Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsDangersAllergiesToo Many May Increase RiskChoking HazardInteractionsDecreased Nutrient AbsorptionDigestive IssuesProstate Cancer RiskKidney IssuesSide Effects in FemalesAre They OK Daily?Chia Seed Nutrition
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Dangers
Allergies
Too Many May Increase Risk
Choking Hazard
Interactions
Decreased Nutrient Absorption
Digestive Issues
Prostate Cancer Risk
Kidney Issues
Side Effects in Females
Are They OK Daily?
Chia Seed Nutrition
Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) come from anherbaceousplant native to South America. Although they have been eaten for thousands of years, chia seeds have garnered attention due to their highly nutritious profile, which includes high amounts of protein and fiber.
Chia seedsare commonly added to foods to boost nutrition, although their bumpy, gel-like texture may take some getting used to. Despite their health benefits, the dangers of chia seeds include potential side effects, interactions, and more.
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Chia Seed Risks
Several reasons exist for you to exercise caution when considering adding chia seeds to your diet.
Knowing the side effects and dangers of chia seeds can help you make an informed choice when adding chia seeds to bowls, smoothies, or beverages.
Increasing awareness of potential issues also ensures that you can enjoy chia seeds' health benefits while minimizing negative effects.
Some People Are Allergic to Chia Seeds
Avoid chia seeds if you’re allergic to them or their components (parts). If you have asevere allergic reaction(itching, hives, shortness of breath), seek immediate medical attention.
Although rare, a few allergic reactions to chia seeds have been reported, including the following:
Sesame and chia seed allergies may be related. If you have asesame allergy, consult your healthcare provider about chia seeds.
Too Many Chia Seeds May Increase Risk
When it comes to the dangers of chia seeds, portion size matters. A standard serving size of chia seeds is 1 ounce (28.85 grams), equal to about 2.5 tablespoons.This amount is essential to consider when evaluating both the portion size of, say, your chia seed pudding and the amount of chia seeds in each serving.
Studies evaluating the health effects of chia seeds have used portions ranging from 7 to 50 grams. Seven grams is less than 1.5 teaspoons. However, 50 grams would be about five tablespoons or one-third cup.
If you ate a third cup of chia seeds in one sitting, you’d get about 22 grams of fiber or around 60% to 80% of your daily requirement.That is quite a large serving and likely to cause side effects like significant abdominal discomfort, particularly if you’re not accustomed to much fiber in your diet.
The higher amount ofphytic acidin large portions of chia seeds may also contribute to decreased absorption of specific nutrients.
They Present a Choking Hazard
Consuming large amounts of dry chia seeds may cause choking, particularly in people with trouble swallowing (dysphagia) or a history ofesophagealblockages.
Chia seeds can absorb up to 27 times their weight in water.Therefore, eating dry chia seeds and then drinking water can cause them to expand and become stuck in youresophagus, contributing to choking.
Despite the risk of choking, chia seeds are largely safe to consume. People with dysphagia or a history of esophageal blockages should soak chia seeds before eating them, as soaking allows them to expand.You can soak chia seeds for a few hours or overnight in your refrigerator.
They May Interact with Medications
Be sure to discuss any concerns about your chia seed intake with your healthcare provider.
They May Interfere With Nutrient Absorption
Chia seeds provide nearly 10 grams offiberper 1-ounce serving.That is almost 40% of thedaily recommended fiberfor women and more than 30% for men.
Excessive fiber beyond the recommended daily intake can interfere with vitamin and mineral absorption. Chia’s soluble fiber andmucilageform a thick and sticky gel in the digestive system, which may prevent the absorption of nutrients.
Test tube studies show reduced nutrient absorption with certain types of dietary fibers. However, studies in humans yield mixed results.
Some research suggests fiber enhances nutrient absorption, while other studies suggest fiber negatively affects absorption.This may depend on the fiber type.
Depending on how much you eat, chia seeds may impact nutrient absorption. Eating too much fiber may affect the absorption of minerals such as calcium, zinc, and iron.Moreover, fiber helps you feel full. A higher-fiber diet may reduce the amount of nutrients you eat.
They May Cause Digestive Issues
As suggested, chia seeds provide a significant amount of dietary fiber. Adequate fiber intake helps prevent and manage constipation.However, consuming significant amounts of fiber can cause digestive issues like gas, bloating, and abdominal pain.
When adding fiber to your diet, start small and gradually increase to reduce potential side effects. Drinking water to support bowel movement regularity and further prevent any adverse effects is also essential.
Individuals withinflammatory bowel disease(IBD) may need to limit their fiber intake during flare-ups.However, chia seeds are recommended during periods of remission due to their high protein, fiber, and omega-3 content. Some research even shows a link between a high-fiber, omega-3-rich diet and a reduced risk of IBD.
Chia Seeds May Impact Prostate Cancer Risk
One review of multiple studies found that increasedalpha-linolenicacid (ALA) intake slightly raised the risk ofprostatecancer.As mentioned, they are a significant source of dietary fatty acid ALA, with 2.5 tablespoons providing roughly five grams of ALA.
However, other research observed that increasing ALA intake actually reduced prostate cancer risk.And another analysis suggested increasing dietary ALA does not seem to influence the risk of death from cancer, including prostate cancer.Moreover, studies suggest chia seeds may lower the risk of other cancers.
Ultimately, more research is needed to understand the role of ALA in prostate cancer.
They May Cause Kidney Issues
Although chia seeds are healthy and can be safe in smaller quantities, individuals with chronic kidney disease should be mindful of their intake.
Chia seeds contain 115 mg of potassium and 244 mg of phosphorous per 2.5-tablespoon serving, two nutrients closely monitored in people with kidney disease.For example, people with kidney disease may need to limit daily phosphorous intake to 800 to 1000 mg.In this case, one serving of chia seeds would contribute a significant amount of your phosphorous intake, about 30%.
Individuals with a history ofcalcium oxalate kidney stonesshould exercise caution when eating chia seeds. Chia seeds are high in oxalate, a compound that can attach to calcium to form kidney stones.
Chia Seeds Side Effects in Females
Chia seeds have minimal female-specific side effects. In fact, they can contribute nutrients essential for female health at each life stage.
Chia seeds are a great plant-based source of omega-3 fatty acids, including ALA. During pregnancy, the body converts ALA todocosahexaenoicacid (DHA) andeicosapentaenoicacid (EPA), two essential fatty acids.
Chia seeds are high in calcium, with one ounce (about 2.5 tablespoons) providing 179 milligrams (mg) of calcium, or 15% of the recommended daily allowance.
Calcium is essential forbone health, particularly in people who arepostmenopausal,who may experience greater bone loss, and who are at an increased risk of osteoporosis (loss of bone mass and bone mineral density).
Is It OK to Eat Chia Seeds Every Day?
Yes, it is OK for most people to eat chia seeds every day.
You can likely continue adding chia seeds to your routine to reap the benefits of this healthy food, as long as you keep it to one-third of a cup of chia seeds daily. And you may consider spreading that amount out over the course of the day.
Chia seeds live up to their reputation as a superfood. They are rich in fiber (10 grams of fiber per ounce), omega-3 fatty acids (7 grams per ounce), protein (5 grams per ounce), micronutrients like iron, and antioxidants—all essential for good health.
Adding chia seeds to your diet supports yourgut health, healthy blood sugar, and cholesterol levels and helps you achieve fiber recommendations.
Individuals following aplant-based dietshould incorporate chia seeds into their routine. Chia seeds provide numerousmacronutrientsandmicronutrientsthat may be challenging to obtain on a plant-based diet.
While the dangers of chia seeds do need to be considered, on the whole, chia remains a healthy, nutrient-dense food option. For example, one 2.5-tablespoon serving of chia seeds contains the following nutrients:
Chia seeds are high in several minerals and vitamins. They are also a source of plant-based, complete protein. Due to their high fiber content per serving, it may be best to use them in moderation.
Summary
Chia seeds are highly nutritious and associated with many health benefits due to their omega-3 fatty acids and fiber content. However, eating too many chia seeds can diminish their benefits.
Consuming large quantities of chia seeds may impact nutrient and medication absorption. Still, chia seeds can be part of a healthy diet. If you regularly eat chia seeds, keep the portion size to roughly 2 to 3 tablespoons to reduce any dangers of chia seeds.
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kulczyński B, Kobus-Cisowska J, Taczanowski M, et al.The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds-current state of knowledge.Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1242. doi:10.3390/nu11061242EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (EFSA NDA Panel), Turck D, Castenmiller J, et al.Safety of chia seeds (Salvia hispanicaL.) as a novel food for extended uses pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.EFSA J. 2019;17(4):e05657. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5657Parker J, Schellenberger AN, Roe AL, et al.Therapeutic perspectives on chia seed and its oil: a review.Planta Med. 2018;84(9-10):606-612. doi:10.1055/a-0586-4711U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Seeds, chia seeds, dried.Teoh SL, Lai NM, Vanichkulpitak P, et al.Clinical evidence on dietary supplementation with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2018;76(4):219-242. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux071U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, et al.Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(12):1037-1052. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020American College of Gastrenterology.Watch it grow: esophageal impaction with chia seeds.National Institute of Health National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health.5 things to know about omega-3s for heart disease.Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Ziani K, Mititelu M, et al.Therapeutic benefits and dietary restrictions of fiber intake: a state of the art review.Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2641. doi:10.3390/nu14132641Baye K, Guyot JP, Mouquet-Rivier C.The unresolved role of dietary fibers on mineral absorption.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(5):949-957. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.953030National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet, and nutrition for constipation.The Centers for Disease and Prevention.Fiber: the carb that helps you manage diabetes.Forbes A, Escher J, Hébuterne X, et al.ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease.Clin Nutr. 2017;36(2):321-347. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.027Limketkai BN, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Gjuladin-Hellon T, et al.Dietary interventions for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2(2):CD012839. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012839.pub2Hanson S, Thorpe G, Winstanley L, et al.Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.Br J Cancer. 2020;122(8):1260-1270. doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0761-6Fu YQ, Zheng JS, Yang B, et al.Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.J Epidemiol. 2015;25(4):261-274. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20140120National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.National Kidney Foundation.How to be a phosphorous detective.National Kidney Foundation.Flax and chia seeds.National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet, and nutrition for kidney stones.Devarshi PP, Grant RW, Ikonte CJ, et al.Maternal omega-3 nutrition, placental transfer and fetal brain development in gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1107. doi:10.3390/nu11051107National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Calcium.Valdivia-López MÁ, Tecante A.Chia (Salvia hispanica): a review of native mexican seed and its nutritional and functional properties.Adv Food Nutr Res. 2015;75:53-75. doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2015.06.002
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kulczyński B, Kobus-Cisowska J, Taczanowski M, et al.The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds-current state of knowledge.Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1242. doi:10.3390/nu11061242EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (EFSA NDA Panel), Turck D, Castenmiller J, et al.Safety of chia seeds (Salvia hispanicaL.) as a novel food for extended uses pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.EFSA J. 2019;17(4):e05657. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5657Parker J, Schellenberger AN, Roe AL, et al.Therapeutic perspectives on chia seed and its oil: a review.Planta Med. 2018;84(9-10):606-612. doi:10.1055/a-0586-4711U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Seeds, chia seeds, dried.Teoh SL, Lai NM, Vanichkulpitak P, et al.Clinical evidence on dietary supplementation with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2018;76(4):219-242. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux071U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, et al.Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(12):1037-1052. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020American College of Gastrenterology.Watch it grow: esophageal impaction with chia seeds.National Institute of Health National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health.5 things to know about omega-3s for heart disease.Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Ziani K, Mititelu M, et al.Therapeutic benefits and dietary restrictions of fiber intake: a state of the art review.Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2641. doi:10.3390/nu14132641Baye K, Guyot JP, Mouquet-Rivier C.The unresolved role of dietary fibers on mineral absorption.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(5):949-957. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.953030National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet, and nutrition for constipation.The Centers for Disease and Prevention.Fiber: the carb that helps you manage diabetes.Forbes A, Escher J, Hébuterne X, et al.ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease.Clin Nutr. 2017;36(2):321-347. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.027Limketkai BN, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Gjuladin-Hellon T, et al.Dietary interventions for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2(2):CD012839. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012839.pub2Hanson S, Thorpe G, Winstanley L, et al.Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.Br J Cancer. 2020;122(8):1260-1270. doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0761-6Fu YQ, Zheng JS, Yang B, et al.Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.J Epidemiol. 2015;25(4):261-274. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20140120National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.National Kidney Foundation.How to be a phosphorous detective.National Kidney Foundation.Flax and chia seeds.National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet, and nutrition for kidney stones.Devarshi PP, Grant RW, Ikonte CJ, et al.Maternal omega-3 nutrition, placental transfer and fetal brain development in gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1107. doi:10.3390/nu11051107National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Calcium.Valdivia-López MÁ, Tecante A.Chia (Salvia hispanica): a review of native mexican seed and its nutritional and functional properties.Adv Food Nutr Res. 2015;75:53-75. doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2015.06.002
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Kulczyński B, Kobus-Cisowska J, Taczanowski M, et al.The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds-current state of knowledge.Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1242. doi:10.3390/nu11061242EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (EFSA NDA Panel), Turck D, Castenmiller J, et al.Safety of chia seeds (Salvia hispanicaL.) as a novel food for extended uses pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.EFSA J. 2019;17(4):e05657. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5657Parker J, Schellenberger AN, Roe AL, et al.Therapeutic perspectives on chia seed and its oil: a review.Planta Med. 2018;84(9-10):606-612. doi:10.1055/a-0586-4711U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Seeds, chia seeds, dried.Teoh SL, Lai NM, Vanichkulpitak P, et al.Clinical evidence on dietary supplementation with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2018;76(4):219-242. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux071U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, et al.Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(12):1037-1052. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020American College of Gastrenterology.Watch it grow: esophageal impaction with chia seeds.National Institute of Health National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health.5 things to know about omega-3s for heart disease.Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Ziani K, Mititelu M, et al.Therapeutic benefits and dietary restrictions of fiber intake: a state of the art review.Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2641. doi:10.3390/nu14132641Baye K, Guyot JP, Mouquet-Rivier C.The unresolved role of dietary fibers on mineral absorption.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(5):949-957. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.953030National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet, and nutrition for constipation.The Centers for Disease and Prevention.Fiber: the carb that helps you manage diabetes.Forbes A, Escher J, Hébuterne X, et al.ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease.Clin Nutr. 2017;36(2):321-347. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.027Limketkai BN, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Gjuladin-Hellon T, et al.Dietary interventions for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2(2):CD012839. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012839.pub2Hanson S, Thorpe G, Winstanley L, et al.Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.Br J Cancer. 2020;122(8):1260-1270. doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0761-6Fu YQ, Zheng JS, Yang B, et al.Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.J Epidemiol. 2015;25(4):261-274. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20140120National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.National Kidney Foundation.How to be a phosphorous detective.National Kidney Foundation.Flax and chia seeds.National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet, and nutrition for kidney stones.Devarshi PP, Grant RW, Ikonte CJ, et al.Maternal omega-3 nutrition, placental transfer and fetal brain development in gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1107. doi:10.3390/nu11051107National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Calcium.Valdivia-López MÁ, Tecante A.Chia (Salvia hispanica): a review of native mexican seed and its nutritional and functional properties.Adv Food Nutr Res. 2015;75:53-75. doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2015.06.002
Kulczyński B, Kobus-Cisowska J, Taczanowski M, et al.The chemical composition and nutritional value of chia seeds-current state of knowledge.Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1242. doi:10.3390/nu11061242
EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (EFSA NDA Panel), Turck D, Castenmiller J, et al.Safety of chia seeds (Salvia hispanicaL.) as a novel food for extended uses pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.EFSA J. 2019;17(4):e05657. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5657
Parker J, Schellenberger AN, Roe AL, et al.Therapeutic perspectives on chia seed and its oil: a review.Planta Med. 2018;84(9-10):606-612. doi:10.1055/a-0586-4711
U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Seeds, chia seeds, dried.
Teoh SL, Lai NM, Vanichkulpitak P, et al.Clinical evidence on dietary supplementation with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2018;76(4):219-242. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux071
U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025.
Agnoli C, Baroni L, Bertini I, et al.Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;27(12):1037-1052. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020
American College of Gastrenterology.Watch it grow: esophageal impaction with chia seeds.
National Institute of Health National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health.5 things to know about omega-3s for heart disease.
Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Ziani K, Mititelu M, et al.Therapeutic benefits and dietary restrictions of fiber intake: a state of the art review.Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2641. doi:10.3390/nu14132641
Baye K, Guyot JP, Mouquet-Rivier C.The unresolved role of dietary fibers on mineral absorption.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(5):949-957. doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.953030
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet, and nutrition for constipation.
The Centers for Disease and Prevention.Fiber: the carb that helps you manage diabetes.
Forbes A, Escher J, Hébuterne X, et al.ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease.Clin Nutr. 2017;36(2):321-347. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.027
Limketkai BN, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Gjuladin-Hellon T, et al.Dietary interventions for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2(2):CD012839. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012839.pub2
Hanson S, Thorpe G, Winstanley L, et al.Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.Br J Cancer. 2020;122(8):1260-1270. doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0761-6
Fu YQ, Zheng JS, Yang B, et al.Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.J Epidemiol. 2015;25(4):261-274. doi:10.2188/jea.JE20140120
National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Omega-3 fatty acids.
National Kidney Foundation.How to be a phosphorous detective.
National Kidney Foundation.Flax and chia seeds.
National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Eating, diet, and nutrition for kidney stones.
Devarshi PP, Grant RW, Ikonte CJ, et al.Maternal omega-3 nutrition, placental transfer and fetal brain development in gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1107. doi:10.3390/nu11051107
National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Calcium.
Valdivia-López MÁ, Tecante A.Chia (Salvia hispanica): a review of native mexican seed and its nutritional and functional properties.Adv Food Nutr Res. 2015;75:53-75. doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2015.06.002
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