Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsBenefitsSourcesDosageInteractionsContraindications
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Benefits
Sources
Dosage
Interactions
Contraindications
Lysine is an essential amino acid found in both plant- and animal-based foods that are high in protein. Lysine supplements have been studied for potential health benefits, including cold sore treatment, improved blood sugar control, wound healing, and anxiety and stress management.
However, more research is needed to confirm the effects of lysine supplementation. Healthcare providers generally recommend getting lysine through your diet before turning to supplements.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
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Lysine Benefits
Lysine is an essential amino acid your body uses to make proteins and repair muscles. The body can’t make lysine, so you must obtain it in foods or supplements. Lysine helps produce a nutrient that converts fatty acids into energy—but, unlike many claims on the internet, spot reduction of fat is not possible.
Alternatively, limited research suggests that lysine supplements may help with:
Before starting lysine supplements, talk with a healthcare provider to ensure they’re safe for you.
May Help Cold Sores Heal
For example, a 2015 review did not find enough evidence to support claims that lysine can relieve cold sores.Yet, a later study found that oral lysine supplementation of at least 3 grams per day shortened the duration and intensity of symptoms.
More research needs to be done to assess lysine’s effects on other viral infections.
Might Reduce Stress and Anxiety
Lysine has been shown to reduce the level of stress hormones, like cortisol, in the body and thus reduce anxiety. One study found lower stress levels in people who consumed lysine-fortified foods for three months.
Another found a reduction of stress-induced anxiety and basal levels of stress hormones in subjects with high trait anxiety after week-long oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine.
In addition to mental health, increased cortisol levels have been linked to anaccumulation of body fat, especially in the belly. As with any supplementation, consult a medical provider before using supplements for any purpose.
Of course, research on lysine’s effectiveness against anxiety and stress is limited, as many of the existing studies are small and don’t include many participants.
May Improve Schizophrenia Symptoms
Lysine shows promise as a complementary treatment for schizophrenia. For example, a 2014 study showed that schizophrenia symptoms decreased more for people who took an 8-week course of L-lysine with risperidone (a medication used to treat schizophrenia). However, the safety and efficacy of higher doses and longer-term use of L-lysine are still uncertain.
May Lower Blood Sugar
A small study found that high doses of lysine taken with glucose resulted in small decreases in blood sugar. Researchers suspect that lysine supplementation may help with insulin secretion or glucose removal from the blood.However, more research is needed.
May Aid Calcium Absorption
A 2018 study hinted that calcium lysinate (a compound of calcium and lysine) may be an effective dietary calcium supplement for people withosteopenia. However, the study had only 18 participants.
In another study, lysine supplementation prevented bone loss in rats.Further research is needed to see whether there are similar benefits for people.
Might Enhance Wound Healing
Lysine has been shown to enhance blood supply and target growth factors, leading to improved wound healing. In a small study, 15% lysine cream significantly improved the healing of foot ulcers in people with diabetes, but researchers noted that more extensive studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Food
The best way to ensure you’re getting enough lysine in your diet is to eat a variety of protein foods from both animal and plant sources.
Non-vegan food sources of lysine include:
Vegan food sources of lysine include:
Supplements
Lysine supplements are available in various forms, including:
The right form of supplement for you depends on personal preferences. If you prefer vegan orgluten-freesupplements, check the label.
Topical lysine (cream) is also available but only in combination form. This means lysine creams may include other ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, and other substances.
Most people get enough lysine (generally, 35 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) through diet,so no standard recommended dosage for supplementation has been established. Dosing will depend on different factors, especially for children (as dosages will depend on body weight)—so be sure to talk to a healthcare provider before lysine supplementation.
Studies on lysine supplements for cold sores used doses from 300 milligrams to 3 grams per day.Other studies evaluating lysine supplements have used even higher amounts.
Talk with your healthcare provider before starting lysine supplements. They can determine the best dosage for you and answer any questions.
What Happens if You Take Too Much?
Lysine is considered a safe, non-toxic supplement. There is no maximum dose because the side effects of taking large amounts are not severe. However, some researchers suggest taking no more than 6 grams of lysine per day.
Common side effects of large lysine supplement doses include:
Typically, they don’t last long and can be treated at home. However, if you experience long-term side effects from taking oral lysine, visit your healthcare provider.
Severe side effects are rare but possible.Kidney failureand gallstones have been reported from taking too much lysine.
Taking a large dose ofarginine(another amino acid) with lysine may interfere with lysine absorption. This is because some receptors in your body prefer arginine over lysine.
Likewise, lysine may increase the amount of calcium your body absorbs.Taking calcium and lysine together can lead tohypercalcemia(too much calcium in the body).
Carefully read a supplement’s ingredient list and nutrition facts panel to determine the type and amount of each ingredient.
Who Shouldn’t Take Lysine Supplements?
Some people should avoid taking lysine supplements, including those who:
Before taking any new supplements, talk to your healthcare provider.
Summary
Lysine is an essential amino acid that’s readily available in high-protein foods such as meat, nuts, beans, and eggs. Oral supplements are available, but healthcare providers usually recommend a food-first approach.
Some research suggests that lysine supplements may help treat conditions such as cold sores and anxiety. More research is needed to determine the full extent of lysine’s safety and efficacy, however.
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Mount Sinai Health System.Lysine.Singh M, Rao DM, Pande S, et al.Medicinal uses of l-lysine: past and future.Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2011;2:637–642.Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS.A narrative review of alternative symptomatic treatments for herpes simplex virus.Viruses. 2023;15(6):1314. doi:10.3390/v15061314Mailoo VJ, Rampes S.Lysine for herpes simplex prophylaxis: A review of the evidence.Integr Med. 2017;16(3):42-46.Smriga M, Ando T, Akutsu M, et al.Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans.Biomed Res. 2007;28(2):85-90. doi:10.2220/biomedres.28.85Zeinoddini A, Ahadi M, Farokhnia M, Rezaei F, Tabrizi M, Akhondzadeh S.L-lysine as an adjunct to risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2014;59:125-131. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.016Ullrich SS, Fitzgerald PC, Nkamba I, Steinert RE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C.Intragastric lysine lowers the circulating glucose and insulin responses to a mixed-nutrient drink without slowing gastric emptying in healthy adults.J Nutr. 2017;147(7):1275-1281. doi:10.3945/jn.117.252213Shankar K, M S, Raizada P, Jain R.A randomized open-label clinical study comparing the efficacy, safety, and bioavailability of calcium lysinate with calcium carbonate and calcium citrate malate in osteopenia patients.J Orthop Case Rep. 2018 Jul-Aug;8(4):15-19. doi: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.1138Shashikumara S, Jayaraman V, Chikkegowda P, et al.Efficacy of 15% lysine cream in treating diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized interventional study.Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2023;15(3):88-97.Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS.A narrative review of alternative symptomatic treatments for herpes simplex virus.Viruses. 2023;15(6):1314. doi:10.3390/v15061314Pedrazini MC, da Silva MH, Groppo FC.L-lysine: Its antagonism with L-arginine in controlling viral infection. Narrative literature review.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(11):4708-4723. doi:10.1111/bcp.15444Smriga M, Ghosh S, Mouneimne Y, Pellett PL, Scrimshaw NS.Lysine fortification reduces anxiety and lessens stress in family members in economically weak communities in Northwest Syria.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(22):8285-8288. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402550101Shimomura A, Matsui I, Hamano T, et al.Dietary l-lysine prevents arterial calcification in adenine-induced uremic rats.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(9):1954-1965. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013090967.Larson A, Goodman S. Glutaric Acidemia Type 1. 2019 Sep 19. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024.Table 5. [Nutritional Requirements for L-lysine, L-Carnitine,…].Brestenský M.Wheat germs and their protein quality for human nutrition. NFSIJ. 2019;8(5). doi: 10.19080/NFSIJ.2019.08.555746Raczyk M, Polanowska K, Kruszewski B, et al.Effect of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)supplementation on physical and chemical properties of semolina (Triticum durum) based fresh pasta.Molecules. 2022 Jan 6;27(2):355. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020355Allowances NRC (US) S on the TE of the RD.Protein and Amino Acids.National Academies Press(US). 1989.National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023).Amino Acids. In Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets.Cynober L, Bier DM, Stover P, et al.Proposals for upper limits of safe intake for methionine, histidine, and lysine in healthy humans,J Nutr.2020. 150(1):2606S-2608S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa231Hayamizu K, Oshima I, Nakano M.Comprehensive safety assessment of l-lysine supplementation from clinical studies: A systematic review.J Nutr. 2020;150(Suppl 1):2561S-2569S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa218Xiao CW, Hendry A, Kenney L, Bertinato J.L-Lysine supplementation affects dietary protein quality and growth and serum amino acid concentrations in rats.Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19943. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47321-3Liang B, Shi X, Wang X, et al.Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1360959. Published 2024 Mar 19. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1360959Liang B, Shi X, Wang X, et al.Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1360959. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1360959Noguchi A, Takahashi T.Overview of symptoms and treatment for lysinuric protein intolerance.J Hum Genet. 2019;64(9):849-858. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0620-6
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Mount Sinai Health System.Lysine.Singh M, Rao DM, Pande S, et al.Medicinal uses of l-lysine: past and future.Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2011;2:637–642.Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS.A narrative review of alternative symptomatic treatments for herpes simplex virus.Viruses. 2023;15(6):1314. doi:10.3390/v15061314Mailoo VJ, Rampes S.Lysine for herpes simplex prophylaxis: A review of the evidence.Integr Med. 2017;16(3):42-46.Smriga M, Ando T, Akutsu M, et al.Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans.Biomed Res. 2007;28(2):85-90. doi:10.2220/biomedres.28.85Zeinoddini A, Ahadi M, Farokhnia M, Rezaei F, Tabrizi M, Akhondzadeh S.L-lysine as an adjunct to risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2014;59:125-131. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.016Ullrich SS, Fitzgerald PC, Nkamba I, Steinert RE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C.Intragastric lysine lowers the circulating glucose and insulin responses to a mixed-nutrient drink without slowing gastric emptying in healthy adults.J Nutr. 2017;147(7):1275-1281. doi:10.3945/jn.117.252213Shankar K, M S, Raizada P, Jain R.A randomized open-label clinical study comparing the efficacy, safety, and bioavailability of calcium lysinate with calcium carbonate and calcium citrate malate in osteopenia patients.J Orthop Case Rep. 2018 Jul-Aug;8(4):15-19. doi: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.1138Shashikumara S, Jayaraman V, Chikkegowda P, et al.Efficacy of 15% lysine cream in treating diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized interventional study.Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2023;15(3):88-97.Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS.A narrative review of alternative symptomatic treatments for herpes simplex virus.Viruses. 2023;15(6):1314. doi:10.3390/v15061314Pedrazini MC, da Silva MH, Groppo FC.L-lysine: Its antagonism with L-arginine in controlling viral infection. Narrative literature review.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(11):4708-4723. doi:10.1111/bcp.15444Smriga M, Ghosh S, Mouneimne Y, Pellett PL, Scrimshaw NS.Lysine fortification reduces anxiety and lessens stress in family members in economically weak communities in Northwest Syria.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(22):8285-8288. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402550101Shimomura A, Matsui I, Hamano T, et al.Dietary l-lysine prevents arterial calcification in adenine-induced uremic rats.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(9):1954-1965. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013090967.Larson A, Goodman S. Glutaric Acidemia Type 1. 2019 Sep 19. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024.Table 5. [Nutritional Requirements for L-lysine, L-Carnitine,…].Brestenský M.Wheat germs and their protein quality for human nutrition. NFSIJ. 2019;8(5). doi: 10.19080/NFSIJ.2019.08.555746Raczyk M, Polanowska K, Kruszewski B, et al.Effect of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)supplementation on physical and chemical properties of semolina (Triticum durum) based fresh pasta.Molecules. 2022 Jan 6;27(2):355. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020355Allowances NRC (US) S on the TE of the RD.Protein and Amino Acids.National Academies Press(US). 1989.National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023).Amino Acids. In Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets.Cynober L, Bier DM, Stover P, et al.Proposals for upper limits of safe intake for methionine, histidine, and lysine in healthy humans,J Nutr.2020. 150(1):2606S-2608S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa231Hayamizu K, Oshima I, Nakano M.Comprehensive safety assessment of l-lysine supplementation from clinical studies: A systematic review.J Nutr. 2020;150(Suppl 1):2561S-2569S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa218Xiao CW, Hendry A, Kenney L, Bertinato J.L-Lysine supplementation affects dietary protein quality and growth and serum amino acid concentrations in rats.Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19943. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47321-3Liang B, Shi X, Wang X, et al.Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1360959. Published 2024 Mar 19. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1360959Liang B, Shi X, Wang X, et al.Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1360959. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1360959Noguchi A, Takahashi T.Overview of symptoms and treatment for lysinuric protein intolerance.J Hum Genet. 2019;64(9):849-858. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0620-6
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Mount Sinai Health System.Lysine.Singh M, Rao DM, Pande S, et al.Medicinal uses of l-lysine: past and future.Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2011;2:637–642.Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS.A narrative review of alternative symptomatic treatments for herpes simplex virus.Viruses. 2023;15(6):1314. doi:10.3390/v15061314Mailoo VJ, Rampes S.Lysine for herpes simplex prophylaxis: A review of the evidence.Integr Med. 2017;16(3):42-46.Smriga M, Ando T, Akutsu M, et al.Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans.Biomed Res. 2007;28(2):85-90. doi:10.2220/biomedres.28.85Zeinoddini A, Ahadi M, Farokhnia M, Rezaei F, Tabrizi M, Akhondzadeh S.L-lysine as an adjunct to risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2014;59:125-131. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.016Ullrich SS, Fitzgerald PC, Nkamba I, Steinert RE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C.Intragastric lysine lowers the circulating glucose and insulin responses to a mixed-nutrient drink without slowing gastric emptying in healthy adults.J Nutr. 2017;147(7):1275-1281. doi:10.3945/jn.117.252213Shankar K, M S, Raizada P, Jain R.A randomized open-label clinical study comparing the efficacy, safety, and bioavailability of calcium lysinate with calcium carbonate and calcium citrate malate in osteopenia patients.J Orthop Case Rep. 2018 Jul-Aug;8(4):15-19. doi: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.1138Shashikumara S, Jayaraman V, Chikkegowda P, et al.Efficacy of 15% lysine cream in treating diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized interventional study.Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2023;15(3):88-97.Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS.A narrative review of alternative symptomatic treatments for herpes simplex virus.Viruses. 2023;15(6):1314. doi:10.3390/v15061314Pedrazini MC, da Silva MH, Groppo FC.L-lysine: Its antagonism with L-arginine in controlling viral infection. Narrative literature review.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(11):4708-4723. doi:10.1111/bcp.15444Smriga M, Ghosh S, Mouneimne Y, Pellett PL, Scrimshaw NS.Lysine fortification reduces anxiety and lessens stress in family members in economically weak communities in Northwest Syria.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(22):8285-8288. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402550101Shimomura A, Matsui I, Hamano T, et al.Dietary l-lysine prevents arterial calcification in adenine-induced uremic rats.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(9):1954-1965. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013090967.Larson A, Goodman S. Glutaric Acidemia Type 1. 2019 Sep 19. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024.Table 5. [Nutritional Requirements for L-lysine, L-Carnitine,…].Brestenský M.Wheat germs and their protein quality for human nutrition. NFSIJ. 2019;8(5). doi: 10.19080/NFSIJ.2019.08.555746Raczyk M, Polanowska K, Kruszewski B, et al.Effect of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)supplementation on physical and chemical properties of semolina (Triticum durum) based fresh pasta.Molecules. 2022 Jan 6;27(2):355. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020355Allowances NRC (US) S on the TE of the RD.Protein and Amino Acids.National Academies Press(US). 1989.National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023).Amino Acids. In Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets.Cynober L, Bier DM, Stover P, et al.Proposals for upper limits of safe intake for methionine, histidine, and lysine in healthy humans,J Nutr.2020. 150(1):2606S-2608S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa231Hayamizu K, Oshima I, Nakano M.Comprehensive safety assessment of l-lysine supplementation from clinical studies: A systematic review.J Nutr. 2020;150(Suppl 1):2561S-2569S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa218Xiao CW, Hendry A, Kenney L, Bertinato J.L-Lysine supplementation affects dietary protein quality and growth and serum amino acid concentrations in rats.Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19943. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47321-3Liang B, Shi X, Wang X, et al.Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1360959. Published 2024 Mar 19. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1360959Liang B, Shi X, Wang X, et al.Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1360959. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1360959Noguchi A, Takahashi T.Overview of symptoms and treatment for lysinuric protein intolerance.J Hum Genet. 2019;64(9):849-858. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0620-6
Mount Sinai Health System.Lysine.
Singh M, Rao DM, Pande S, et al.Medicinal uses of l-lysine: past and future.Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2011;2:637–642.
Chang JY, Balch C, Puccio J, Oh HS.A narrative review of alternative symptomatic treatments for herpes simplex virus.Viruses. 2023;15(6):1314. doi:10.3390/v15061314
Mailoo VJ, Rampes S.Lysine for herpes simplex prophylaxis: A review of the evidence.Integr Med. 2017;16(3):42-46.
Smriga M, Ando T, Akutsu M, et al.Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans.Biomed Res. 2007;28(2):85-90. doi:10.2220/biomedres.28.85
Zeinoddini A, Ahadi M, Farokhnia M, Rezaei F, Tabrizi M, Akhondzadeh S.L-lysine as an adjunct to risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2014;59:125-131. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.016
Ullrich SS, Fitzgerald PC, Nkamba I, Steinert RE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C.Intragastric lysine lowers the circulating glucose and insulin responses to a mixed-nutrient drink without slowing gastric emptying in healthy adults.J Nutr. 2017;147(7):1275-1281. doi:10.3945/jn.117.252213
Shankar K, M S, Raizada P, Jain R.A randomized open-label clinical study comparing the efficacy, safety, and bioavailability of calcium lysinate with calcium carbonate and calcium citrate malate in osteopenia patients.J Orthop Case Rep. 2018 Jul-Aug;8(4):15-19. doi: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.1138
Shashikumara S, Jayaraman V, Chikkegowda P, et al.Efficacy of 15% lysine cream in treating diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized interventional study.Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2023;15(3):88-97.
Pedrazini MC, da Silva MH, Groppo FC.L-lysine: Its antagonism with L-arginine in controlling viral infection. Narrative literature review.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(11):4708-4723. doi:10.1111/bcp.15444
Smriga M, Ghosh S, Mouneimne Y, Pellett PL, Scrimshaw NS.Lysine fortification reduces anxiety and lessens stress in family members in economically weak communities in Northwest Syria.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(22):8285-8288. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402550101
Shimomura A, Matsui I, Hamano T, et al.Dietary l-lysine prevents arterial calcification in adenine-induced uremic rats.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25(9):1954-1965. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013090967.
Larson A, Goodman S. Glutaric Acidemia Type 1. 2019 Sep 19. In: Adam MP, Feldman J, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2024.Table 5. [Nutritional Requirements for L-lysine, L-Carnitine,…].
Brestenský M.Wheat germs and their protein quality for human nutrition. NFSIJ. 2019;8(5). doi: 10.19080/NFSIJ.2019.08.555746
Raczyk M, Polanowska K, Kruszewski B, et al.Effect of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)supplementation on physical and chemical properties of semolina (Triticum durum) based fresh pasta.Molecules. 2022 Jan 6;27(2):355. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020355
Allowances NRC (US) S on the TE of the RD.Protein and Amino Acids.National Academies Press(US). 1989.
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023).Amino Acids. In Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets.
Cynober L, Bier DM, Stover P, et al.Proposals for upper limits of safe intake for methionine, histidine, and lysine in healthy humans,J Nutr.2020. 150(1):2606S-2608S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa231
Hayamizu K, Oshima I, Nakano M.Comprehensive safety assessment of l-lysine supplementation from clinical studies: A systematic review.J Nutr. 2020;150(Suppl 1):2561S-2569S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa218
Xiao CW, Hendry A, Kenney L, Bertinato J.L-Lysine supplementation affects dietary protein quality and growth and serum amino acid concentrations in rats.Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19943. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47321-3
Liang B, Shi X, Wang X, et al.Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1360959. Published 2024 Mar 19. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1360959
Liang B, Shi X, Wang X, et al.Association between amino acids and recent osteoporotic fracture: a matched incident case-control study.Front Nutr. 2024;11:1360959. doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1360959
Noguchi A, Takahashi T.Overview of symptoms and treatment for lysinuric protein intolerance.J Hum Genet. 2019;64(9):849-858. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0620-6
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