Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat the Tape DoesHow the Tape WorksUsing the TapeTypes of TapeApplying the TapeDoes It Work?

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

What the Tape Does

How the Tape Works

Using the Tape

Types of Tape

Applying the Tape

Does It Work?

Kinesiology tape is a sturdy, stretchy tape usually made with a blend of cotton and nylon. It is often used to help facilitate muscle function, stabilize joints, or keep muscles from contracting improperly. It can also be used to help decrease pain, swelling, and muscle spasms.

This article explains what kinesiology tape is, its uses, and the current research around it. It also explains the types of tape available, how to apply it, and when not to use it.

Alexander Klemm / E+ / Getty Images

Close up showing a medical treatment of a young woman. A female physiotherapist is taping the neck of a young lady which has got head aches. Kinesiotape is also used for prevention and treatment in competitive sports.

What Kinesiology Tape Does

While kinesiology tape seems a lot like elastic athletic tape, there are differences between the two. Among them are that:

Kinesiology TapeUsed to facilitate motion and inhibit painFlexibleCan improve circulationAthletic TapeUsed for support and to limit motionInflexibleDecreases circulation

Kinesiology TapeUsed to facilitate motion and inhibit painFlexibleCan improve circulation

Used to facilitate motion and inhibit pain

Flexible

Can improve circulation

Athletic TapeUsed for support and to limit motionInflexibleDecreases circulation

Used for support and to limit motion

Inflexible

Decreases circulation

There are different theories about how exactly kinesiology tape works.

One is that kinesiology tape creates balance in the neural circuitry in muscles, tendons, joints, and skin. This is thought to reduce pain and decrease swelling. It’s also meant to improve muscle performance and function.

Kinesiology tape is also thought to realign joint positions. It may also be useful in remodeling collagen tissues such as inscar tissue management.

1:47Click Play to Learn How to Use Kinesiology Tape

1:47

Click Play to Learn How to Use Kinesiology Tape

Research has shown that kinesiology tape may do the following:

Improve circulation and lymphatic drainage

Kinesiology tape gently lifts the superficial layers of skin, creating a space between the skin,fascia, and underlying tissues. This is thought to promote better circulation andlymphatic drainage, reducing swelling and inflammation.

One 2018 study concluded that kinesiotaping along with manual lymphatic draining improved congestion of lymphatic fluid aftertotal knee replacementsurgeryand also improved blood circulation, relieving pain and improving functional outcomes after this type of surgery.

Improve Proprioception

Kinesiology tape may stimulatemechanoreceptorsin the skin, muscles, and joints, providing sensory feedback to the brain.

This can potentially change theproprioceptioninput of the sensory nervous system in the muscles, joints, and skin. Proprioception is the sensation that allows you to know where your body is in space (say, how high your arm is raised).

Normalize Muscle Tone

Kinesiology tape is also thought to inhibitnociceptors(pain pathways) in your muscles, skin, and joint structures.Decreasing painful input to the brain is thought to normalize muscle tone, resulting in decreased pain and muscle spasms.

How Kinesiology Tape is Used

Kinesiology tape has many specific uses. Your physical therapist can assess your current situation and injury to decide on the best use of the tape.

Some common uses of kinesiology tape include:

Types of Kinesiology Tape

Kinesiology tape can be applied in different ways, depending on why it’s needed. Your physical therapist can show you how to use the tape and cut the adhesive strips into the right configuration.

Tape shapes include:

Your therapist or sports medicine provider can ensure that you’re placing the tape in the proper position and that the tape is not too tight or restrictive. They’ll also let you know how long to wear the kinesiology tape.

Brands and Where to Buy

There are over 50 different types and brands of kinesiology tape on the market today, such as Kinesio Tape, KT Tape, or RockTape. Some specific tapes are designed for sports performance, and others are designed for lymphedema and swelling management.

According to the Kinesio Tape manufacturer, the tape colors don’t represent any chemical or physical differences. They’re a matter of personal preference.

Before you start using Kinesio tape, your physical therapist will perform an evaluation and assessment to determine the best use of it for your condition. They will assess whether the tape is necessary for you or if you have any contraindications to using the tape.

The tape is water-resistant and strong enough so that you can keep it on for three to five days while going about your usual activities. However, some researchers recommend not leaving the tape on for more than 24 hours at a time.

How to Remove the Tape

To remove the tape without hurting your skin:

Does It Really Work?

More research needs to be done to understand the mechanisms of how the tape works and if it truly lives up to its claims.

Recent studies have shown that the use of kinesiology tape can improve muscular contractions in the vastus medialis, a specific part of thequadriceps muscleresponsible for controlling the position of your kneecap.They’ve also demonstrated an improved range of motion in the lower back, immediately after the application of kinesiology tape.

To support the use of kinesiology tape to improve athletic performance, RockTape conducted a study of five cyclists and found that they performed 2% to 6% better with the application of kinesiology tape (specifically RockTape) than without the tape.However, this study may be biased, with RockTape as its sponsor and only five athletes with no control group.

Other studies have examined the effect of kinesiology taping and pain, swelling, and improved mobility, with varied results.

Who Should Not Use Kinesiology Tape?Some people, including those with open wounds, infections, or skin allergies, should not use kinesiology tape. It’s also not recommended if you have health conditions such asdiabetes, stroke,deep vein thrombosis, orcancer.

Who Should Not Use Kinesiology Tape?

Some people, including those with open wounds, infections, or skin allergies, should not use kinesiology tape. It’s also not recommended if you have health conditions such asdiabetes, stroke,deep vein thrombosis, orcancer.

Should You Avoid Using Kinesiology Tape?

Summary

Kinesiology tape is a type of stretchy tape made of cotton and nylon. It is applied to the body in different ways to reduce swelling and pain from an injury, increase mobility, and prevent muscle spasms.

It is important to apply and remove the tape properly. A physical therapist can help with this as well as advise you on how and when you should be using it. People with certain health problems should not use kinesiology tape.

Frequently Asked QuestionsSome studies do show that using the tape on injured areas can help reduce pain, but it’s unclear whether the pain reduction is significant.There isn’t strong evidence that it enhances performance in healthy athletes, as some have claimed.Learn MoreUsing Kinesiology Tape for Shoulder InjuriesIt’s possible to cause blisters or tears on the skin if you tape an area too tightly. If the tape isn’t applied in the right direction and with the right amount of stretch, it may not be effective. A professional should put the tape on and teach you how.Learn MoreWhat to Expect in Sports Medicine Physical TherapyYes. The tape should last three to five days on your skin even with showering.Learn MoreKinesiology Tape Can Prevent Nipple Irritation

Frequently Asked Questions

Some studies do show that using the tape on injured areas can help reduce pain, but it’s unclear whether the pain reduction is significant.There isn’t strong evidence that it enhances performance in healthy athletes, as some have claimed.Learn MoreUsing Kinesiology Tape for Shoulder Injuries

Some studies do show that using the tape on injured areas can help reduce pain, but it’s unclear whether the pain reduction is significant.There isn’t strong evidence that it enhances performance in healthy athletes, as some have claimed.

Learn MoreUsing Kinesiology Tape for Shoulder Injuries

It’s possible to cause blisters or tears on the skin if you tape an area too tightly. If the tape isn’t applied in the right direction and with the right amount of stretch, it may not be effective. A professional should put the tape on and teach you how.Learn MoreWhat to Expect in Sports Medicine Physical Therapy

It’s possible to cause blisters or tears on the skin if you tape an area too tightly. If the tape isn’t applied in the right direction and with the right amount of stretch, it may not be effective. A professional should put the tape on and teach you how.

Learn MoreWhat to Expect in Sports Medicine Physical Therapy

Yes. The tape should last three to five days on your skin even with showering.Learn MoreKinesiology Tape Can Prevent Nipple Irritation

Yes. The tape should last three to five days on your skin even with showering.

Learn MoreKinesiology Tape Can Prevent Nipple Irritation

17 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kinesio.Dr. Kenzo Kase.Meeusen L, Candidori S, Micoli LL, Guidi G, Stanković T, Graziosi S.Auxetic structures used in kinesiology tapes can improve form-fitting and personalization.Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 5;12(1):13509. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17688-w.Karwacińska J, Kiebzak W, Stepanek-Finda B, et al.Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping on hypertrophic scars, keloids and scar contractures.Polish Annals of Medicine. 2012;19(1):50-57. doi:10.1016/j.poamed.2012.04.010Guney Deniz H, Kinikli G, Onal S,et al.THU0727-HPR Comparison of kinesio tape application and manual lymphatic drainage on lower extremity oedema and functions after total knee arthroplasty.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases2018;77:1791. 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.3360Kim BJ, Lee JH, Kim CT, Lee SM.Effects of ankle balance taping with kinesiology tape for a patient with chronic ankle instability.J Phys Ther Sci.2015;27(7):2405-6. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2405Wu WT, Hong CZ, Chou LW.The kinesio taping method for myofascial pain control.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:950519. doi:10.1155/2015/950519Villafañe JH, Langford D, Alguacil-Diego IM, Fernández-Carnero J.Management of trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis pain and dysfunction using mobilization with movement technique in combination with kinesiology tape: a case report.J Chiropr Med. 2013;12(2):79-86. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2013.06.001Malicka I, Rosseger A, Hanuszkiewicz J, Woźniewski M.Kinesiology Taping reduces lymphedema of the upper extremity in women after breast cancer treatment: a pilot study.Prz Menopauzalny.2014;13(4):221-6. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.44997Han JT, Lee JH.Effects of kinesiology taping on repositioning error of the knee joint after quadriceps muscle fatigue.J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(6):921-923. doi:10.1589/jpts.26.921Aytara A, Ozunlua N, Surenkokb O, Baltacıc G, Oztopd P, Karatasd M.Initial effects of kinesio taping in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A randomized, double-blind study.Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2011;19(2):135-142. doi:10.3233/IES-2011-0413Kinesio.Frequently Asked Questions.Andrýsková A, Lee JH.The guidelines for application of kinesiology tape for prevention and treatment of sports injuries. Healthcare (Basel). 2020 May 26;8(2):144. doi:10.3390/healthcare8020144Choi IR, Lee JH.Effect of kinesiology tape application direction on quadriceps strength.Medicine (Baltimore).2018;97(24):e11038. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011038Lee JH.The short-term effectiveness of balance taping on acute nonspecific low-back pain: A case report.Medicine(Baltimore). 2017;96(51):e9304. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009304Van den Dries G, Capobianco S, Brink J.The clinical efficacy of Rocktape in a performance enhancing application.Lee K, Yi CW, Lee S.The effects of kinesiology taping therapy on degenerative knee arthritis patients' pain, function, and joint range of motion.J Phys Ther Sci.2016;28(1):63-6. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.63Montalvo AM, Cara EL, Myer GD.Effect of kinesiology taping on pain in individuals with musculoskeletal injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis.The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2014;42(2):48-57. doi:psm.2014.05.2057Additional ReadingBlubaugh M. “Kinesiology taping, manual therapy, and neuromuscular re-activation.” Seminar, May, 2014. Albany, NY.Gonzalez-Iglesias J, et al. “Short-term effects of cervical kinesio taping on pain and cervical range of motion in patients with acute whiplash injury: a randomized, controlled trial.” JOSPT 39(7), 2009. 515-521.Hyun M, et al. “The effect of Kinesio Tape on lower extremity functional movement screen scores” IJES, 5(3) 2012.MacGregor K, et al. “Cutaneous stimulation from patella tape causes a differential increase invasti muscle activity in people with patellofemoral pain” Journal of Orthopaedic Research March 2005, Vol.23(2):351–358

17 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kinesio.Dr. Kenzo Kase.Meeusen L, Candidori S, Micoli LL, Guidi G, Stanković T, Graziosi S.Auxetic structures used in kinesiology tapes can improve form-fitting and personalization.Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 5;12(1):13509. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17688-w.Karwacińska J, Kiebzak W, Stepanek-Finda B, et al.Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping on hypertrophic scars, keloids and scar contractures.Polish Annals of Medicine. 2012;19(1):50-57. doi:10.1016/j.poamed.2012.04.010Guney Deniz H, Kinikli G, Onal S,et al.THU0727-HPR Comparison of kinesio tape application and manual lymphatic drainage on lower extremity oedema and functions after total knee arthroplasty.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases2018;77:1791. 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.3360Kim BJ, Lee JH, Kim CT, Lee SM.Effects of ankle balance taping with kinesiology tape for a patient with chronic ankle instability.J Phys Ther Sci.2015;27(7):2405-6. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2405Wu WT, Hong CZ, Chou LW.The kinesio taping method for myofascial pain control.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:950519. doi:10.1155/2015/950519Villafañe JH, Langford D, Alguacil-Diego IM, Fernández-Carnero J.Management of trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis pain and dysfunction using mobilization with movement technique in combination with kinesiology tape: a case report.J Chiropr Med. 2013;12(2):79-86. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2013.06.001Malicka I, Rosseger A, Hanuszkiewicz J, Woźniewski M.Kinesiology Taping reduces lymphedema of the upper extremity in women after breast cancer treatment: a pilot study.Prz Menopauzalny.2014;13(4):221-6. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.44997Han JT, Lee JH.Effects of kinesiology taping on repositioning error of the knee joint after quadriceps muscle fatigue.J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(6):921-923. doi:10.1589/jpts.26.921Aytara A, Ozunlua N, Surenkokb O, Baltacıc G, Oztopd P, Karatasd M.Initial effects of kinesio taping in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A randomized, double-blind study.Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2011;19(2):135-142. doi:10.3233/IES-2011-0413Kinesio.Frequently Asked Questions.Andrýsková A, Lee JH.The guidelines for application of kinesiology tape for prevention and treatment of sports injuries. Healthcare (Basel). 2020 May 26;8(2):144. doi:10.3390/healthcare8020144Choi IR, Lee JH.Effect of kinesiology tape application direction on quadriceps strength.Medicine (Baltimore).2018;97(24):e11038. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011038Lee JH.The short-term effectiveness of balance taping on acute nonspecific low-back pain: A case report.Medicine(Baltimore). 2017;96(51):e9304. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009304Van den Dries G, Capobianco S, Brink J.The clinical efficacy of Rocktape in a performance enhancing application.Lee K, Yi CW, Lee S.The effects of kinesiology taping therapy on degenerative knee arthritis patients' pain, function, and joint range of motion.J Phys Ther Sci.2016;28(1):63-6. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.63Montalvo AM, Cara EL, Myer GD.Effect of kinesiology taping on pain in individuals with musculoskeletal injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis.The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2014;42(2):48-57. doi:psm.2014.05.2057Additional ReadingBlubaugh M. “Kinesiology taping, manual therapy, and neuromuscular re-activation.” Seminar, May, 2014. Albany, NY.Gonzalez-Iglesias J, et al. “Short-term effects of cervical kinesio taping on pain and cervical range of motion in patients with acute whiplash injury: a randomized, controlled trial.” JOSPT 39(7), 2009. 515-521.Hyun M, et al. “The effect of Kinesio Tape on lower extremity functional movement screen scores” IJES, 5(3) 2012.MacGregor K, et al. “Cutaneous stimulation from patella tape causes a differential increase invasti muscle activity in people with patellofemoral pain” Journal of Orthopaedic Research March 2005, Vol.23(2):351–358

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Kinesio.Dr. Kenzo Kase.Meeusen L, Candidori S, Micoli LL, Guidi G, Stanković T, Graziosi S.Auxetic structures used in kinesiology tapes can improve form-fitting and personalization.Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 5;12(1):13509. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17688-w.Karwacińska J, Kiebzak W, Stepanek-Finda B, et al.Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping on hypertrophic scars, keloids and scar contractures.Polish Annals of Medicine. 2012;19(1):50-57. doi:10.1016/j.poamed.2012.04.010Guney Deniz H, Kinikli G, Onal S,et al.THU0727-HPR Comparison of kinesio tape application and manual lymphatic drainage on lower extremity oedema and functions after total knee arthroplasty.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases2018;77:1791. 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.3360Kim BJ, Lee JH, Kim CT, Lee SM.Effects of ankle balance taping with kinesiology tape for a patient with chronic ankle instability.J Phys Ther Sci.2015;27(7):2405-6. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2405Wu WT, Hong CZ, Chou LW.The kinesio taping method for myofascial pain control.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:950519. doi:10.1155/2015/950519Villafañe JH, Langford D, Alguacil-Diego IM, Fernández-Carnero J.Management of trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis pain and dysfunction using mobilization with movement technique in combination with kinesiology tape: a case report.J Chiropr Med. 2013;12(2):79-86. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2013.06.001Malicka I, Rosseger A, Hanuszkiewicz J, Woźniewski M.Kinesiology Taping reduces lymphedema of the upper extremity in women after breast cancer treatment: a pilot study.Prz Menopauzalny.2014;13(4):221-6. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.44997Han JT, Lee JH.Effects of kinesiology taping on repositioning error of the knee joint after quadriceps muscle fatigue.J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(6):921-923. doi:10.1589/jpts.26.921Aytara A, Ozunlua N, Surenkokb O, Baltacıc G, Oztopd P, Karatasd M.Initial effects of kinesio taping in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A randomized, double-blind study.Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2011;19(2):135-142. doi:10.3233/IES-2011-0413Kinesio.Frequently Asked Questions.Andrýsková A, Lee JH.The guidelines for application of kinesiology tape for prevention and treatment of sports injuries. Healthcare (Basel). 2020 May 26;8(2):144. doi:10.3390/healthcare8020144Choi IR, Lee JH.Effect of kinesiology tape application direction on quadriceps strength.Medicine (Baltimore).2018;97(24):e11038. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011038Lee JH.The short-term effectiveness of balance taping on acute nonspecific low-back pain: A case report.Medicine(Baltimore). 2017;96(51):e9304. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009304Van den Dries G, Capobianco S, Brink J.The clinical efficacy of Rocktape in a performance enhancing application.Lee K, Yi CW, Lee S.The effects of kinesiology taping therapy on degenerative knee arthritis patients' pain, function, and joint range of motion.J Phys Ther Sci.2016;28(1):63-6. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.63Montalvo AM, Cara EL, Myer GD.Effect of kinesiology taping on pain in individuals with musculoskeletal injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis.The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2014;42(2):48-57. doi:psm.2014.05.2057

Kinesio.Dr. Kenzo Kase.

Meeusen L, Candidori S, Micoli LL, Guidi G, Stanković T, Graziosi S.Auxetic structures used in kinesiology tapes can improve form-fitting and personalization.Sci Rep. 2022 Aug 5;12(1):13509. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17688-w.

Karwacińska J, Kiebzak W, Stepanek-Finda B, et al.Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping on hypertrophic scars, keloids and scar contractures.Polish Annals of Medicine. 2012;19(1):50-57. doi:10.1016/j.poamed.2012.04.010

Guney Deniz H, Kinikli G, Onal S,et al.THU0727-HPR Comparison of kinesio tape application and manual lymphatic drainage on lower extremity oedema and functions after total knee arthroplasty.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases2018;77:1791. 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.3360

Kim BJ, Lee JH, Kim CT, Lee SM.Effects of ankle balance taping with kinesiology tape for a patient with chronic ankle instability.J Phys Ther Sci.2015;27(7):2405-6. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2405

Wu WT, Hong CZ, Chou LW.The kinesio taping method for myofascial pain control.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:950519. doi:10.1155/2015/950519

Villafañe JH, Langford D, Alguacil-Diego IM, Fernández-Carnero J.Management of trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis pain and dysfunction using mobilization with movement technique in combination with kinesiology tape: a case report.J Chiropr Med. 2013;12(2):79-86. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2013.06.001

Malicka I, Rosseger A, Hanuszkiewicz J, Woźniewski M.Kinesiology Taping reduces lymphedema of the upper extremity in women after breast cancer treatment: a pilot study.Prz Menopauzalny.2014;13(4):221-6. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.44997

Han JT, Lee JH.Effects of kinesiology taping on repositioning error of the knee joint after quadriceps muscle fatigue.J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(6):921-923. doi:10.1589/jpts.26.921

Aytara A, Ozunlua N, Surenkokb O, Baltacıc G, Oztopd P, Karatasd M.Initial effects of kinesio taping in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A randomized, double-blind study.Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2011;19(2):135-142. doi:10.3233/IES-2011-0413

Kinesio.Frequently Asked Questions.

Andrýsková A, Lee JH.The guidelines for application of kinesiology tape for prevention and treatment of sports injuries. Healthcare (Basel). 2020 May 26;8(2):144. doi:10.3390/healthcare8020144

Choi IR, Lee JH.Effect of kinesiology tape application direction on quadriceps strength.Medicine (Baltimore).2018;97(24):e11038. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011038

Lee JH.The short-term effectiveness of balance taping on acute nonspecific low-back pain: A case report.Medicine(Baltimore). 2017;96(51):e9304. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009304

Van den Dries G, Capobianco S, Brink J.The clinical efficacy of Rocktape in a performance enhancing application.

Lee K, Yi CW, Lee S.The effects of kinesiology taping therapy on degenerative knee arthritis patients' pain, function, and joint range of motion.J Phys Ther Sci.2016;28(1):63-6. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.63

Montalvo AM, Cara EL, Myer GD.Effect of kinesiology taping on pain in individuals with musculoskeletal injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis.The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2014;42(2):48-57. doi:psm.2014.05.2057

Blubaugh M. “Kinesiology taping, manual therapy, and neuromuscular re-activation.” Seminar, May, 2014. Albany, NY.Gonzalez-Iglesias J, et al. “Short-term effects of cervical kinesio taping on pain and cervical range of motion in patients with acute whiplash injury: a randomized, controlled trial.” JOSPT 39(7), 2009. 515-521.Hyun M, et al. “The effect of Kinesio Tape on lower extremity functional movement screen scores” IJES, 5(3) 2012.MacGregor K, et al. “Cutaneous stimulation from patella tape causes a differential increase invasti muscle activity in people with patellofemoral pain” Journal of Orthopaedic Research March 2005, Vol.23(2):351–358

Blubaugh M. “Kinesiology taping, manual therapy, and neuromuscular re-activation.” Seminar, May, 2014. Albany, NY.

Gonzalez-Iglesias J, et al. “Short-term effects of cervical kinesio taping on pain and cervical range of motion in patients with acute whiplash injury: a randomized, controlled trial.” JOSPT 39(7), 2009. 515-521.

Hyun M, et al. “The effect of Kinesio Tape on lower extremity functional movement screen scores” IJES, 5(3) 2012.

MacGregor K, et al. “Cutaneous stimulation from patella tape causes a differential increase invasti muscle activity in people with patellofemoral pain” Journal of Orthopaedic Research March 2005, Vol.23(2):351–358

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