Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhere It’s GeneratedWhat It DoesRelated ConditionsTreatmentBoosting NorepinephrineUse in Medicine
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Where It’s Generated
What It Does
Related Conditions
Treatment
Boosting Norepinephrine
Use in Medicine
Norepinephrineis both a chemical messenger from yourcentral nervous system(CNS) and a stresshormonereleased from within your adrenal glands. It regulates numerous internal functions that keep your brain and body running efficiently.
This article explains the many important functions of norepinephrine, or NE. It also includes information about the causes of abnormal norepinephrine levels and related conditions, along with ways you can keep your NE levels balanced.
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Where Norepinephrine Is Generated
Your brain and spinal cord make up your CNS. This is your body’s main processing hub, so to speak—where external and internal information gets interpreted. It controls a host of things, including your routine movements, bodily functions, senses, thoughts, hunger levels, and more.
The CNS is able to communicate with your body because of nerve cells called neurons. You have around 86 billion of them, and their job is to transmit signals from your brain to your muscles and cells. They communicate via chemical messengers orneurotransmitters.
Specialized neurons located within your brainstem and spinal cord, calledpostganglionicneurons, are among them. These are the neurons that release norepinephrine.
Once released, NE travels to its target nerve, binds to the nerve’s receptor, and directs it take an action.That directive might be go to sleep or wake up, be more focused, feel happy, and much more.
Norepinephrine is also produced in the inner part of youradrenal glandscalled the adrenal medulla. In this case, NE is generated because of thesympathetic nervous system(SNS)—the driving force behind your fight-or-flight response.
When the body senses stress, your SNS signals your adrenal glands to release norepinephrine. NE then travels through your bloodstream and, as a hormone, initiates a stress response that allows you to quickly mobilize your body and brain so you can protect yourself.
What Is Adrenal Fatigue?
What Norepinephrine Does
Norepinephrine is at the center of a variety of functions that help keep you healthy. Sometimes, you may be well aware that it’s coursing through your veins; think of sweaty palms when you’re nervous or a racing heartbeat when you’re scared. Other times, you may have no idea it’s even there.
Here’s a look at what norepinephrine does for you.
Keeps Your Biorhythms Steady
Biorhythms are body cycles involved in your physical, emotional, and intellectual health. Low amounts of norepinephrine are always circulating in your system to keep these cycles stable.
Biorhythms that NE helps regulate include:
Maintains Organ Function
All together, NE affects numerous organs throughout your body, including:
Protects You From Harm
Norepinephrine enables your stress response to protect you from danger, whether actual or perceived.
Take being exposed to extreme cold, for example. Your body knows that most of its heat is lost through your skin. To keep you well, you need to conserve whatever warmth you have.
To do that, your nerves release norepinephrine, which then binds to cell receptors in your skin. Because NE narrows blood vessels, it reduces blood flow to the skin, making heat less able to escape.
Other types of threats trigger a different response. When your brain perceives an external threat like someone chasing you, for example, part of the brain known as thehypothalamusexcites your SNS. This triggers your adrenal glands to pump norepinephrine.
As part of this response, norepinephrine increases:
Digestionand theimmune systemare treated as non-essential functions during this period. NE shuts them down so that more energy can go to the functions needed to keep you safe.
Together withadrenaline, norepinephrine also raises your heart rate and blood pressure, and stimulates your liver to produce moreblood sugar(glucose) so that your body can use it for energy.
A similar reaction can occur in situations that simply make you feel nervous or stressed, but that aren’t true threats (e.g., a tense work meeting or an argument with a partner).
RecapLow amounts of norepinephrine continuously move through your central nervous system to regulate your basic bodily functions. When faced with stress or danger, your hypothalamus alerts your brain to pump out more norepinephrine to gear you up for action.
Recap
Low amounts of norepinephrine continuously move through your central nervous system to regulate your basic bodily functions. When faced with stress or danger, your hypothalamus alerts your brain to pump out more norepinephrine to gear you up for action.
Norepinephrine-Related Conditions
Healthcare providers don’t typically test norepinephrine levels during routine check-ups. They may suspect a change in your NE levels based on your symptoms, though, in which case they may order a urine or blood test to investigate.
The normal norepinephrine range for a blood test is between 70 and 1700 picograms per millilitre (pg/mL). There are numerous explanations for why your NE levels could be higher or lower than that, from rare tumors to anxiety and stress.
Low Norepinephrine Activity
Low norepinephrine levels are a hallmark of several major conditions, including:
Each of these conditions has its own distinct profile of symptoms. That said, they also have several symptoms in common, many of which point to low norepinephrine.
These include:
High Norepinephrine Activity
Conditions associated with having elevated NE levels include:
Like conditions related to low norepinephrine, those related to high NE have both unique and shared symptoms as well.
Symptoms that overlap and point to high norepinephrine levels include:
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a term that describes a group of symptoms related to being “stuck” in fight-or-flight mode—a possible outcome of too-high norepinephrine.
One of the most common causes of PSH istraumatic brain injury, but it has also been linked tostroke,spinal cord injury, and inflammation in the brain (encephalitis).
Symptoms of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity include:
RecapHaving too much or too little NE can cause symptoms that are common across many health conditions. If you are experiencing mood swings, anxiety, headaches, fatigue, or other NE-related symptoms, your healthcare provider may order a urine or blood test to measure your norepinephrine levels.
Having too much or too little NE can cause symptoms that are common across many health conditions. If you are experiencing mood swings, anxiety, headaches, fatigue, or other NE-related symptoms, your healthcare provider may order a urine or blood test to measure your norepinephrine levels.
A change in your norepinephrine levels can contribute to the conditions described above or happen as a result of them. But rather than treating the norepinephrine imbalance itself, healthcare providers treat the related condition and monitor how their patient’s symptoms respond.
Depending on your condition, your healthcare provider may prescribe a medication that affects norepinephrine activity.
Norepinephrine Antagonists
Commonly prescribed norepinephrine antagonists include:
Beta-Blockers
Beta-blockers have traditionally been used used to treat high blood pressure and angina. They may also be prescribed off-label to treat anxiety disorders and related symptoms, including migraines and nightmares, or to prevent PTSD after a traumatic event.
Commonly prescribed beta-blockers include:
Can You Get a Headache From Lack of Sleep?
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotoninand norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are medications that are used to treat anxiety and depression, but they can also be used to treat panic disorders, ADHD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and more.
Commonly prescribed SNRIs include:
Amphetamines
These drugs are considered a first-choice treatment for ADHD, because they increase concentration and reduce impulsivity. This makes it easier for people with ADHD to complete tasks and meet goals.
Commonly prescribed amphetamines include:
Comparing Ritalin vs. Adderall Effects
RecapNorepinephrine antagonists and beta-blockers reduce norepinephrine activity and are helpful for treating depression, anxiety, and panic disorders. SNRIs and amphetamines increase norepinephrine activity and are helpful for improving mood, energy, and focus.
Norepinephrine antagonists and beta-blockers reduce norepinephrine activity and are helpful for treating depression, anxiety, and panic disorders. SNRIs and amphetamines increase norepinephrine activity and are helpful for improving mood, energy, and focus.
Natural Ways to Boost Norepinephrine
Keep in mind that norepinephrine is part of your body’s response to stress. Thus, one of the best ways to keep your NE levels balanced is to reduce physical and emotional stress in your life.
If you are experiencing depression, anxiety, PTSD, or another disorder that is affecting your quality of life, these methods can help, but may not be sufficient enough to treat your condition. Speak to your healthcare provider.
Recognizing Sources of Stress
Norepinephrine Use in Medicine
A drug form of norepinephrine called Levophed is used in the ER to raise blood pressure that drops dangerously low (acute hypotension) due to complications from surgery or medical conditions.
Levophed is given through an IV into your vein. Possible side effects of the drug include:
Epinephrine vs. Norepinephrine: What’s the Difference?
Summary
Norepinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that affects numerous aspects of your mental, emotional, and physical health. Low levels of norepinephrine are continuously at-work in your brain and body, but levels increase when you are faced with stress, danger, or another threat.
If you are experiencing symptoms that could be related to norepinephrine, your healthcare provider may order tests to measure how much NE is in your system. If treatment is needed, it will be focused on the related condition. Prescription medications that balance norepinephrine may help improve your symptoms.
A Word From Verywell
Trauma and chronic stress can cause your hormones and neurotransmitters to become imbalanced. Ultimately, this can have a serious impact on your health and overall wellbeing.
If you are dealing with trauma or chronic stress, or if you simply need someone to talk to, let your healthcare provider know. It’s every bit as important to protect your mental health as it is to protect your physical health.
19 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.O’donnell J, Zeppenfeld D, Mcconnell E, Pena S, Nedergaard M.Norepinephrine: A neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance.Neurochem Res. 2012 Nov;37(11):2496-512. doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0818-xSilbereis J, Pochareddy S, Zhu Y, Li M, Sestan N.The cellular and molecular landscapes of the developing human nervous system.Neuron. 2016 Jan;89(2):248-268. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.008Ranjbar-Slamloo Y, Fazlali Z.Dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain; overlapping or dissociate functions?.Front Mol Neurosci. 2020 Jan;12(1):1-8. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00334Johns Hopkins Medicine.Adrenal glands.Hussain L, Maani C. National Center For Biotechnology Information.Physiology, noradrenergic synapse.Tank A, Wong D.Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines.Compr Physiol. 2015 Jan;5(1):1-15. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140007University of California San Francisco.Catecholamine blood test.Fitzgerald P.Elevated norepinephrine may be a unifying etiological factor in the abuse of a broad range of substances: alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine.Subst Abuse. 2013 Oct;7(1):171-83. doi:10.4137/SART.S13019Shahbaz A, Aziz K, Fransawy alkomos M, Nabi U, Zarghamravanbakhsh P, Sachmechi I.Pheochromocytoma secreting large quantities of both epinephrine and norepinephrine presenting with episodes of hypotension and severe electrolyte imbalance.Cureus. 2018;10(7):e3050. doi:10.7759/cureus.3050Verma R, Giri P, Rizvi I.Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in neurological critical care.Indian J Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;19(1):34-37. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.148638Totikov A, Boltzmann M, Schmidt S, Rollnik J.Influence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) on the functional outcome of neurological early rehabilitation patients: a case control study.BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):162. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1399-yFriedman G, Udaltsova N, Habel L.Norepinephrine antagonists and cancer risk.Int J Cancer. 2011 Nov;128(3):737-8. doi:10.1002/ijc.25351Zhang Z, Cordeiro Matos S, Jego S, Adamantidis A, Séguéla P.Norepinephrine drives persisten activity in prefrontal cortex via synergistic a1 and a2 adrenoceptors.Plos one. 2013 Jun;8(6):1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066122Armstrong C, Kapolowicz M.Preliminary investigation on the effects of atenolol for treating symptoms of anxiety.Military Medicine. 2020 Dec;185(11-12):1954-1960. doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa170Gosmann NP, de Abreu Costa M, de Barros Jaeger M, et al.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis.Plos Med. 2021 Jun;18(6):1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003664Sansone R, Sansone L.Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: a pharmacological comparison.Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014 Mar;11(3-4):37-42.Briars L, Todd T.A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jun;21(3):192-206. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192Hamzaoui O, Shi R.Early norepinephrine use in septic shock.J Thorac Dis. 2020 Feb;12(1):72-77. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.50University of Michigan Health.Norepinephrine.
19 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.O’donnell J, Zeppenfeld D, Mcconnell E, Pena S, Nedergaard M.Norepinephrine: A neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance.Neurochem Res. 2012 Nov;37(11):2496-512. doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0818-xSilbereis J, Pochareddy S, Zhu Y, Li M, Sestan N.The cellular and molecular landscapes of the developing human nervous system.Neuron. 2016 Jan;89(2):248-268. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.008Ranjbar-Slamloo Y, Fazlali Z.Dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain; overlapping or dissociate functions?.Front Mol Neurosci. 2020 Jan;12(1):1-8. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00334Johns Hopkins Medicine.Adrenal glands.Hussain L, Maani C. National Center For Biotechnology Information.Physiology, noradrenergic synapse.Tank A, Wong D.Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines.Compr Physiol. 2015 Jan;5(1):1-15. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140007University of California San Francisco.Catecholamine blood test.Fitzgerald P.Elevated norepinephrine may be a unifying etiological factor in the abuse of a broad range of substances: alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine.Subst Abuse. 2013 Oct;7(1):171-83. doi:10.4137/SART.S13019Shahbaz A, Aziz K, Fransawy alkomos M, Nabi U, Zarghamravanbakhsh P, Sachmechi I.Pheochromocytoma secreting large quantities of both epinephrine and norepinephrine presenting with episodes of hypotension and severe electrolyte imbalance.Cureus. 2018;10(7):e3050. doi:10.7759/cureus.3050Verma R, Giri P, Rizvi I.Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in neurological critical care.Indian J Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;19(1):34-37. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.148638Totikov A, Boltzmann M, Schmidt S, Rollnik J.Influence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) on the functional outcome of neurological early rehabilitation patients: a case control study.BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):162. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1399-yFriedman G, Udaltsova N, Habel L.Norepinephrine antagonists and cancer risk.Int J Cancer. 2011 Nov;128(3):737-8. doi:10.1002/ijc.25351Zhang Z, Cordeiro Matos S, Jego S, Adamantidis A, Séguéla P.Norepinephrine drives persisten activity in prefrontal cortex via synergistic a1 and a2 adrenoceptors.Plos one. 2013 Jun;8(6):1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066122Armstrong C, Kapolowicz M.Preliminary investigation on the effects of atenolol for treating symptoms of anxiety.Military Medicine. 2020 Dec;185(11-12):1954-1960. doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa170Gosmann NP, de Abreu Costa M, de Barros Jaeger M, et al.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis.Plos Med. 2021 Jun;18(6):1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003664Sansone R, Sansone L.Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: a pharmacological comparison.Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014 Mar;11(3-4):37-42.Briars L, Todd T.A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jun;21(3):192-206. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192Hamzaoui O, Shi R.Early norepinephrine use in septic shock.J Thorac Dis. 2020 Feb;12(1):72-77. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.50University of Michigan Health.Norepinephrine.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
O’donnell J, Zeppenfeld D, Mcconnell E, Pena S, Nedergaard M.Norepinephrine: A neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance.Neurochem Res. 2012 Nov;37(11):2496-512. doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0818-xSilbereis J, Pochareddy S, Zhu Y, Li M, Sestan N.The cellular and molecular landscapes of the developing human nervous system.Neuron. 2016 Jan;89(2):248-268. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.008Ranjbar-Slamloo Y, Fazlali Z.Dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain; overlapping or dissociate functions?.Front Mol Neurosci. 2020 Jan;12(1):1-8. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00334Johns Hopkins Medicine.Adrenal glands.Hussain L, Maani C. National Center For Biotechnology Information.Physiology, noradrenergic synapse.Tank A, Wong D.Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines.Compr Physiol. 2015 Jan;5(1):1-15. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140007University of California San Francisco.Catecholamine blood test.Fitzgerald P.Elevated norepinephrine may be a unifying etiological factor in the abuse of a broad range of substances: alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine.Subst Abuse. 2013 Oct;7(1):171-83. doi:10.4137/SART.S13019Shahbaz A, Aziz K, Fransawy alkomos M, Nabi U, Zarghamravanbakhsh P, Sachmechi I.Pheochromocytoma secreting large quantities of both epinephrine and norepinephrine presenting with episodes of hypotension and severe electrolyte imbalance.Cureus. 2018;10(7):e3050. doi:10.7759/cureus.3050Verma R, Giri P, Rizvi I.Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in neurological critical care.Indian J Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;19(1):34-37. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.148638Totikov A, Boltzmann M, Schmidt S, Rollnik J.Influence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) on the functional outcome of neurological early rehabilitation patients: a case control study.BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):162. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1399-yFriedman G, Udaltsova N, Habel L.Norepinephrine antagonists and cancer risk.Int J Cancer. 2011 Nov;128(3):737-8. doi:10.1002/ijc.25351Zhang Z, Cordeiro Matos S, Jego S, Adamantidis A, Séguéla P.Norepinephrine drives persisten activity in prefrontal cortex via synergistic a1 and a2 adrenoceptors.Plos one. 2013 Jun;8(6):1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066122Armstrong C, Kapolowicz M.Preliminary investigation on the effects of atenolol for treating symptoms of anxiety.Military Medicine. 2020 Dec;185(11-12):1954-1960. doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa170Gosmann NP, de Abreu Costa M, de Barros Jaeger M, et al.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis.Plos Med. 2021 Jun;18(6):1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003664Sansone R, Sansone L.Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: a pharmacological comparison.Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014 Mar;11(3-4):37-42.Briars L, Todd T.A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jun;21(3):192-206. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192Hamzaoui O, Shi R.Early norepinephrine use in septic shock.J Thorac Dis. 2020 Feb;12(1):72-77. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.50University of Michigan Health.Norepinephrine.
O’donnell J, Zeppenfeld D, Mcconnell E, Pena S, Nedergaard M.Norepinephrine: A neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance.Neurochem Res. 2012 Nov;37(11):2496-512. doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0818-x
Silbereis J, Pochareddy S, Zhu Y, Li M, Sestan N.The cellular and molecular landscapes of the developing human nervous system.Neuron. 2016 Jan;89(2):248-268. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.008
Ranjbar-Slamloo Y, Fazlali Z.Dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain; overlapping or dissociate functions?.Front Mol Neurosci. 2020 Jan;12(1):1-8. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00334
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Adrenal glands.
Hussain L, Maani C. National Center For Biotechnology Information.Physiology, noradrenergic synapse.
Tank A, Wong D.Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines.Compr Physiol. 2015 Jan;5(1):1-15. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140007
University of California San Francisco.Catecholamine blood test.
Fitzgerald P.Elevated norepinephrine may be a unifying etiological factor in the abuse of a broad range of substances: alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine.Subst Abuse. 2013 Oct;7(1):171-83. doi:10.4137/SART.S13019
Shahbaz A, Aziz K, Fransawy alkomos M, Nabi U, Zarghamravanbakhsh P, Sachmechi I.Pheochromocytoma secreting large quantities of both epinephrine and norepinephrine presenting with episodes of hypotension and severe electrolyte imbalance.Cureus. 2018;10(7):e3050. doi:10.7759/cureus.3050
Verma R, Giri P, Rizvi I.Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in neurological critical care.Indian J Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan;19(1):34-37. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.148638
Totikov A, Boltzmann M, Schmidt S, Rollnik J.Influence of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) on the functional outcome of neurological early rehabilitation patients: a case control study.BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):162. doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1399-y
Friedman G, Udaltsova N, Habel L.Norepinephrine antagonists and cancer risk.Int J Cancer. 2011 Nov;128(3):737-8. doi:10.1002/ijc.25351
Zhang Z, Cordeiro Matos S, Jego S, Adamantidis A, Séguéla P.Norepinephrine drives persisten activity in prefrontal cortex via synergistic a1 and a2 adrenoceptors.Plos one. 2013 Jun;8(6):1-13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066122
Armstrong C, Kapolowicz M.Preliminary investigation on the effects of atenolol for treating symptoms of anxiety.Military Medicine. 2020 Dec;185(11-12):1954-1960. doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa170
Gosmann NP, de Abreu Costa M, de Barros Jaeger M, et al.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and stress disorders: A 3-level network meta-analysis.Plos Med. 2021 Jun;18(6):1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003664
Sansone R, Sansone L.Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: a pharmacological comparison.Innov Clin Neurosci. 2014 Mar;11(3-4):37-42.
Briars L, Todd T.A review of pharmacological management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jun;21(3):192-206. doi:10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192
Hamzaoui O, Shi R.Early norepinephrine use in septic shock.J Thorac Dis. 2020 Feb;12(1):72-77. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.50
University of Michigan Health.Norepinephrine.
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