Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsPrimary TreatmentsAlternative TreatmentsEmerging TherapiesSurgeryRisk of SurgeryChoosing the Right TreatmentWithout TreatmentAsk Your Healthcare ProviderNext in Spinal Stenosis GuideWhat to Expect from Spinal Stenosis Physical Therapy
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View All
Table of Contents
Primary Treatments
Alternative Treatments
Emerging Therapies
Surgery
Risk of Surgery
Choosing the Right Treatment
Without Treatment
Ask Your Healthcare Provider
Next in Spinal Stenosis Guide
Spinal stenosisis the term used to describe a narrowing spine. There are spaces within the spine, and if they become narrower than they should be, it can cause pressure onnerve rootsand the spinal cord. Anywhere along the spine can be affected.
This narrowing can lead to symptoms such as pain, burning, or aching in the back and weakness in the legs and feet. Several treatment options are available, each tailored to the individual depending on the symptoms' severity.
This article discusses the treatment options for spinal stenosis.
MoMo Productions / Getty Images
What Are the Common Spinal Stenosis Treatment Options?
Like many other conditions, spinal stenosis has several primary treatment options. These are often the first choice among people with the disease. They include:
Medications
Chronic painis one of the main symptoms of spinal stenosis. Because of that, the first-line treatment often involves using analgesics or pain-relieving medications. One of the most commonly prescribed medications is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs). These medications reduce pain and inflammation in the body.
That said,NSAIDs are not suitable for long-term use. Other medications may need to be used to reduce pain.Alternativesinclude:
Medications: What Does the Research Say?Pain medication can aid in improving symptoms, but some research suggests that if people with spinal stenosis have neuropathic pain, weakness, or heaviness in the legs or while walking, they should avoid the mainstay medication therapies as they may not be as effective.
Medications: What Does the Research Say?
Pain medication can aid in improving symptoms, but some research suggests that if people with spinal stenosis have neuropathic pain, weakness, or heaviness in the legs or while walking, they should avoid the mainstay medication therapies as they may not be as effective.
Exercise
Healthcare providers will suggest the best possible exercises, but some include:
Exercise and Spinal StenosisExercise and other lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, can improve symptoms of spinal stenosis if overweight is an issue. Since people with the condition are at a higher risk of obesity, regular exercise can reduce this risk.
Exercise and Spinal Stenosis
Exercise and other lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, can improve symptoms of spinal stenosis if overweight is an issue. Since people with the condition are at a higher risk of obesity, regular exercise can reduce this risk.
Spinal Stenosis Exercise
Physical Therapy
Physical therapyis another primary treatment for those with spinal stenosis. It is often used alongside pain medications. Typically, people must undergo six to eight weeks of physical therapy, with sessions two to three times per week.
Utilizing physical therapy for spinal stenosis has been shown to:
Physical Therapy and Spinal Stenosis SurgeryIn some cases, surgeries are used to treat spinal stenosis. Research has found that physical therapy following surgery can reduce recovery times.
Physical Therapy and Spinal Stenosis Surgery
In some cases, surgeries are used to treat spinal stenosis. Research has found that physical therapy following surgery can reduce recovery times.
What to Expect from Spinal Stenosis Physical Therapy
Back Braces
Back bracesare wearable belt-like devices that help to reduce movement and pressure on the spine. This is helpful because small movements in the spine can lead to the irritation of nerves and more pain, and worsening symptoms.
Over time, back braces can lead to a positive increase in mobility for people with spinal stenosis.
Injections for Swelling and Pain
They are considered nonsurgical medical procedures. According to research, injections are an effective way to combat pain for two weeks up to six months. Some research has found that relief after a spinal injection can last 24 months.
How Many People Get Spinal Injections?As many as 65.5% of people with spinal stenosis will receive at least one spinal injection in their lifetimes.
How Many People Get Spinal Injections?
As many as 65.5% of people with spinal stenosis will receive at least one spinal injection in their lifetimes.
Decompression Procedure for Thickened Ligaments
Some people may undergo a decompression procedure for spinal stenosis. It involves the use of a thin needle-like tool. The needle is inserted into the body, and thickened ligament tissue is removed to reduce the pressure on the spine and nerves. Research has found that this procedure may reduce symptoms and the need for more invasive surgery.
Alternative Treatments for Spinal Stenosis
In addition to traditional first-line treatments, people may also explore alternative therapies for spinal stenosis, including:
Some research has found that acupuncture, specifically, may be more effective at reducing symptoms of spinal stenosis than physical therapy. That said, both options are viable and can improve mobility and pain.
Alternative Treatments as Complementary TherapiesPeople who choose alternative treatments for their spinal stenosis will likely have to use other treatment options alongside them. These treatments are meant to improve symptoms when used with other viable therapies, not necessarily on their own.
Alternative Treatments as Complementary Therapies
People who choose alternative treatments for their spinal stenosis will likely have to use other treatment options alongside them. These treatments are meant to improve symptoms when used with other viable therapies, not necessarily on their own.
What Are the Spinal Stenosis Treatment Options?
New Spinal Stenosis Treatment Options
As research continues on spinal stenosis, new therapies continue to emerge to help combat symptoms in people that either don’t respond to traditional medicine or cannot partake in current therapies for individual reasons.
Acupotomy
Acupotomy is a form of acupuncture that uses thin needles with a small, flat, scalpel-like blade at the end. The procedure is designed to relieve tension in certain areas. In spinal stenosis, the tension in the spine can lead to symptoms, so using acupotomy to ease that tension can help relieve symptoms.
Research is still limited on the effect of acupotomy on spinal stenosis, but preliminary data shows that it could be an effective complementary treatment.
Stem Cell Therapy
Stem cell therapy usesstem cellsto help repair injured or diseased tissue within the body. When a person has spinal stenosis, it can lead to soft tissue damage within the body. Stem cell therapy can help repair or improve the damaged areas, leading to symptom relief.
Clinical studies performed using stem cell therapy for spinal stenosis report that it could be a viable treatment option for some with the condition. However, the research is so preliminary that more is needed to confirm whether this particular therapy is effective enough to be used widely.
What Are Stem Cells?Stem cells are the cells in the body from which all other cells originate. They act as the raw material for the body to create specialized cells that have specific functions throughout the body.
What Are Stem Cells?
Stem cells are the cells in the body from which all other cells originate. They act as the raw material for the body to create specialized cells that have specific functions throughout the body.
LimiFlex
LimiFlex is a medical device being investigated for its ability to restore mobility and stability in the spine in people with spinal stenosis. The device is implanted into the back during a surgical procedure.
According to research, people with spinal stenosis who receive LimiFlex often experience a higher reduction in pain and symptoms than other forms of treatment.
Lumbar Interspinous Distraction Decompression
While preliminary results show promise in terms of short-term relief from the symptoms of spinal stenosis, long-term data is not yet available because it is a relatively new therapy option.
New Therapies and the RisksWhile the latest breakthroughs for spinal stenosis treatment show promise, many are emerging. Because of that, there is little research on how these therapies will work in the long run. Any risks associated with the new treatments continue to be investigated as time goes on.
New Therapies and the Risks
While the latest breakthroughs for spinal stenosis treatment show promise, many are emerging. Because of that, there is little research on how these therapies will work in the long run. Any risks associated with the new treatments continue to be investigated as time goes on.
Surgery for Spinal Stenosis
There are several surgeries available for spinal stenosis. Some possible surgical routes of treatment include:
For some, minimally invasive surgery may help to relieve symptoms. These types of surgeries involve smaller incisions and a medical tube device. The tube is placed into the small opening to create a tunnel to the area of the spine affected.
Small tools are placed in through the tube where they can work on the site without cutting the entire back open. Types of surgeries mentioned above that can be minimally invasive include discectomy, laminectomy, and spinal fusion.
Surgery as a Last ResortSurgery for spinal stenosis is often reserved for people with severe symptoms, such as numbness in the arms or legs. When those symptoms develop, it indicates a more notable compression of the spinal nerves and, thus, the need for a more invasive treatment.
Surgery as a Last Resort
Surgery for spinal stenosis is often reserved for people with severe symptoms, such as numbness in the arms or legs. When those symptoms develop, it indicates a more notable compression of the spinal nerves and, thus, the need for a more invasive treatment.
Spinal Stenosis Surgery: Overview
What Are the Risks of Surgery?
Spinal stenosis surgeries are often regarded as safe, but there aresome risksto be aware of beforehand. They can include:
Will You Need More Than One Spinal Stenosis Surgery?In some cases, people may not feel as much symptom relief as they had hoped, or spinal stenosis develops in another part of the spine following surgery. If that’s the case, a person may need a second surgery to reduce the new or worsened symptoms.
Will You Need More Than One Spinal Stenosis Surgery?
In some cases, people may not feel as much symptom relief as they had hoped, or spinal stenosis develops in another part of the spine following surgery. If that’s the case, a person may need a second surgery to reduce the new or worsened symptoms.
Which Treatment Is Right for Me?
There is no one-size-fits-all treatment. Because of that, determining which will work best for you is a task best suited for a healthcare provider. Each approach caters to the individual.
To decide what therapy is best for you, healthcare providers will assess:
They will also discuss your options with you to determine which one you’re most comfortable with based on your current condition.
Spinal Injection vs. Surgery: Uses, Benefits, Side Effects & More
Can Spinal Stenosis Get Better Without Treatment?
In some mild cases of spinal stenosis, people may not require any treatment at all because the condition can resolve itself over time. That said, if it is causing symptoms and other damage within the spine, treatment is necessary.
Questions to Ask a Healthcare Provider
When speaking to a healthcare provider about your concerns regarding a spinal stenosis diagnosis, you want to have some questions ready. Some things you should ask your healthcare provider include:
These questions will help you work with your healthcare provider to find a well-rounded and effective treatment for you and your specific case of spinal stenosis.
Self-Care for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Summary
Spinal stenosis treatments vary widely because no two cases are the same. Some people may experience mild symptoms, while others will experience severe signs of disease that affect their daily lives and overall quality of life.
When working through treatments, a healthcare provider will assess your symptoms and start treatment with a first-line therapy, such as pain medication or physical therapy. You may also explore alternative therapies that can complement your treatment.
In the most severe cases, surgery is likely necessary to resolve any nerve compression and relieve symptoms. Your healthcare provider will determine your best treatment options after considering your symptoms, experiences in daily life, and concerns regarding medications or other forms of treatment.
16 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Diwan S, Sayed D, Deer TR, Salomons A, Liang K.An algorithmic approach to treating lumbar spinal stenosis: An evidenced-based approach.Pain Med.2019 Dec 1;20(Suppl 2):S23-S31. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz133Marchand AA, Houle M, O’Shaughnessy J, Châtillon CÉ, Cantin V, Descarreaux M.Effectiveness of an exercise-based prehabilitation program for patients awaiting surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial.Sci Rep.2021 May 26;11(1):11080. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90537-4Ammendolia C, Rampersaud YR, Southerst D, Ahmed A, Schneider M, Hawker G, Bombardier C, Côté P.Effect of a prototype lumbar spinal stenosis belt versus a lumbar support on walking capacity in lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial.Spine J.2019 Mar;19(3):386-394. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.07.012Mekhail N, Costandi S, Nageeb G, Ekladios C, Saied O.The durability of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: Long-term follow-up.Pain Pract.2021 Nov;21(8):826-835. doi:10.1111/papr.13020Oka H, Matsudaira K, Takano Y, Kasuya D, Niiya M, Tonosu J, Fukushima M, Oshima Y, Fujii T, Tanaka S, Inanami H.A comparative study of three conservative treatments in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: lumbar spinal stenosis with acupuncture and physical therapy study (LAP study).BMC Complement Altern Med.2018 Jan 19;18(1):19. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2087-yHan JH, Lee HJ, Woo SH, Park YK, Choi GY, Heo ES, Kim JS, Lee JH, Park CA, Lee WD, Yang CS, Kim AR, Han CH.Effectiveness and safety of acupotomy on lumbar spinal stenosis: A pragmatic randomized, controlled, pilot clinical trial: A study protocol.Medicine (Baltimore).2021 Dec 23;100(51):e28175. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028175Sudo H, Miyakoshi T, Watanabe Y, Ito YM, Kahata K, Tha KK, Yokota N, Kato H, Terada T, Iwasaki N, Arato T, Sato N, Isoe T.Protocol for treating lumbar spinal canal stenosis with a combination of ultrapurified, allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and in situ-forming gel: a multicentre, prospective, double-blind randomised controlled trial.BMJ Open.2023 Feb 2;13(2):e065476. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065476National Institutes of Health.Stem cell basics.Jansen T, Bornemann R, Otten L, Sander K, Wirtz D, Pflugmacher R.Vergleich dorsaler Dekompression nicht stabilisiert und dynamisch stabilisiert mit LimiFlex™ [A comparison of dorsal decompression and dorsal decompression combined with the dynamic stabilisation device LimiFlex™].Z Orthop Unfall.2015 Aug;153(4):415-22. German. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1545990UK National Health Service.Lumbar decompression surgery: How It’s performed.NYU Langone Health.Surgery for spinal stenosis.Columbia Neurosurgery.Cervical laminoplasty procedure.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Minimally invasive spine surgery.My Health Alberta.Lumbar spinal stenosis: Should I have surgery?National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Spinal stenosis: Diagnosis, treatment and steps to take.UW Medicine Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine.Spinal stenosis.
16 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Diwan S, Sayed D, Deer TR, Salomons A, Liang K.An algorithmic approach to treating lumbar spinal stenosis: An evidenced-based approach.Pain Med.2019 Dec 1;20(Suppl 2):S23-S31. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz133Marchand AA, Houle M, O’Shaughnessy J, Châtillon CÉ, Cantin V, Descarreaux M.Effectiveness of an exercise-based prehabilitation program for patients awaiting surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial.Sci Rep.2021 May 26;11(1):11080. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90537-4Ammendolia C, Rampersaud YR, Southerst D, Ahmed A, Schneider M, Hawker G, Bombardier C, Côté P.Effect of a prototype lumbar spinal stenosis belt versus a lumbar support on walking capacity in lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial.Spine J.2019 Mar;19(3):386-394. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.07.012Mekhail N, Costandi S, Nageeb G, Ekladios C, Saied O.The durability of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: Long-term follow-up.Pain Pract.2021 Nov;21(8):826-835. doi:10.1111/papr.13020Oka H, Matsudaira K, Takano Y, Kasuya D, Niiya M, Tonosu J, Fukushima M, Oshima Y, Fujii T, Tanaka S, Inanami H.A comparative study of three conservative treatments in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: lumbar spinal stenosis with acupuncture and physical therapy study (LAP study).BMC Complement Altern Med.2018 Jan 19;18(1):19. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2087-yHan JH, Lee HJ, Woo SH, Park YK, Choi GY, Heo ES, Kim JS, Lee JH, Park CA, Lee WD, Yang CS, Kim AR, Han CH.Effectiveness and safety of acupotomy on lumbar spinal stenosis: A pragmatic randomized, controlled, pilot clinical trial: A study protocol.Medicine (Baltimore).2021 Dec 23;100(51):e28175. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028175Sudo H, Miyakoshi T, Watanabe Y, Ito YM, Kahata K, Tha KK, Yokota N, Kato H, Terada T, Iwasaki N, Arato T, Sato N, Isoe T.Protocol for treating lumbar spinal canal stenosis with a combination of ultrapurified, allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and in situ-forming gel: a multicentre, prospective, double-blind randomised controlled trial.BMJ Open.2023 Feb 2;13(2):e065476. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065476National Institutes of Health.Stem cell basics.Jansen T, Bornemann R, Otten L, Sander K, Wirtz D, Pflugmacher R.Vergleich dorsaler Dekompression nicht stabilisiert und dynamisch stabilisiert mit LimiFlex™ [A comparison of dorsal decompression and dorsal decompression combined with the dynamic stabilisation device LimiFlex™].Z Orthop Unfall.2015 Aug;153(4):415-22. German. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1545990UK National Health Service.Lumbar decompression surgery: How It’s performed.NYU Langone Health.Surgery for spinal stenosis.Columbia Neurosurgery.Cervical laminoplasty procedure.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Minimally invasive spine surgery.My Health Alberta.Lumbar spinal stenosis: Should I have surgery?National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Spinal stenosis: Diagnosis, treatment and steps to take.UW Medicine Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine.Spinal stenosis.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Diwan S, Sayed D, Deer TR, Salomons A, Liang K.An algorithmic approach to treating lumbar spinal stenosis: An evidenced-based approach.Pain Med.2019 Dec 1;20(Suppl 2):S23-S31. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz133Marchand AA, Houle M, O’Shaughnessy J, Châtillon CÉ, Cantin V, Descarreaux M.Effectiveness of an exercise-based prehabilitation program for patients awaiting surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial.Sci Rep.2021 May 26;11(1):11080. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90537-4Ammendolia C, Rampersaud YR, Southerst D, Ahmed A, Schneider M, Hawker G, Bombardier C, Côté P.Effect of a prototype lumbar spinal stenosis belt versus a lumbar support on walking capacity in lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial.Spine J.2019 Mar;19(3):386-394. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.07.012Mekhail N, Costandi S, Nageeb G, Ekladios C, Saied O.The durability of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: Long-term follow-up.Pain Pract.2021 Nov;21(8):826-835. doi:10.1111/papr.13020Oka H, Matsudaira K, Takano Y, Kasuya D, Niiya M, Tonosu J, Fukushima M, Oshima Y, Fujii T, Tanaka S, Inanami H.A comparative study of three conservative treatments in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: lumbar spinal stenosis with acupuncture and physical therapy study (LAP study).BMC Complement Altern Med.2018 Jan 19;18(1):19. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2087-yHan JH, Lee HJ, Woo SH, Park YK, Choi GY, Heo ES, Kim JS, Lee JH, Park CA, Lee WD, Yang CS, Kim AR, Han CH.Effectiveness and safety of acupotomy on lumbar spinal stenosis: A pragmatic randomized, controlled, pilot clinical trial: A study protocol.Medicine (Baltimore).2021 Dec 23;100(51):e28175. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028175Sudo H, Miyakoshi T, Watanabe Y, Ito YM, Kahata K, Tha KK, Yokota N, Kato H, Terada T, Iwasaki N, Arato T, Sato N, Isoe T.Protocol for treating lumbar spinal canal stenosis with a combination of ultrapurified, allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and in situ-forming gel: a multicentre, prospective, double-blind randomised controlled trial.BMJ Open.2023 Feb 2;13(2):e065476. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065476National Institutes of Health.Stem cell basics.Jansen T, Bornemann R, Otten L, Sander K, Wirtz D, Pflugmacher R.Vergleich dorsaler Dekompression nicht stabilisiert und dynamisch stabilisiert mit LimiFlex™ [A comparison of dorsal decompression and dorsal decompression combined with the dynamic stabilisation device LimiFlex™].Z Orthop Unfall.2015 Aug;153(4):415-22. German. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1545990UK National Health Service.Lumbar decompression surgery: How It’s performed.NYU Langone Health.Surgery for spinal stenosis.Columbia Neurosurgery.Cervical laminoplasty procedure.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Minimally invasive spine surgery.My Health Alberta.Lumbar spinal stenosis: Should I have surgery?National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Spinal stenosis: Diagnosis, treatment and steps to take.UW Medicine Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine.Spinal stenosis.
Diwan S, Sayed D, Deer TR, Salomons A, Liang K.An algorithmic approach to treating lumbar spinal stenosis: An evidenced-based approach.Pain Med.2019 Dec 1;20(Suppl 2):S23-S31. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz133
Marchand AA, Houle M, O’Shaughnessy J, Châtillon CÉ, Cantin V, Descarreaux M.Effectiveness of an exercise-based prehabilitation program for patients awaiting surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial.Sci Rep.2021 May 26;11(1):11080. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90537-4
Ammendolia C, Rampersaud YR, Southerst D, Ahmed A, Schneider M, Hawker G, Bombardier C, Côté P.Effect of a prototype lumbar spinal stenosis belt versus a lumbar support on walking capacity in lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial.Spine J.2019 Mar;19(3):386-394. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.07.012
Mekhail N, Costandi S, Nageeb G, Ekladios C, Saied O.The durability of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: Long-term follow-up.Pain Pract.2021 Nov;21(8):826-835. doi:10.1111/papr.13020
Oka H, Matsudaira K, Takano Y, Kasuya D, Niiya M, Tonosu J, Fukushima M, Oshima Y, Fujii T, Tanaka S, Inanami H.A comparative study of three conservative treatments in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: lumbar spinal stenosis with acupuncture and physical therapy study (LAP study).BMC Complement Altern Med.2018 Jan 19;18(1):19. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2087-y
Han JH, Lee HJ, Woo SH, Park YK, Choi GY, Heo ES, Kim JS, Lee JH, Park CA, Lee WD, Yang CS, Kim AR, Han CH.Effectiveness and safety of acupotomy on lumbar spinal stenosis: A pragmatic randomized, controlled, pilot clinical trial: A study protocol.Medicine (Baltimore).2021 Dec 23;100(51):e28175. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028175
Sudo H, Miyakoshi T, Watanabe Y, Ito YM, Kahata K, Tha KK, Yokota N, Kato H, Terada T, Iwasaki N, Arato T, Sato N, Isoe T.Protocol for treating lumbar spinal canal stenosis with a combination of ultrapurified, allogenic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and in situ-forming gel: a multicentre, prospective, double-blind randomised controlled trial.BMJ Open.2023 Feb 2;13(2):e065476. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065476
National Institutes of Health.Stem cell basics.
Jansen T, Bornemann R, Otten L, Sander K, Wirtz D, Pflugmacher R.Vergleich dorsaler Dekompression nicht stabilisiert und dynamisch stabilisiert mit LimiFlex™ [A comparison of dorsal decompression and dorsal decompression combined with the dynamic stabilisation device LimiFlex™].Z Orthop Unfall.2015 Aug;153(4):415-22. German. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1545990
UK National Health Service.Lumbar decompression surgery: How It’s performed.
NYU Langone Health.Surgery for spinal stenosis.
Columbia Neurosurgery.Cervical laminoplasty procedure.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Minimally invasive spine surgery.
My Health Alberta.Lumbar spinal stenosis: Should I have surgery?
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Spinal stenosis: Diagnosis, treatment and steps to take.
UW Medicine Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine.Spinal stenosis.
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