a variety of other conditions, such asepilepsyand cancer-related side effects. Additional research is needed to establish and understand their appropriate use and place in therapy.
Verywell / Getty Images
Cannabinoids are the chemical components of cannabis. They work like messengers, interacting with the endocannabinoid system in our bodies and working on receptors that can help regulate mood, memory, appetite, and pain.
Additionally, cannabinoidsactivate receptors throughout the body, affecting the central nervous system and immune system.
THC and CBDare the two main types of cannabinoids. Cannabinol (CBN) is a less popular type of cannabinoid.Medications that contain cannabinoids typically include THC, CBD, or both.
THC is mainly responsible for the psychoactive (mind-altering) and intoxicating effects that are commonly associated with cannabis use. CBD is known for its potential therapeutic benefits, which range from pain relief to anxiety management.
CBD and CBN differ from THC in that they are not psychoactive, meaning they do not cause changes to the mind, mood, or mental state. Unlike THC, CBD should not cause mental impairment or a “high” feeling.
While CBD and CBN work similarly, CBD has been more widely studied. More research is needed to better understand the therapeutic potential of CBN.
Medications on the Market
The United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA)has not approved the cannabis plant itself for medical use. However, several FDA-approved medications contain individual cannabinoids.
Cannabis-related compounds are created in a lab and can be used to manufacture drug products. Cannabis-derived compounds are found naturally in the cannabis plant and can also be used to manufacture medications.
The following synthetic cannabis-related medications are currently on the market:
Beyond THC, CBD, and CBN, researchers are exploring the potential of other cannabinoids to better understand their varying effects on health and well-being.
Are Cannabinoids and Marijuana the Same?Cannabinoids and marijuana are closely related, but they are not the same and have some distinct differences.Cannabinoids are the chemical compounds that make up the cannabis plant, which include THC and CBD. Cannabinoids are responsible for interacting with receptors in the body, which determine how the body responds.Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the cannabisplant, which includes cannabinoids as the active ingredients.Marijuana contains high levels of the cannabinoid THC, which is responsible for the mental effects of the drug.
Are Cannabinoids and Marijuana the Same?
Cannabinoids and marijuana are closely related, but they are not the same and have some distinct differences.Cannabinoids are the chemical compounds that make up the cannabis plant, which include THC and CBD. Cannabinoids are responsible for interacting with receptors in the body, which determine how the body responds.Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the cannabisplant, which includes cannabinoids as the active ingredients.Marijuana contains high levels of the cannabinoid THC, which is responsible for the mental effects of the drug.
Cannabinoids and marijuana are closely related, but they are not the same and have some distinct differences.
Cannabinoids are the chemical compounds that make up the cannabis plant, which include THC and CBD. Cannabinoids are responsible for interacting with receptors in the body, which determine how the body responds.
Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the cannabisplant, which includes cannabinoids as the active ingredients.Marijuana contains high levels of the cannabinoid THC, which is responsible for the mental effects of the drug.
Cannabinoids interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which is found throughout the brain, nervous system, and other tissues in the body. This system acts as a messenger.
When cannabinoids are consumed, they send signals to the body, influencing various processes and responses. For example, some cannabinoids may trigger feelings of happiness and relaxation; others may help alleviate pain or cause drowsiness.
There are two main types of cannabinoid receptors: cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2).
CB1 receptors are primarily located in the brain and central nervous system. They are responsible for the effects of cannabinoids on the mental state. CB2 receptors are found mostly on immune cells and peripheral tissues. They regulate inflammation and immune function.
Depending on the specific cannabinoid and its concentration, cannabinoids can produce a wide range of effects, including pain relief, relaxation, appetite stimulation, and mood changes.
Understanding how cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system is crucial for exploring their potential therapeutic benefits and ensuring safe and effective use.
Cannabinoids are used for different purposes and are being studied for a wide range of medical uses. The majority of people who take cannabinoids use them for chronic pain and mental health conditions.
Current Uses
Epidiolex contains a purified form of cannabis-derived CBD. It is FDA-approved for the treatment of seizures associated with two rare forms of epilepsy,Lennox-Gastaut syndromeandDravet syndrome, that typically begin in early childhood.
Epidiolex can be used in people 2 years of age and older to reduce the frequency of seizures in those with either condition.
Clinical studies suggest that CBD can be used to reduce anxiety and help reduce symptoms associated with mental health disorders.
In addition to the FDA-approved formulations, over-the-counter (OTC) CBD products may be easily accessible depending on location and state laws. These products are much less regulated, making it difficult to know exactly what they contain, and therefore, raises safety concerns.
Studied Uses
Some promising areas of research for cannabinoid use include:
Cannabinoids are generally well tolerated with minimal known risks; however, like most drug products, there are some side effects and safety concerns associated with their use.
It is unknown what makes someone more likely to experience negative effects, but factors such as genetics and personality may play a role.
You are more likely to experience serious side effects associated with cannabinoid use if you are taking higher doses.
Side Effects
Side effects associated with THC are different than CBD. In general, dizziness and fatigue are the most common adverse events people using THC or a combination of THC and CBD experience.
THC use may negatively affect memory and lead to decreased ability to engage in activities that require hand-eye coordination. CBD, on the other hand, has shown benefit in reducing the negative mental effects of THC when they are used together.
The severity of side effects usually correlates to the dose, meaning that as the dose of cannabinoids increases, so does the likelihood of side effects.
The most common side effects associated with THC when used alone include:
The most common side effects associated with CBD use include:
Research studies show that even though side effects may occur in those using cannabinoids, there is no major concern for serious side effects when they are used as directed.
Drug Interactions
Cannabinoids do have several potential drug interactions, and these should be taken into consideration when determining if treatment is appropriate.
There is a risk of drug–drug interactions between some cannabinoids and the following medications:
Alcohol should also be avoided and not used at the same time as cannabinoids.
More studies are needed to evaluate potential drug interactions further. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before use, especially if you are taking other medications.
What Are Synthetic Cannabinoids?Synthetic cannabinoids are similar to the compounds found in the cannabis plant. They are “man-made” products usually created in a lab and often intended to mimic the effects of cannabinoids.Examples of synthetic cannabinoidson the market include Syndros and Marinol (dronabinol), which contain synthetic THC, and Cesamet (nabilone), which contains a synthetic THC-like substance.Some synthetic cannabinoids have medical uses, but in other cases, they are illegally made and distributed. The use of unregulated synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe side effects and potential health risks, including long-term health complications and death.
What Are Synthetic Cannabinoids?
Synthetic cannabinoids are similar to the compounds found in the cannabis plant. They are “man-made” products usually created in a lab and often intended to mimic the effects of cannabinoids.Examples of synthetic cannabinoidson the market include Syndros and Marinol (dronabinol), which contain synthetic THC, and Cesamet (nabilone), which contains a synthetic THC-like substance.Some synthetic cannabinoids have medical uses, but in other cases, they are illegally made and distributed. The use of unregulated synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe side effects and potential health risks, including long-term health complications and death.
Synthetic cannabinoids are similar to the compounds found in the cannabis plant. They are “man-made” products usually created in a lab and often intended to mimic the effects of cannabinoids.
Examples of synthetic cannabinoidson the market include Syndros and Marinol (dronabinol), which contain synthetic THC, and Cesamet (nabilone), which contains a synthetic THC-like substance.
Some synthetic cannabinoids have medical uses, but in other cases, they are illegally made and distributed. The use of unregulated synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe side effects and potential health risks, including long-term health complications and death.
You should avoid cannabinoid use if you:
The health risks and concerns associated with cannabinoid use in these populations may vary, but in some cases, the benefits may outweigh the risks. You should consult with your healthcare provider to determine if cannabinoid use is safe and appropriate.
The legal status of cannabinoids, particularly THC and CBD, is a complex and evolving topic, as laws and regulationscan vary greatly across the United States.Of note, it is technically illegal under federal law.
There are protocols in place for cannabinoid use in research. Researchers must work with the FDA to submit the proper applications and documentation.
Depending on the particular state, whether or not CBD products are legal depends on whether it is hemp-derived or cannabis-derived.Regardless of the source, products containing THC or CBDcannot be sold legally as dietary supplements.
It is important to be aware of the laws regarding cannabinoid use in your state and places you may travel to.
Summary
Cannabinoids are found in the cannabis sativa plant and include hundreds of compounds, including the two most common types, THC and CBD.
Cannabinoids can help regulate mood, memory, appetite, and pain. THC is mainly responsible for the mind-altering effects that are commonly associated with cannabis use. CBD is known for its therapeutic benefits without impacting the mental state or causing a high.
Understanding cannabinoids and their effects is crucial for navigating the complex landscape of cannabis-based therapies and supplements.
Discuss the risks and benefits of cannabinoid use with your healthcare provider to help determine whether a cannabinoid-based therapy may be an appropriate treatment option for you.
12 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Cannabis (marijuana) and cannabinoids: what you need to know.Bridgeman MB, Abazia DT.Medicinal cannabis: history, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting.P&T.2017;42(3):180-188.Gottschling S, Ayonrinde O, Bhaskar A, et al.Safety considerations in cannabinoid-based medicine.Int J Gen Med. 2020;13:1317-1333. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S275049National Cancer Institute.Cannabis and cannabinoids (PDQ®)–health professional version.Atakan Z.Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2012;2(6):241-254. doi:10.1177/2045125312457586Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Health effects of marijuana.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.FDA and cannabis: research and drug approval process.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Cannabis (marijuana) drug facts.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Synthetic cannabinoids.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD).Department of Justice/Drug Enforcement Administration.Marijuana/cannabis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CBD: what you need to know.
12 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Cannabis (marijuana) and cannabinoids: what you need to know.Bridgeman MB, Abazia DT.Medicinal cannabis: history, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting.P&T.2017;42(3):180-188.Gottschling S, Ayonrinde O, Bhaskar A, et al.Safety considerations in cannabinoid-based medicine.Int J Gen Med. 2020;13:1317-1333. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S275049National Cancer Institute.Cannabis and cannabinoids (PDQ®)–health professional version.Atakan Z.Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2012;2(6):241-254. doi:10.1177/2045125312457586Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Health effects of marijuana.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.FDA and cannabis: research and drug approval process.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Cannabis (marijuana) drug facts.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Synthetic cannabinoids.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD).Department of Justice/Drug Enforcement Administration.Marijuana/cannabis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CBD: what you need to know.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Cannabis (marijuana) and cannabinoids: what you need to know.Bridgeman MB, Abazia DT.Medicinal cannabis: history, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting.P&T.2017;42(3):180-188.Gottschling S, Ayonrinde O, Bhaskar A, et al.Safety considerations in cannabinoid-based medicine.Int J Gen Med. 2020;13:1317-1333. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S275049National Cancer Institute.Cannabis and cannabinoids (PDQ®)–health professional version.Atakan Z.Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2012;2(6):241-254. doi:10.1177/2045125312457586Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Health effects of marijuana.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.FDA and cannabis: research and drug approval process.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Cannabis (marijuana) drug facts.National Institute on Drug Abuse.Synthetic cannabinoids.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD).Department of Justice/Drug Enforcement Administration.Marijuana/cannabis.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CBD: what you need to know.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Cannabis (marijuana) and cannabinoids: what you need to know.
Bridgeman MB, Abazia DT.Medicinal cannabis: history, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting.P&T.2017;42(3):180-188.
Gottschling S, Ayonrinde O, Bhaskar A, et al.Safety considerations in cannabinoid-based medicine.Int J Gen Med. 2020;13:1317-1333. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S275049
National Cancer Institute.Cannabis and cannabinoids (PDQ®)–health professional version.
Atakan Z.Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2012;2(6):241-254. doi:10.1177/2045125312457586
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Health effects of marijuana.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration.FDA and cannabis: research and drug approval process.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Cannabis (marijuana) drug facts.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Synthetic cannabinoids.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration.FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD).
Department of Justice/Drug Enforcement Administration.Marijuana/cannabis.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CBD: what you need to know.
Meet Our Medical Expert Board
Share Feedback
Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
Was this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
What is your feedback?
