Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsEarly SymptomsSymptomsFlaresSeeing a RheumatologistManaging Undiagnosed RATreatment
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Early Symptoms
Symptoms
Flares
Seeing a Rheumatologist
Managing Undiagnosed RA
Treatment
Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is anautoimmune diseasethat primarily affects the joints but can also affect other body areas, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and nerves. It will affect the same joints on both sides of the body, with the hands and wrists as the most affected joints.
RA causes the joints to be swollen, tender, and stiff. Additional symptoms include fatigue and fever. Symptoms of RA typically come on gradually and will worsen over weeks and months. They will improve over time with treatment.
This article will cover early RA symptoms, common and uncommon symptoms, flare-ups, getting a diagnosis, and more.
How Do Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms Start?
RA symptoms occur because theimmune systemmistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues.Researchers don’t know what starts this process, but they suspect genetics and different environmental factors play a part.
For many people, RA symptoms may start in one joint, but it almost always affects multiple joints in a symmetrical fashion. It can affect the fingers, hands, wrists, toes, feet, and ankles. Symptoms of RA often start between the ages of 20 and 50, but they can also affect young children and older adults.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Age of Onset
Location
The earliest signs of RA will come gradually and sometimes before joint pain and stiffness become evident. These early signs are systemic (affecting the entire body) in nature and include fatigue, low-grade fever, weight loss, andmalaise.
Fatigue is the body’s response toinflammation. Mostpeople with RA experience fatigueand find it to be one of the most challenging symptoms of the condition.
Low-grade feversare the earliest subtle signs of RA and are considered a feature of systemic inflammation.Normal body temperature is between 97 and 99 degrees F, and a low-grade fever ranges from 100.4 to 102.2 degrees F.
Weight loss in RA is related to other disease symptoms. For example, early symptoms of RA include appetite loss and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms can lead to unintentional weight loss. Weight loss once on treatment can also occur.
A 2016Arthritis & Rheumatologystudy found that people with RA who took thedisease-modifying antirheumatic drug(DMARD) Arava (leflunomide) to treat RA were more likely to experience weight loss compared to other treatments, includingmethotrexateandprednisone.
Malaiseis a general feeling of unwellness.It occurs because your immune system is attacking healthy tissues, which leads to inflammation, pain, and swelling in the joints and body tissues.
Early joint symptoms include pain with the movement of small joints, such as the fingers of the hands. Pain and stiffness in RA will affect the same joints on both sides of the body, although that may not always be the case early on.
Morning stiffnessis another early sign of RA. You might find your joints stiff and immobile when you first wake up. Stiffness will last 30 or more minutes and improve as you move and warm up your joints.Morning stiffness can affect any of your joints, but it most commonly affects the hands, feet, and knees.
Feeling
Joint pain in early RA starts as mild and intermittent discomfort. When RA flares up, the joints will swell up due to the thickening of thesynovium(joint lining).
The most commonly affected joints in RA are:
Joint symptoms in RA can occur with rest and movement. Symptoms include joint swelling, burning sensations around joints, and warmth and redness around affected joints.
Joint stiffness may interfere with daily activity, including activities that require coordination (buttoning clothing) and grip (holding a comb). If your knees, ankles, or feet are swollen, walking and standing might be painful and increase fall risk.
Systemic symptoms like fatigue, fever, and malaise can present with RA inflammation and joint symptoms.These symptoms tend to show up before joint inflammation and vary throughout the day and from day to day. People who experience a low-grade fever might also feel cold and sweaty and have headaches, body aches, loss of appetite, or flushed skin.
RA fatigue can be quite severe and debilitating, and it affects up to 75% of people with RA.Fatigue linked to RA inflammation is more than just being tired. It causes you to feel depleted mentally and physically.
When RA progresses, it can lead to inflammation in other body areas, including:
Effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis Throughout the Entire Body
Common and Uncommon RA Symptoms
The symptoms of RA vary in severity and may come and go. You may experience periods offlare-ups, when symptoms are present, and periods ofremission, when symptoms ease.
Common RA symptoms are:
RA is also known for causing symptoms called extra-articular manifestations. These symptoms affect other body areas and result fromongoing, uncontrolled inflammation.
Such symptoms include:
12 Unusual Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Flares: When RA Symptoms Get Worse
Most flares can be managed with rest, medication, and home remedies, such as hot and cold therapies.
Getting a Rheumatologist Referral to Diagnose Symptoms
Seeing arheumatologistis essential if your joints have been sore and stiff for several weeks. A rheumatologist is a medical doctor (M.D.) specializing in musculoskeletal and autoimmune joint disorders.
Your insurance company might require a referral from your primary care provider. You will want to check their referral requirements and what your plan will pay for visits and treatments.
You’ll want to prepare for your visit with the rheumatologist in the following ways:
Conditions That Mimic RARA shares many symptoms with other conditions, including joint infections, inflammatory diseases, other autoimmune diseases, and other types of arthritis.Part of confirming a diagnosis of RA requires ruling out conditions that mimic the condition. Your healthcare provider will order different tests, including blood work and imaging, to pinpoint the source of your symptoms and exclude other conditions that cause similar symptoms.Some conditions that mimic RA are:BursitisFibromyalgiaLyme diseaseOsteoarthritisPolymyalgia rheumaticaPsoriatic arthritisSarcoidosisSjögren’s syndromeYou should contact a healthcare provider if you experience joint symptoms or symptoms of fatigue, fever, or malaise that last longer than a few weeks.
Conditions That Mimic RA
RA shares many symptoms with other conditions, including joint infections, inflammatory diseases, other autoimmune diseases, and other types of arthritis.Part of confirming a diagnosis of RA requires ruling out conditions that mimic the condition. Your healthcare provider will order different tests, including blood work and imaging, to pinpoint the source of your symptoms and exclude other conditions that cause similar symptoms.Some conditions that mimic RA are:BursitisFibromyalgiaLyme diseaseOsteoarthritisPolymyalgia rheumaticaPsoriatic arthritisSarcoidosisSjögren’s syndromeYou should contact a healthcare provider if you experience joint symptoms or symptoms of fatigue, fever, or malaise that last longer than a few weeks.
RA shares many symptoms with other conditions, including joint infections, inflammatory diseases, other autoimmune diseases, and other types of arthritis.
Part of confirming a diagnosis of RA requires ruling out conditions that mimic the condition. Your healthcare provider will order different tests, including blood work and imaging, to pinpoint the source of your symptoms and exclude other conditions that cause similar symptoms.
Some conditions that mimic RA are:
You should contact a healthcare provider if you experience joint symptoms or symptoms of fatigue, fever, or malaise that last longer than a few weeks.
How to Manage Undiagnosed RA Symptoms
RA inflammation can lead to severe joint damage. Treatment is vital to slowing down joint damage and improving health outcomes, but getting a diagnosis can take some time.
If you are living with joint symptoms and awaiting an accurate diagnosis, you can take the following measures to manage joint symptoms:
Treatment Overview With Diagnosed RA Symptoms
RA is a progressive conditionthat will worsen over time. Fortunately, healthcare providers know the disease will go through stages if not adequately treated. They also know how to treat RA successfully.
Disease stages are:
The main goals of treating RA are to control inflammation, relieve pain, and reduce joint damage and disability.This typically involves a multifaceted approach that includes medications, physical and occupational therapies, and a variety of lifestyle changes.
Medications used to treat RA include:
Both physical and occupational therapies can help keep joints strong, flexible, and mobile. Anoccupational therapistcan help you find ways to protect your joints in daily life, including with the use of assistive devices.
Lifestyle therapies to help you manage RA include:
Surgery is considered a last resort treatment for managing RA. It is done to repair or replace damaged joints, manage pain, and improve joint function.
Summary
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints' synovial linings. While rare, it can also affect the skin, eyes, heart, lungs, and other organs and tissues throughout the body.
RA can affect any joint in the body but seems to mainly attack the small joints of the hands and wrists. Early symptoms of RA include fatigue, low-grade fever, weight loss, loss of appetite, malaise, and mild joint pain and stiffness. As the disease progresses, you will experience more severe symptoms.
People with RA will experience periods of flare-up and remission. That means you will not always be in pain and have disease symptoms.
Treating RA is vital to reduce the potential for joint damage and more severe symptoms, like skin rash, rheumatoid vasculitis, eye inflammation, and lung or heart problems. Your primary care provider can refer you to a rheumatologist who can provide an accurate diagnosis and get you on a treatment plan.
21 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Rheumatoid arthritis basics.Ruffing V, Bingham CO. Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center.Rheumatoid arthritis signs and symptoms.Choy EH, Dures E.Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatology(Oxford). 2019;58(Suppl 5):v1-v2. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez314Taylor PC.Update on the diagnosis and management of early rheumatoid arthritis.Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(6):561-564. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0727OSF HealthCare.What’s considered a fever and when to see a doctor.Baker JF, Sauer BC, Cannon GW, et al.Changes in body mass related to the initiation of disease-modifying therapies in rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(8):1818-1827. doi:10.1002/art.39647Medline Plus.Malaise.Bullock J, Rizvi SAA, Saleh AM, et al.Rheumatoid arthritis: a brief overview of the treatment.Med Princ Pract.2018;27(6):501-507. doi:10.1159/000493390Krijbolder DI, Wouters F, van Mulligen E, van der Helm-van Mil AHM.Morning stiffness precedes the development ofrheumatoid arthritis and associates with systemic and subclinical joint inflammation in arthralgia patients.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):2113-2118. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab651Jutley GS, Latif ZP, Raza K.Symptoms in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis.Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(1):59-70. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.016Pope JE.Management of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.RMD Open. 2020;6(1):e001084. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001084Conforti A, Di Cola I, Pavlych V, Ruscitti P, Berardicurti O, Ursini F, Giacomelli R, Cipriani P.Beyond the joints, the extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis.Autoimmun Rev.2021;20(2):102735. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102735Figus FA, Piga M, Azzolin I, McConnell R, Iagnocco A.Rheumatoid arthritis: extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities.Autoimmun Rev.2021;20(4):102776. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102776.Lwin MN, Serhal L, Holroyd C, Edwards CJ.Rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of mental health on disease: a narrative review.Rheumatol Ther. 2020;7(3):457-471. doi:10.1007/s40744-020-00217-4Cheng BR, Chen JQ, Zhang XW, et al.Cardiovascular safety of celecoxib in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261239Meyer PW, Anderson R, Ker JA, Ally MT.Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of cardiovascular disease.Cardiovasc J Afr. 2018;29(5):317-321. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2018-018Vadell AKE, Bärebring L, Hulander E, Gjertsson I, Lindqvist HM, Winkvist A.Anti-inflammatory Diet In Rheumatoid Arthritis (ADIRA)-a randomized, controlled crossover trial indicating effects on disease activity.Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(6):1203-1213. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa019Hospital for Special Surgery.Reducing side effects of NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen.Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D, Nossent J, Pavlos NJ, Xu J.Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies.Bone Res. 2018;6:15. doi:10.1038/s41413-018-0016-9Babaahmadi M, Tayebi B, Gholipour NM, et al.Rheumatoid arthritis: the old issue, the new therapeutic approach.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):268. doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03473-7Radu AF, Bungau SG.Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview.Cells. 2021;10(11):2857. doi:10.3390/cells10112857
21 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Rheumatoid arthritis basics.Ruffing V, Bingham CO. Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center.Rheumatoid arthritis signs and symptoms.Choy EH, Dures E.Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatology(Oxford). 2019;58(Suppl 5):v1-v2. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez314Taylor PC.Update on the diagnosis and management of early rheumatoid arthritis.Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(6):561-564. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0727OSF HealthCare.What’s considered a fever and when to see a doctor.Baker JF, Sauer BC, Cannon GW, et al.Changes in body mass related to the initiation of disease-modifying therapies in rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(8):1818-1827. doi:10.1002/art.39647Medline Plus.Malaise.Bullock J, Rizvi SAA, Saleh AM, et al.Rheumatoid arthritis: a brief overview of the treatment.Med Princ Pract.2018;27(6):501-507. doi:10.1159/000493390Krijbolder DI, Wouters F, van Mulligen E, van der Helm-van Mil AHM.Morning stiffness precedes the development ofrheumatoid arthritis and associates with systemic and subclinical joint inflammation in arthralgia patients.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):2113-2118. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab651Jutley GS, Latif ZP, Raza K.Symptoms in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis.Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(1):59-70. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.016Pope JE.Management of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.RMD Open. 2020;6(1):e001084. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001084Conforti A, Di Cola I, Pavlych V, Ruscitti P, Berardicurti O, Ursini F, Giacomelli R, Cipriani P.Beyond the joints, the extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis.Autoimmun Rev.2021;20(2):102735. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102735Figus FA, Piga M, Azzolin I, McConnell R, Iagnocco A.Rheumatoid arthritis: extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities.Autoimmun Rev.2021;20(4):102776. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102776.Lwin MN, Serhal L, Holroyd C, Edwards CJ.Rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of mental health on disease: a narrative review.Rheumatol Ther. 2020;7(3):457-471. doi:10.1007/s40744-020-00217-4Cheng BR, Chen JQ, Zhang XW, et al.Cardiovascular safety of celecoxib in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261239Meyer PW, Anderson R, Ker JA, Ally MT.Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of cardiovascular disease.Cardiovasc J Afr. 2018;29(5):317-321. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2018-018Vadell AKE, Bärebring L, Hulander E, Gjertsson I, Lindqvist HM, Winkvist A.Anti-inflammatory Diet In Rheumatoid Arthritis (ADIRA)-a randomized, controlled crossover trial indicating effects on disease activity.Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(6):1203-1213. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa019Hospital for Special Surgery.Reducing side effects of NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen.Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D, Nossent J, Pavlos NJ, Xu J.Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies.Bone Res. 2018;6:15. doi:10.1038/s41413-018-0016-9Babaahmadi M, Tayebi B, Gholipour NM, et al.Rheumatoid arthritis: the old issue, the new therapeutic approach.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):268. doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03473-7Radu AF, Bungau SG.Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview.Cells. 2021;10(11):2857. doi:10.3390/cells10112857
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Rheumatoid arthritis basics.Ruffing V, Bingham CO. Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center.Rheumatoid arthritis signs and symptoms.Choy EH, Dures E.Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatology(Oxford). 2019;58(Suppl 5):v1-v2. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez314Taylor PC.Update on the diagnosis and management of early rheumatoid arthritis.Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(6):561-564. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0727OSF HealthCare.What’s considered a fever and when to see a doctor.Baker JF, Sauer BC, Cannon GW, et al.Changes in body mass related to the initiation of disease-modifying therapies in rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(8):1818-1827. doi:10.1002/art.39647Medline Plus.Malaise.Bullock J, Rizvi SAA, Saleh AM, et al.Rheumatoid arthritis: a brief overview of the treatment.Med Princ Pract.2018;27(6):501-507. doi:10.1159/000493390Krijbolder DI, Wouters F, van Mulligen E, van der Helm-van Mil AHM.Morning stiffness precedes the development ofrheumatoid arthritis and associates with systemic and subclinical joint inflammation in arthralgia patients.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):2113-2118. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab651Jutley GS, Latif ZP, Raza K.Symptoms in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis.Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(1):59-70. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.016Pope JE.Management of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.RMD Open. 2020;6(1):e001084. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001084Conforti A, Di Cola I, Pavlych V, Ruscitti P, Berardicurti O, Ursini F, Giacomelli R, Cipriani P.Beyond the joints, the extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis.Autoimmun Rev.2021;20(2):102735. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102735Figus FA, Piga M, Azzolin I, McConnell R, Iagnocco A.Rheumatoid arthritis: extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities.Autoimmun Rev.2021;20(4):102776. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102776.Lwin MN, Serhal L, Holroyd C, Edwards CJ.Rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of mental health on disease: a narrative review.Rheumatol Ther. 2020;7(3):457-471. doi:10.1007/s40744-020-00217-4Cheng BR, Chen JQ, Zhang XW, et al.Cardiovascular safety of celecoxib in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261239Meyer PW, Anderson R, Ker JA, Ally MT.Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of cardiovascular disease.Cardiovasc J Afr. 2018;29(5):317-321. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2018-018Vadell AKE, Bärebring L, Hulander E, Gjertsson I, Lindqvist HM, Winkvist A.Anti-inflammatory Diet In Rheumatoid Arthritis (ADIRA)-a randomized, controlled crossover trial indicating effects on disease activity.Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(6):1203-1213. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa019Hospital for Special Surgery.Reducing side effects of NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen.Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D, Nossent J, Pavlos NJ, Xu J.Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies.Bone Res. 2018;6:15. doi:10.1038/s41413-018-0016-9Babaahmadi M, Tayebi B, Gholipour NM, et al.Rheumatoid arthritis: the old issue, the new therapeutic approach.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):268. doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03473-7Radu AF, Bungau SG.Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview.Cells. 2021;10(11):2857. doi:10.3390/cells10112857
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Rheumatoid arthritis basics.
Ruffing V, Bingham CO. Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center.Rheumatoid arthritis signs and symptoms.
Choy EH, Dures E.Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.Rheumatology(Oxford). 2019;58(Suppl 5):v1-v2. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez314
Taylor PC.Update on the diagnosis and management of early rheumatoid arthritis.Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(6):561-564. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0727
OSF HealthCare.What’s considered a fever and when to see a doctor.
Baker JF, Sauer BC, Cannon GW, et al.Changes in body mass related to the initiation of disease-modifying therapies in rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(8):1818-1827. doi:10.1002/art.39647
Medline Plus.Malaise.
Bullock J, Rizvi SAA, Saleh AM, et al.Rheumatoid arthritis: a brief overview of the treatment.Med Princ Pract.2018;27(6):501-507. doi:10.1159/000493390
Krijbolder DI, Wouters F, van Mulligen E, van der Helm-van Mil AHM.Morning stiffness precedes the development ofrheumatoid arthritis and associates with systemic and subclinical joint inflammation in arthralgia patients.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):2113-2118. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab651
Jutley GS, Latif ZP, Raza K.Symptoms in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis.Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(1):59-70. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.016
Pope JE.Management of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.RMD Open. 2020;6(1):e001084. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001084
Conforti A, Di Cola I, Pavlych V, Ruscitti P, Berardicurti O, Ursini F, Giacomelli R, Cipriani P.Beyond the joints, the extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis.Autoimmun Rev.2021;20(2):102735. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102735
Figus FA, Piga M, Azzolin I, McConnell R, Iagnocco A.Rheumatoid arthritis: extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities.Autoimmun Rev.2021;20(4):102776. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102776.
Lwin MN, Serhal L, Holroyd C, Edwards CJ.Rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of mental health on disease: a narrative review.Rheumatol Ther. 2020;7(3):457-471. doi:10.1007/s40744-020-00217-4
Cheng BR, Chen JQ, Zhang XW, et al.Cardiovascular safety of celecoxib in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS One. 2021;16(12):e0261239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261239
Meyer PW, Anderson R, Ker JA, Ally MT.Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of cardiovascular disease.Cardiovasc J Afr. 2018;29(5):317-321. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2018-018
Vadell AKE, Bärebring L, Hulander E, Gjertsson I, Lindqvist HM, Winkvist A.Anti-inflammatory Diet In Rheumatoid Arthritis (ADIRA)-a randomized, controlled crossover trial indicating effects on disease activity.Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(6):1203-1213. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa019
Hospital for Special Surgery.Reducing side effects of NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen.
Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D, Nossent J, Pavlos NJ, Xu J.Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies.Bone Res. 2018;6:15. doi:10.1038/s41413-018-0016-9
Babaahmadi M, Tayebi B, Gholipour NM, et al.Rheumatoid arthritis: the old issue, the new therapeutic approach.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):268. doi:10.1186/s13287-023-03473-7
Radu AF, Bungau SG.Management of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview.Cells. 2021;10(11):2857. doi:10.3390/cells10112857
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