Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Foods Have CLA?UsesSafetyDosageFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Foods Have CLA?
Uses
Safety
Dosage
Frequently Asked Questions
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been studied for possible roles in weight loss, exercise performance, cancer, and heart protection, but evidence in humans is limited.It carries a risk of side effects that include gastrointestinal issues, inflammation, and liver problems.
Thispolyunsaturated fatty acidis found naturally in dairy products and beef but also can be synthesized from sunflower and other oils.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
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In general, people in the U.S. consume between 150 and 212 milligrams of CLA daily through the food they eat.
Foods rich in CLA include meats and dairy products like the following:
What Is CLA For?
With claims that it can reduce fat, build muscle, and increase energy and endurance, CLA is popular among some athletes.
There’s a wide range of other purported benefits, including cancer prevention and the treatment of high cholesterol, but evidence of this is lacking.
Weight Loss
Some studies indicated that CLA improvedbody compositionand weight loss. However, many of these early studies were performed on animals.When the same experiments were applied to people, the results weren’t nearly as favorable.
Overall, trials of CLA in humans have met with mixed results. There’s not enough evidence to recommend it for weight loss, according to several extensive reviews, including:
Even in studies that demonstrated weight reduction with CLA in humans, the weight loss was reasonably modest.
For example, one trial found that in 12 weeks, people taking CLA lost about one pound more than those not taking CLA.That’s less than one-tenth of a pound per week, and the decrease in body fat percentage was also slight.
People taking a CLA supplement experienced a decrease in body fat that was less than half a percentage point lower than those not taking it.
Athletic Performance
However, human studies haven’t lived up to these claims.
A small study of 10 male athletes suggested that CLA may increase muscle mass. However, more extensive studies are necessary to know this for sure.
Other studies have shown no benefit of CLA on exercise performance. One clinical trial reported that athletes who took CLA for six weeks showed no improvement in endurance compared to athletes given a placebo.
Likewise, a study of 80 non-trained healthy young men who took CLA for eight weeks saw no effect on VO2 max (a measure of how much oxygen is necessary during exercise) or time to exhaustion compared to those who took a placebo.
Taken as a whole, there’s little convincing evidence that CLA improves athletic performance in any significant way.
It’s important to note that some studies reporting benefits such as strength gains and improved body composition used CLA combined withcreatine monohydrate, a supplement widely shown to increase muscle mass and strength.
Heart Health
Studies of CLA’s effects on heart protection show conflicting results.
Some recent research determined that CLA does not affectcholesterol levelsorblood pressurein humans and that its role in heart health is uncertain.
On the other hand, a systematic review showed that CLA decreasedlow-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, or “bad”)in healthy adults.
Of note, CLA from the diet and CLA from supplements seem to affect cholesterol profiles differently.
CLA obtained through the diet was more beneficial. CLA from supplements slightly increased total cholesterol and decreasedhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL, or “good” cholesterol").
However, CLA from foods did the opposite, causing a decrease in total cholesterol and an increase in HDL cholesterol.
Avoid CLA if you’re allergic to it or its components.
Seek immediate medical attention if you have asevere allergic reaction(itching, hives, shortness of breath).
Compared to vitamins, a study showed that the following types of supplements increased the risk of severe medical events threefold:
The use of these types of supplements is not advisable.
Side Effects
Any supplement you take may cause side effects. These side effects may be mild or severe.
Generally speaking, CLA is well tolerated. It may cause mild gastrointestinal side effects such as the following:
Some serious side effects are also possible with CLA supplementation, including the following:
Drug Interactions
CLA may interact with the following medications:
It is essential to carefully read a supplement’s ingredients list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review the supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
Precautions
Do keep the following precautions in mind when using CLA:
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
Doses typically range from 3–6 grams per day.
Research suggests daily doses of up to 6 grams were safe for up to a year, and daily doses of up to 3.4 grams were safe for up to two years.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplement FactsActive ingredients:Linoleic acidAlternate names:10-trans-12-cis-linoleic acid, (10E,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acidLegal status:Over-the-counter (OTC) supplement in the U.S.Suggested dose:3–6 grams dailySafety considerations:More research regarding CLA for children is necessary,and avoiding it during pregnancyor breastfeeding is recommended
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplement Facts
Active ingredients:Linoleic acidAlternate names:10-trans-12-cis-linoleic acid, (10E,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acidLegal status:Over-the-counter (OTC) supplement in the U.S.Suggested dose:3–6 grams dailySafety considerations:More research regarding CLA for children is necessary,and avoiding it during pregnancyor breastfeeding is recommended
Summary
CLA is a fatty acid obtained through meats and dairy products or taken as a dietary supplement.
It’s often marketed for weight loss and exercise performance, though there isn’t much data to support these claims. Clinical trials have had conflicting results, so more research is necessary to determine CLA’s effects in humans.
Side effects typically involve the gastrointestinal tract but can also include inflammation and liver problems. CLA is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Conjugated linoleic acid is a fatty acid that is produced in the digestive tracts of grass-fed animals.It can also be made in a lab. As a dietary supplement, it’s frequently marketed for weight loss.
And although trans fats are associated with heart disease risk, CLA seems to be cardioprotective.
Clinical trials conflict, but overall, there’s not much evidence that CLA helps with weight loss.
28 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.den Hartigh LJ.Conjugated linoleic acid effects on cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis: a review of pre-clinical and human trials with current perspectives.Nutrients. 2019;11(2):370. Published 2019 Feb 11. doi:10.3390/nu11020370Shen W, McIntosh MK.Nutrient regulation: conjugated linoleic acid’s inflammatory and browning properties in adipose tissue.Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:183-210. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050924Ibrahim KS, El-Sayed EM.Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain triglycerides for obesity management.J Biosci. 2021;46:12.Lehnen TE, da Silva MR, Camacho A, et al.A review on effects of conjugated linoleic fatty acid (CLA) upon body composition and energetic metabolism.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:36. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0097-4Rahbar AR, Ostovar A, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid as a supplement or enrichment in foods on blood glucose and waist circumference in humans: a meta-analysis.Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2017;17(1):5-18. doi:10.2174/1570161115999170207113803Liang CW, Cheng HY, Lee YH, et al.Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on body composition and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(4):397-415. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac060Namazi N, Irandoost P, Larijani B, Azadbakht L.The effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on anthropometric indices and body composition in overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;:1-14. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1466107Chen SC, Lin YH, Huang HP, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population.Nutrition. 2012;28(5):559-65. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.09.008Macaluso F, Morici G, Catanese P, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise. JStrength Cond Res. 2012;26(6):1667-74. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318231ab78Terasawa N, Okamoto K, Nakada K, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid intake on endurance exercise performance and anti-fatigue in student athletes.J Oleo Sci. 2017;66(7):723-733. doi:10.5650/jos.ess17053Jenkins ND, Buckner SL, Baker RB, et al.Effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with conjugated linoleic acid on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold.J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(8):2127-35. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000513Tajmanesh M, Aryaeian N, Hosseini M, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no impact on aerobic capacity of healthy young men.Lipids. 2015;50(8):805-9. doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4031-yCooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, Jimenez A.Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):33. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-33Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid: potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient.Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2016;7:221-244. doi:10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033028Derakhshande-Rishehri SM, Mansourian M, et al.Association of foods enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and CLA supplements with lipid profile in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(11):2041-2054. doi:10.1017/S1368980014002262Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, et al.Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults.J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(4):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.005National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplements for weight loss.Mirzaii S, Mansourian M, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al.Association of conjugated linoleic acid consumption and liver enzymes in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Nutrition. 2016;32(2):166-173. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.013Badawy S, Liu Y, Guo M, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a functional food: Is it beneficial or not?Food Res Int. 2023;172:113158. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113158Benjamin S, Prakasan P, Sreedharan S, et al.Pros and cons of CLA consumption: an insight from clinical evidences.Nutr Metab (Lond). 2015;12:4. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-12-4Carta G, Murru E, Cordeddu L, et al.Metabolic interactions between vitamin A and conjugated linoleic acid.Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1262-1272. Published 2014 Mar 24. doi:10.3390/nu6031262Mosley SA, Shahin AM, Williams J, et al.Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption does not influence milk macronutrient contents in all healthy lactating women.Lipids. 2007;42(8):723-729. doi:10.1007/s11745-007-3087-8Masters N, McGuire MA, Beerman KA, et al.Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans.Lipids. 2002;37(2):133-138. doi:10.1007/s11745-002-0872-8Martysiak-Żurowska D, Kiełbratowska B, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A.The content of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in the breast milk of women from Gdansk and the surrounding district, as well as in, infant formulas and follow-up formulas. nutritional recommendation for nursing women.Dev Period Med. 2018;22(2):128-134. doi:10.34763/devperiodmed.20182202.128134Racine NM, Watras AC, Carrel AL, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children.Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1157-1164. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28404Garibay-Nieto N, Queipo-García G, Alvarez F, et al.Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and metformin on insulin sensitivity in obese children: randomized clinical trial.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(1):132-140. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2701Basak S, Duttaroy AK.Conjugated linoleic acid and its beneficial effects in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1913. Published 2020 Jun 28. doi:10.3390/nu12071913National Center for Biotechnology Information.PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5282800, (10E,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid.
28 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.den Hartigh LJ.Conjugated linoleic acid effects on cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis: a review of pre-clinical and human trials with current perspectives.Nutrients. 2019;11(2):370. Published 2019 Feb 11. doi:10.3390/nu11020370Shen W, McIntosh MK.Nutrient regulation: conjugated linoleic acid’s inflammatory and browning properties in adipose tissue.Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:183-210. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050924Ibrahim KS, El-Sayed EM.Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain triglycerides for obesity management.J Biosci. 2021;46:12.Lehnen TE, da Silva MR, Camacho A, et al.A review on effects of conjugated linoleic fatty acid (CLA) upon body composition and energetic metabolism.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:36. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0097-4Rahbar AR, Ostovar A, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid as a supplement or enrichment in foods on blood glucose and waist circumference in humans: a meta-analysis.Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2017;17(1):5-18. doi:10.2174/1570161115999170207113803Liang CW, Cheng HY, Lee YH, et al.Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on body composition and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(4):397-415. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac060Namazi N, Irandoost P, Larijani B, Azadbakht L.The effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on anthropometric indices and body composition in overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;:1-14. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1466107Chen SC, Lin YH, Huang HP, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population.Nutrition. 2012;28(5):559-65. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.09.008Macaluso F, Morici G, Catanese P, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise. JStrength Cond Res. 2012;26(6):1667-74. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318231ab78Terasawa N, Okamoto K, Nakada K, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid intake on endurance exercise performance and anti-fatigue in student athletes.J Oleo Sci. 2017;66(7):723-733. doi:10.5650/jos.ess17053Jenkins ND, Buckner SL, Baker RB, et al.Effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with conjugated linoleic acid on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold.J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(8):2127-35. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000513Tajmanesh M, Aryaeian N, Hosseini M, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no impact on aerobic capacity of healthy young men.Lipids. 2015;50(8):805-9. doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4031-yCooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, Jimenez A.Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):33. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-33Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid: potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient.Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2016;7:221-244. doi:10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033028Derakhshande-Rishehri SM, Mansourian M, et al.Association of foods enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and CLA supplements with lipid profile in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(11):2041-2054. doi:10.1017/S1368980014002262Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, et al.Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults.J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(4):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.005National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplements for weight loss.Mirzaii S, Mansourian M, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al.Association of conjugated linoleic acid consumption and liver enzymes in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Nutrition. 2016;32(2):166-173. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.013Badawy S, Liu Y, Guo M, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a functional food: Is it beneficial or not?Food Res Int. 2023;172:113158. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113158Benjamin S, Prakasan P, Sreedharan S, et al.Pros and cons of CLA consumption: an insight from clinical evidences.Nutr Metab (Lond). 2015;12:4. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-12-4Carta G, Murru E, Cordeddu L, et al.Metabolic interactions between vitamin A and conjugated linoleic acid.Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1262-1272. Published 2014 Mar 24. doi:10.3390/nu6031262Mosley SA, Shahin AM, Williams J, et al.Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption does not influence milk macronutrient contents in all healthy lactating women.Lipids. 2007;42(8):723-729. doi:10.1007/s11745-007-3087-8Masters N, McGuire MA, Beerman KA, et al.Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans.Lipids. 2002;37(2):133-138. doi:10.1007/s11745-002-0872-8Martysiak-Żurowska D, Kiełbratowska B, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A.The content of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in the breast milk of women from Gdansk and the surrounding district, as well as in, infant formulas and follow-up formulas. nutritional recommendation for nursing women.Dev Period Med. 2018;22(2):128-134. doi:10.34763/devperiodmed.20182202.128134Racine NM, Watras AC, Carrel AL, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children.Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1157-1164. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28404Garibay-Nieto N, Queipo-García G, Alvarez F, et al.Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and metformin on insulin sensitivity in obese children: randomized clinical trial.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(1):132-140. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2701Basak S, Duttaroy AK.Conjugated linoleic acid and its beneficial effects in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1913. Published 2020 Jun 28. doi:10.3390/nu12071913National Center for Biotechnology Information.PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5282800, (10E,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
den Hartigh LJ.Conjugated linoleic acid effects on cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis: a review of pre-clinical and human trials with current perspectives.Nutrients. 2019;11(2):370. Published 2019 Feb 11. doi:10.3390/nu11020370Shen W, McIntosh MK.Nutrient regulation: conjugated linoleic acid’s inflammatory and browning properties in adipose tissue.Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:183-210. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050924Ibrahim KS, El-Sayed EM.Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain triglycerides for obesity management.J Biosci. 2021;46:12.Lehnen TE, da Silva MR, Camacho A, et al.A review on effects of conjugated linoleic fatty acid (CLA) upon body composition and energetic metabolism.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:36. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0097-4Rahbar AR, Ostovar A, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid as a supplement or enrichment in foods on blood glucose and waist circumference in humans: a meta-analysis.Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2017;17(1):5-18. doi:10.2174/1570161115999170207113803Liang CW, Cheng HY, Lee YH, et al.Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on body composition and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(4):397-415. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac060Namazi N, Irandoost P, Larijani B, Azadbakht L.The effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on anthropometric indices and body composition in overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;:1-14. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1466107Chen SC, Lin YH, Huang HP, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population.Nutrition. 2012;28(5):559-65. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.09.008Macaluso F, Morici G, Catanese P, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise. JStrength Cond Res. 2012;26(6):1667-74. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318231ab78Terasawa N, Okamoto K, Nakada K, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid intake on endurance exercise performance and anti-fatigue in student athletes.J Oleo Sci. 2017;66(7):723-733. doi:10.5650/jos.ess17053Jenkins ND, Buckner SL, Baker RB, et al.Effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with conjugated linoleic acid on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold.J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(8):2127-35. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000513Tajmanesh M, Aryaeian N, Hosseini M, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no impact on aerobic capacity of healthy young men.Lipids. 2015;50(8):805-9. doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4031-yCooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, Jimenez A.Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):33. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-33Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid: potential health benefits as a functional food ingredient.Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2016;7:221-244. doi:10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033028Derakhshande-Rishehri SM, Mansourian M, et al.Association of foods enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and CLA supplements with lipid profile in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(11):2041-2054. doi:10.1017/S1368980014002262Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, et al.Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults.J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(4):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.005National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplements for weight loss.Mirzaii S, Mansourian M, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al.Association of conjugated linoleic acid consumption and liver enzymes in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Nutrition. 2016;32(2):166-173. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.013Badawy S, Liu Y, Guo M, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a functional food: Is it beneficial or not?Food Res Int. 2023;172:113158. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113158Benjamin S, Prakasan P, Sreedharan S, et al.Pros and cons of CLA consumption: an insight from clinical evidences.Nutr Metab (Lond). 2015;12:4. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-12-4Carta G, Murru E, Cordeddu L, et al.Metabolic interactions between vitamin A and conjugated linoleic acid.Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1262-1272. Published 2014 Mar 24. doi:10.3390/nu6031262Mosley SA, Shahin AM, Williams J, et al.Supplemental conjugated linoleic acid consumption does not influence milk macronutrient contents in all healthy lactating women.Lipids. 2007;42(8):723-729. doi:10.1007/s11745-007-3087-8Masters N, McGuire MA, Beerman KA, et al.Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans.Lipids. 2002;37(2):133-138. doi:10.1007/s11745-002-0872-8Martysiak-Żurowska D, Kiełbratowska B, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A.The content of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in the breast milk of women from Gdansk and the surrounding district, as well as in, infant formulas and follow-up formulas. nutritional recommendation for nursing women.Dev Period Med. 2018;22(2):128-134. doi:10.34763/devperiodmed.20182202.128134Racine NM, Watras AC, Carrel AL, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children.Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(5):1157-1164. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28404Garibay-Nieto N, Queipo-García G, Alvarez F, et al.Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and metformin on insulin sensitivity in obese children: randomized clinical trial.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(1):132-140. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2701Basak S, Duttaroy AK.Conjugated linoleic acid and its beneficial effects in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1913. Published 2020 Jun 28. doi:10.3390/nu12071913National Center for Biotechnology Information.PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5282800, (10E,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid.
den Hartigh LJ.Conjugated linoleic acid effects on cancer, obesity, and atherosclerosis: a review of pre-clinical and human trials with current perspectives.Nutrients. 2019;11(2):370. Published 2019 Feb 11. doi:10.3390/nu11020370
Shen W, McIntosh MK.Nutrient regulation: conjugated linoleic acid’s inflammatory and browning properties in adipose tissue.Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:183-210. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050924
Ibrahim KS, El-Sayed EM.Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain triglycerides for obesity management.J Biosci. 2021;46:12.
Lehnen TE, da Silva MR, Camacho A, et al.A review on effects of conjugated linoleic fatty acid (CLA) upon body composition and energetic metabolism.J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12:36. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0097-4
Rahbar AR, Ostovar A, Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid as a supplement or enrichment in foods on blood glucose and waist circumference in humans: a meta-analysis.Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2017;17(1):5-18. doi:10.2174/1570161115999170207113803
Liang CW, Cheng HY, Lee YH, et al.Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on body composition and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(4):397-415. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac060
Namazi N, Irandoost P, Larijani B, Azadbakht L.The effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on anthropometric indices and body composition in overweight and obese subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;:1-14. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1466107
Chen SC, Lin YH, Huang HP, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population.Nutrition. 2012;28(5):559-65. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.09.008
Macaluso F, Morici G, Catanese P, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise. JStrength Cond Res. 2012;26(6):1667-74. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318231ab78
Terasawa N, Okamoto K, Nakada K, et al.Effect of conjugated linoleic acid intake on endurance exercise performance and anti-fatigue in student athletes.J Oleo Sci. 2017;66(7):723-733. doi:10.5650/jos.ess17053
Jenkins ND, Buckner SL, Baker RB, et al.Effects of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with conjugated linoleic acid on the physical working capacity at fatigue threshold.J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(8):2127-35. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000513
Tajmanesh M, Aryaeian N, Hosseini M, et al.Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no impact on aerobic capacity of healthy young men.Lipids. 2015;50(8):805-9. doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4031-y
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