Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat It IsCausesComplicationsDiagnosisTreatmentSpeaking With a Provider
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What It Is
Causes
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Speaking With a Provider
Testicular atrophy is the shrinking of your testicles (“balls”). This is not the same thing as when yourscrotum(“ball sack”) temporarily shrinks and shrivels up when exposed to cold. Rather, it is the actual reduction in the size of one or both of yourtesticlesfrom what they normally are.
FluxFactory / Getty Images
A Note on Gender and Sex TerminologyTesticular atrophy affects people born with a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts but are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “male," “man,” and “boy” as the sources use them.
A Note on Gender and Sex Terminology
Testicular atrophy affects people born with a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts but are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “male," “man,” and “boy” as the sources use them.
Testicular atrophy affects people born with a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.
Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts but are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “male," “man,” and “boy” as the sources use them.
What Is Testicular Atrophy?
Testicular atrophy is due to the loss of cells that line the network of tubes inside your testicles, called theseminiferous tubules. These include Sertoli cells and germ cells that producespermandLeydig cellsthat producetestosterone. This decreases the volume of the seminiferous tubules and, in turn, the size of your testicles.
Testicular atrophy can also affect the function of the testicles, leading to a decline insperm countas well as a steep drop in testosterone levels (known ashypogonadism).
If testicular atrophy occurs before puberty, a person may also experience:
Testicular Atrophy vs. MicroorchismWhile testicular atrophy is a decrease in testicle size, it is not the same thing asmicroorchidism, a condition in which you are born with abnormally small testicles.Testicular atrophy is generally acquired with age or a medical condition. Microorchidism is most commonly the result of acongenital(present at birth) condition, such asKlinefelter’s syndromeorPrader-Willi syndrome.
Testicular Atrophy vs. Microorchism
While testicular atrophy is a decrease in testicle size, it is not the same thing asmicroorchidism, a condition in which you are born with abnormally small testicles.Testicular atrophy is generally acquired with age or a medical condition. Microorchidism is most commonly the result of acongenital(present at birth) condition, such asKlinefelter’s syndromeorPrader-Willi syndrome.
While testicular atrophy is a decrease in testicle size, it is not the same thing asmicroorchidism, a condition in which you are born with abnormally small testicles.
Testicular atrophy is generally acquired with age or a medical condition. Microorchidism is most commonly the result of acongenital(present at birth) condition, such asKlinefelter’s syndromeorPrader-Willi syndrome.
Causes of Male Genital Atrophy
The causes of testicular atrophy vary depending on a person’s age. Based on the cause, the condition may be reversible or irreversible, and unilateral (one-sided) or bilateral (two-sided).
Children
Four conditions closely associated with testicular atrophy in children are:
More often than not, conditions like these cause unilateral atrophy, although a significant number of cases involve both testicles. Bilateral testes atrophy may occur due to other causes (environmental or genetic).
Adults
Testicular atrophy in adults has several common and uncommon causes. Specialists known asurologistscan often narrow the causes based on whether the condition is unilateral or bilateral, such as with:
Risks and Long-Term Effects
Examples include:
There is also an increased risk of sexual dysfunction, includingerectile dysfunction (ED), among people who experience hypogonadism as a result of testicular atrophy. This is especially common with aging-related hypogonadism in which 52% of men ages 40 to 69 have some degree of ED.
Even beyond the risk of sexual dysfunction or the loss of fertility, testicular shrinkage can take an emotional toll. Some people express feeling self-conscious, believing that smaller testicles “make them less of a man.” This can lead to sexual dysfunction and signs ofclinical depression.
Although testicle size can vary from person to person, testicles are generally 4 to 5 centimeters (cm) long, 3 cm high, and 2.5 cm wide in most mature adults.
By contrast, testicular atrophy is diagnosed from one of the following characteristics:
To make the diagnosis, a specialist called a urologist will perform ascrotal ultrasound, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of the testicle. Based on the length, width, and height of a testicle, the urologist can calculate its volume and compare it to either a previous scan or the median size of testicles of people your age.
The specialist will also order aserum testosterone testto measure the amount of testosterone in your blood. Values under less than 250 nanograms per deciliters (ng/dL) indicate hypogonadism and the possible need for testosterone replacement therapy.
Treatment and Reversibility
In most cases, the first-line approach to testicular atrophy is to treat the underlying cause. For bacterial infections like gonorrhea, chlamydia, or a severe UTI, this would involve the early use ofantibiotics. For viral infections like mumps, the drug interferon may help reduce the risk of atrophy and future infertility.
Surgery may be needed to repair structural abnormalities like an undescended testicle, varicocele, and (most especially) testicular torsion. Early treatment almost invariably affords better outcomes.
Drugs sometimes prescribed include:
Alternative treatments sometimes used for testicular atrophy arecurcuminfound in turmeric, traditional Chinese medicines likeWuzi Yanzong,goji berries, orginseng, andprobiotic supplementslikeLactobacillus reuteri. With that said, there is little research to support their use and most of it is confined to animal studies.
How to Feel Comfortable With a Provider
Talking to a healthcare provider about your genitals can feel uncomfortable under the best of circumstances. Discussing the size of your testicles can compound these feelings given that it can open the door to questions about your sexual health and anabolic steroid use.
As awkward as this may seem, any change in the size of your testicles warrants investigation, especially if it occurs suddenly or with symptoms. Even if it appears to be related to aging, it is worth getting it checked out if you are feeling distressed, anxious, or depressed.
Urologists are specially trained in diseases and conditions affecting themale reproductive system. As such, they are used to speaking about issues related to the penis, testicles, scrotum, orprostate glandand can tell you if what you are experiencing is normal or in need of investigation.
If you have been trying to conceive but have not been able to, add that to your list of concerns.
By providing the provider with a clear, concise snapshot of your concerns—and answering questions as honestly as you can—they can narrow the causes more quickly without any unnecessary fuss.
Summary
Testicular atrophy is the significant reduction of the size of your testicles. While this commonly occurs with older age, it may also be due to conditions like cryptorchidism, mumps orchitis, varicocele, and testicular torsion.
Testicular atrophy can also occur during adulthood due to sexually transmitted infections, excessive alcohol use, anabolic steroids, and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Some of these conditions are reversible with treatment, while others, like TRT, may require medications to prevent further testicular shrinkage.
28 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Yang DM, Choi HI, Kim HC, et al.Small testes: clinical characteristics and ultrasonographic findings.Ultrasonography. 2020;40(3):455–463. doi:10.14366/usg.20133Santi D, Corona G.Primary and secondary hypogonadism. In:Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction. New York, NY: Springer; 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_24-1Salonia A, Rastelli G, Hackett G, et al.Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):38. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0087-yMunari EV, Amer M, Amodeo A, et al.The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1201313. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313Boston’s Children Hospital.Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism).Li PQ, Huang Y, Liu FY, et al.Analysis of trends in testicular atrophy index values with age in patients with unilateral palpable cryptorchidism.Asian J Androl. 2022;24(5):500–502. doi:10.4103/aja202227National Health Service.Mumps complications.Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zin A.Epidemiology of varicocele.Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):179–181. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640Lomboy JR, Coward RM.The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management.Semin Intervent Radiol.2016;33(3):163–169. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586143Greear GM, Romano MF, Katz MH, Munarriz R, Rague JT.Testicular torsion: epidemiological risk factors for orchiectomy in pediatric and adult patients.Int J Impot Res.2021;33(2):184-90. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0331-8Tian XM, Tan XH, Shi QL, et al.Risk factors for testicular atrophy in children with testicular torsion following emergent orchiopexy.Front Pediatr. 2020;8:584796. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.584796Matzkin ME, Calandra RS, Rossi SP, Bartke A, Frungieri MB.Hallmarks of testicular aging: the challenge of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies using natural and/or pharmacological compounds to improve the physiopathological status of the aged male gonad.Cells. 2021;10(11):3114. doi:10.3390/cells10113114MedlinePlus.Orchitis.Morton SM, Sales A, Browne A, et al.Outcome of acute epididymo-orchitis: risk factors for testicular loss.World J Urol. 2023;41(9):2421–2428. doi:10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1Meddings J, Rogers MA, Krein SL, Fakih MG, Olmsted RN, Saint S.Reducing unnecessary urinary catheter use and other strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection: an integrative review.BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23(4):277–289. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001774Dosumu OO, Osinubi AAA, Duru FIO.Alcohol induced testicular damage: Can abstinence equal recovery?Middle East Fertil Soc J.2014;19(3):221-223. doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2014.01.003National Institute on Drug Abuse.What are the side effects of anabolic steroid misuse?Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S.Testosterone replacement therapy.Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-1566. doi:10.1111/andr.12774Ogbetere FE, Imoisili U.Testicular atrophy following inguinal hernia repairs: are we doing enough in prevention and counseling?Nigerian J Med.2021;30(1):105-107. doi:10.4103/NJM.NJM_170_20Augustin D, Orisme SJ, Joachim G, Pierre RV, Luckenson E.Right testicular seminoma with bilateral testicular atrophy in a 44-year-old infertility patient.Cureus. 2022;14(7):e26527. doi:10.7759/cureus.26527Vigneswaran HT, Abern M.Testicular cancer. In:Encyclopedia of Reproduction (Second Edition). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2018. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64814-6Ciongradi CI, Sarbu I, Halitchi COI, Benchia D, Sarbu K.Fertility of cryptorchid testis—an unsolved mistery.Genes (Basel). 2021;12(12):1894. doi:10.3390/genes12121894Wu H, Wang F, Tang D, Han D.Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms.Front Immunol. 2021:12:582946. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946Chiles KA.Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction as harbingers of systemic disease.Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5(2):195–200. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.05University of Utah Health.What men should know about testicular shrinkage and testosterone therapy.Endocrine Society.Landmark study defines normal ranges for testosterone levels.Wu H, Wang F, Tang D, Han D.Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms.Front. Immunol. 2021;12:2021. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946Solanki P, Eu B, Smith J, Allan C, Lee K.Physical, psychological and biochemical recovery from anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: a scoping review.Endocr Connect. 2023;12(12):e230358. doi:10.1530/EC-23-0358
28 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Yang DM, Choi HI, Kim HC, et al.Small testes: clinical characteristics and ultrasonographic findings.Ultrasonography. 2020;40(3):455–463. doi:10.14366/usg.20133Santi D, Corona G.Primary and secondary hypogonadism. In:Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction. New York, NY: Springer; 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_24-1Salonia A, Rastelli G, Hackett G, et al.Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):38. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0087-yMunari EV, Amer M, Amodeo A, et al.The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1201313. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313Boston’s Children Hospital.Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism).Li PQ, Huang Y, Liu FY, et al.Analysis of trends in testicular atrophy index values with age in patients with unilateral palpable cryptorchidism.Asian J Androl. 2022;24(5):500–502. doi:10.4103/aja202227National Health Service.Mumps complications.Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zin A.Epidemiology of varicocele.Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):179–181. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640Lomboy JR, Coward RM.The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management.Semin Intervent Radiol.2016;33(3):163–169. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586143Greear GM, Romano MF, Katz MH, Munarriz R, Rague JT.Testicular torsion: epidemiological risk factors for orchiectomy in pediatric and adult patients.Int J Impot Res.2021;33(2):184-90. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0331-8Tian XM, Tan XH, Shi QL, et al.Risk factors for testicular atrophy in children with testicular torsion following emergent orchiopexy.Front Pediatr. 2020;8:584796. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.584796Matzkin ME, Calandra RS, Rossi SP, Bartke A, Frungieri MB.Hallmarks of testicular aging: the challenge of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies using natural and/or pharmacological compounds to improve the physiopathological status of the aged male gonad.Cells. 2021;10(11):3114. doi:10.3390/cells10113114MedlinePlus.Orchitis.Morton SM, Sales A, Browne A, et al.Outcome of acute epididymo-orchitis: risk factors for testicular loss.World J Urol. 2023;41(9):2421–2428. doi:10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1Meddings J, Rogers MA, Krein SL, Fakih MG, Olmsted RN, Saint S.Reducing unnecessary urinary catheter use and other strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection: an integrative review.BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23(4):277–289. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001774Dosumu OO, Osinubi AAA, Duru FIO.Alcohol induced testicular damage: Can abstinence equal recovery?Middle East Fertil Soc J.2014;19(3):221-223. doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2014.01.003National Institute on Drug Abuse.What are the side effects of anabolic steroid misuse?Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S.Testosterone replacement therapy.Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-1566. doi:10.1111/andr.12774Ogbetere FE, Imoisili U.Testicular atrophy following inguinal hernia repairs: are we doing enough in prevention and counseling?Nigerian J Med.2021;30(1):105-107. doi:10.4103/NJM.NJM_170_20Augustin D, Orisme SJ, Joachim G, Pierre RV, Luckenson E.Right testicular seminoma with bilateral testicular atrophy in a 44-year-old infertility patient.Cureus. 2022;14(7):e26527. doi:10.7759/cureus.26527Vigneswaran HT, Abern M.Testicular cancer. In:Encyclopedia of Reproduction (Second Edition). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2018. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64814-6Ciongradi CI, Sarbu I, Halitchi COI, Benchia D, Sarbu K.Fertility of cryptorchid testis—an unsolved mistery.Genes (Basel). 2021;12(12):1894. doi:10.3390/genes12121894Wu H, Wang F, Tang D, Han D.Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms.Front Immunol. 2021:12:582946. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946Chiles KA.Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction as harbingers of systemic disease.Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5(2):195–200. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.05University of Utah Health.What men should know about testicular shrinkage and testosterone therapy.Endocrine Society.Landmark study defines normal ranges for testosterone levels.Wu H, Wang F, Tang D, Han D.Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms.Front. Immunol. 2021;12:2021. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946Solanki P, Eu B, Smith J, Allan C, Lee K.Physical, psychological and biochemical recovery from anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: a scoping review.Endocr Connect. 2023;12(12):e230358. doi:10.1530/EC-23-0358
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Yang DM, Choi HI, Kim HC, et al.Small testes: clinical characteristics and ultrasonographic findings.Ultrasonography. 2020;40(3):455–463. doi:10.14366/usg.20133Santi D, Corona G.Primary and secondary hypogonadism. In:Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction. New York, NY: Springer; 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_24-1Salonia A, Rastelli G, Hackett G, et al.Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):38. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0087-yMunari EV, Amer M, Amodeo A, et al.The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1201313. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313Boston’s Children Hospital.Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism).Li PQ, Huang Y, Liu FY, et al.Analysis of trends in testicular atrophy index values with age in patients with unilateral palpable cryptorchidism.Asian J Androl. 2022;24(5):500–502. doi:10.4103/aja202227National Health Service.Mumps complications.Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zin A.Epidemiology of varicocele.Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):179–181. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640Lomboy JR, Coward RM.The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management.Semin Intervent Radiol.2016;33(3):163–169. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586143Greear GM, Romano MF, Katz MH, Munarriz R, Rague JT.Testicular torsion: epidemiological risk factors for orchiectomy in pediatric and adult patients.Int J Impot Res.2021;33(2):184-90. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0331-8Tian XM, Tan XH, Shi QL, et al.Risk factors for testicular atrophy in children with testicular torsion following emergent orchiopexy.Front Pediatr. 2020;8:584796. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.584796Matzkin ME, Calandra RS, Rossi SP, Bartke A, Frungieri MB.Hallmarks of testicular aging: the challenge of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies using natural and/or pharmacological compounds to improve the physiopathological status of the aged male gonad.Cells. 2021;10(11):3114. doi:10.3390/cells10113114MedlinePlus.Orchitis.Morton SM, Sales A, Browne A, et al.Outcome of acute epididymo-orchitis: risk factors for testicular loss.World J Urol. 2023;41(9):2421–2428. doi:10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1Meddings J, Rogers MA, Krein SL, Fakih MG, Olmsted RN, Saint S.Reducing unnecessary urinary catheter use and other strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection: an integrative review.BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23(4):277–289. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001774Dosumu OO, Osinubi AAA, Duru FIO.Alcohol induced testicular damage: Can abstinence equal recovery?Middle East Fertil Soc J.2014;19(3):221-223. doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2014.01.003National Institute on Drug Abuse.What are the side effects of anabolic steroid misuse?Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S.Testosterone replacement therapy.Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-1566. doi:10.1111/andr.12774Ogbetere FE, Imoisili U.Testicular atrophy following inguinal hernia repairs: are we doing enough in prevention and counseling?Nigerian J Med.2021;30(1):105-107. doi:10.4103/NJM.NJM_170_20Augustin D, Orisme SJ, Joachim G, Pierre RV, Luckenson E.Right testicular seminoma with bilateral testicular atrophy in a 44-year-old infertility patient.Cureus. 2022;14(7):e26527. doi:10.7759/cureus.26527Vigneswaran HT, Abern M.Testicular cancer. In:Encyclopedia of Reproduction (Second Edition). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2018. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64814-6Ciongradi CI, Sarbu I, Halitchi COI, Benchia D, Sarbu K.Fertility of cryptorchid testis—an unsolved mistery.Genes (Basel). 2021;12(12):1894. doi:10.3390/genes12121894Wu H, Wang F, Tang D, Han D.Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms.Front Immunol. 2021:12:582946. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946Chiles KA.Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction as harbingers of systemic disease.Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5(2):195–200. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.05University of Utah Health.What men should know about testicular shrinkage and testosterone therapy.Endocrine Society.Landmark study defines normal ranges for testosterone levels.Wu H, Wang F, Tang D, Han D.Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms.Front. Immunol. 2021;12:2021. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946Solanki P, Eu B, Smith J, Allan C, Lee K.Physical, psychological and biochemical recovery from anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: a scoping review.Endocr Connect. 2023;12(12):e230358. doi:10.1530/EC-23-0358
Yang DM, Choi HI, Kim HC, et al.Small testes: clinical characteristics and ultrasonographic findings.Ultrasonography. 2020;40(3):455–463. doi:10.14366/usg.20133
Santi D, Corona G.Primary and secondary hypogonadism. In:Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction. New York, NY: Springer; 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_24-1
Salonia A, Rastelli G, Hackett G, et al.Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism.Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):38. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0087-y
Munari EV, Amer M, Amodeo A, et al.The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1201313. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313
Boston’s Children Hospital.Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism).
Li PQ, Huang Y, Liu FY, et al.Analysis of trends in testicular atrophy index values with age in patients with unilateral palpable cryptorchidism.Asian J Androl. 2022;24(5):500–502. doi:10.4103/aja202227
National Health Service.Mumps complications.
Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zin A.Epidemiology of varicocele.Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):179–181. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640
Lomboy JR, Coward RM.The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management.Semin Intervent Radiol.2016;33(3):163–169. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586143
Greear GM, Romano MF, Katz MH, Munarriz R, Rague JT.Testicular torsion: epidemiological risk factors for orchiectomy in pediatric and adult patients.Int J Impot Res.2021;33(2):184-90. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0331-8
Tian XM, Tan XH, Shi QL, et al.Risk factors for testicular atrophy in children with testicular torsion following emergent orchiopexy.Front Pediatr. 2020;8:584796. doi:10.3389/fped.2020.584796
Matzkin ME, Calandra RS, Rossi SP, Bartke A, Frungieri MB.Hallmarks of testicular aging: the challenge of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies using natural and/or pharmacological compounds to improve the physiopathological status of the aged male gonad.Cells. 2021;10(11):3114. doi:10.3390/cells10113114
MedlinePlus.Orchitis.
Morton SM, Sales A, Browne A, et al.Outcome of acute epididymo-orchitis: risk factors for testicular loss.World J Urol. 2023;41(9):2421–2428. doi:10.1007/s00345-023-04500-1
Meddings J, Rogers MA, Krein SL, Fakih MG, Olmsted RN, Saint S.Reducing unnecessary urinary catheter use and other strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection: an integrative review.BMJ Qual Saf. 2014;23(4):277–289. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001774
Dosumu OO, Osinubi AAA, Duru FIO.Alcohol induced testicular damage: Can abstinence equal recovery?Middle East Fertil Soc J.2014;19(3):221-223. doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2014.01.003
National Institute on Drug Abuse.What are the side effects of anabolic steroid misuse?
Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S.Testosterone replacement therapy.Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-1566. doi:10.1111/andr.12774
Ogbetere FE, Imoisili U.Testicular atrophy following inguinal hernia repairs: are we doing enough in prevention and counseling?Nigerian J Med.2021;30(1):105-107. doi:10.4103/NJM.NJM_170_20
Augustin D, Orisme SJ, Joachim G, Pierre RV, Luckenson E.Right testicular seminoma with bilateral testicular atrophy in a 44-year-old infertility patient.Cureus. 2022;14(7):e26527. doi:10.7759/cureus.26527
Vigneswaran HT, Abern M.Testicular cancer. In:Encyclopedia of Reproduction (Second Edition). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2018. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.64814-6
Ciongradi CI, Sarbu I, Halitchi COI, Benchia D, Sarbu K.Fertility of cryptorchid testis—an unsolved mistery.Genes (Basel). 2021;12(12):1894. doi:10.3390/genes12121894
Wu H, Wang F, Tang D, Han D.Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms.Front Immunol. 2021:12:582946. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946
Chiles KA.Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction as harbingers of systemic disease.Transl Androl Urol. 2016;5(2):195–200. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.05
University of Utah Health.What men should know about testicular shrinkage and testosterone therapy.
Endocrine Society.Landmark study defines normal ranges for testosterone levels.
Wu H, Wang F, Tang D, Han D.Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms.Front. Immunol. 2021;12:2021. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.582946
Solanki P, Eu B, Smith J, Allan C, Lee K.Physical, psychological and biochemical recovery from anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: a scoping review.Endocr Connect. 2023;12(12):e230358. doi:10.1530/EC-23-0358
Meet Our Medical Expert Board
Share Feedback
Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
Was this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
What is your feedback?
