Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsPurpose of the TestHow Does the Test Work?LimitationsRisks and ContraindicationsBefore the TestDuring the TestAfter the TestInterpreting Results
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Purpose of the Test
How Does the Test Work?
Limitations
Risks and Contraindications
Before the Test
During the Test
After the Test
Interpreting Results
A B-type natriuretic peptide or brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), is a commonly performed blood test that is used to diagnose or rule out heart failure. Specifically, the test measures levels of the protein BNP that is made in the heart and blood vessels.
Usually, low levels of the BNP protein are found in the blood, but during heart failure levels are significantly higher. Blood is obtained via a venous or arterial puncture and send to the lab for analysis.
A BNP is clinically recommended for the following reasons:
If heart failure is suspected, a BNP level can help determine the severity of the disease and help the medical team develop a plan of care including a medication regimen and surgical options if applicable. Patients will often experience somesymptoms of heart failurethat would prompt a BNP level. These symptoms may include:
Healthcare providers will often obtain an N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level as well as a BNP for diagnostic purposes. NT-proBNP is a non-active prohormone that is released in the same way BNP is.
The NT-proBNP level will also be increased if there are indications of new-onset or worsening heart failure. Medical professionals still use a BNP as the gold standard bloodwork for heart failure diagnosis.
Some providers may also obtain an atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) level. ANP is a natriuretic peptide hormone, similar to BNP, but is secreted in a different area of the heart. This test may not be as indicative of heart failure unless it has progressed to severe.
Healthcare providers may also order the following tests in addition to a BNP and/or NT-proBNP:
What Is Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a dangerous condition in which the heart fails to adequately pump blood throughout the body. As a result, the body’s tissues and organs do not get enough nutrients and oxygen.
CHF is failure of the heart muscle and inability to perform properly. Heart failure can be either acute, happens quickly, or chronic, develops slowly over a long period of time.
Heart failure does not mean that the heart has stopped beating, it simply means the heart is not functioning properly. It can affect one or both sides of the heart. Specifically, congestive heart failure is a type of heart failure; however, the terms are often used interchangeably.
Congestive heart failure is specifically when blood returning to the heart backs up and causes congestion in the body resulting inedema. The fluid can also back up into the lungs causingpulmonary edema. CHF affects the body’s inability to function properly including the kidneys' ability to dispose of sodium and water.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 6.2 millionadults in the United States have heart failure.
Medical conditions that can increase risk associated with CHF include but are not limited to:
BNP, first discovered in 1988, belongs to the natriuretic peptide family that also contains atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP), and urodilatin.
Naturally the heart secretes natriuretic peptides to maintain a normostatic blood pressure and blood plasma volume and to prevent excess salt and water retention. The major source of BNP synthesis and secretion is the ventricular myocardium specifically in response to the left ventricular stretching or wall tension.
Other actions of natriuretic peptides, including BNP include:
In CHF, these natriuretic peptides are unable to function properly. This causes a rise in your BNP which is used as an indicator for new onset heart failure or worsening heart failure.
One notable limitation of a BNP test is the differentiation of heart failure versus other causes of dyspnea in patients with an atypical heart failure presentation. For example, BNP does not reliably differentiate between heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Researchers have found that a NT-proBNP is the strongest independent predictor of a final diagnosis of acute heart failure.
There are factors that can naturally increase and decrease BNP levels without the presence of heart failure.
BNP levels are elevated in:
BNP levels are lower in patients with:
It is important to note that some tests can result in false negatives, which might indicate normal values of BNP when a person does have heart failure. For this reason, healthcare providers will assess all symptoms and run other diagnostic tests when warranted.
There are very few risks or contraindications for a BNP blood test. The main risk from having blood drawn is the initial prick from the needle, slight discomfort, and possible slight bruising at the needle insertion site. These are very minor and often go away almost immediately. The benefits of the BNP far outweigh any risks.
Once a healthcare provider recommends this test, the patient can expect to immediately have the bloodwork drawn. Often this test is done urgently for concern of new onset or worsening heart failure; however, in patients with chronic heart failure this might be an ongoing routine lab.
Timing
The process of obtaining a BNP is rather quick. If the lab is done in an inpatient setting, a phlebotomist will come directly to the patient’s room to draw the bloodwork. The results will then be send electronically to the electronic medical record (EMR) and the ordering healthcare provider. Outpatient BNP levels will report to the ordering healthcare provider within several days of the lab being drawn.
Location
A BNP can be drawn in a hospital setting during an inpatient visit, emergency room visit, or office visit. It can also be drawn at an outpatient lab such as Quest Diagnostics or LapCorp.
Food and Drink
Patients can eat and drink prior to the bloodwork. However, it’s important that the ordering healthcare provider knows all medications, herbs, vitamins, and supplements you are taking as the results might be altered.
Cost and Health Insurance
Other Considerations
If the bloodwork is drawn at an outpatient lab, patients should expect to bring their insurance information and the lab prescription to the location. Some healthcare providers will be able to electronically send the lab request form; however, it is always recommended to have a hard copy as well.
You may feel a little stinging while the needle is inserted and while it’s being used to pull blood, but that’s normal. If your veins are hard to see, a tourniquet may be tied around your arm for a few seconds prior to and during the blood draw. This will allow your veins to become more prominent and easier to see. Some will also gently slap the vein in order for it to become more prominent.
This entire process is very quick lasting a minute or two. If you feel any serious pain during the process, you should immediately tell the healthcare provider, nurse, or whoever is drawing the blood.
Once your blood has been taken, you’re free to leave if the lab was done in the outpatient setting. If you feel a bit dizzy or faint, you should sit for a few minutes and let it pass before you attempt to drive. Labs drawn while admitted as an inpatient require the patient to stay.
Keep the bandage on the site for at least an hour. If it starts to bleed again, apply pressure and raise the site above your head until it stops. Some people may experience bruising, especially if more than one attempt is needed to obtain blood. People who have bleeding disorders or are taking blood thinners are also more likely to experience bruising.
BNPs that are drawn at the hospital will often result within 30 minutes; however, labs that are drawn at an outpatient laboratory may take several days to result. Either way, the labs will be sent to the ordering provider and interpreted prior to your notification of the results.
Normal BNP RangeIn general, results of less than 100 picograms/milliliter (pg/mL) are a sign a person does not have heart failure.Levels above 450 pg/mL are considered high and require immediate medical attention.
Normal BNP Range
In general, results of less than 100 picograms/milliliter (pg/mL) are a sign a person does not have heart failure.Levels above 450 pg/mL are considered high and require immediate medical attention.
A Word From Verywell
Undergoing and receiving test results can cause anxiety for some individuals especially regarding possible or worsening heart failure. It’s important to speak to your healthcare provider regarding all results and next steps. Heart failure is manageable but only with the proper course of action including lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise.
12 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Doust J, Lehman R, Glasziou P.The role of BNP testing in heart failure.Am Fam Physician. 2006 Dec 1;74(11):1893-8. PMID: 17168346.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Natriuretic peptide tests (BNP, NT-proBNP).Heidenreich P, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al.2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17)e263–e421. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012American Heart Association.Types of heart failure.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart failure.Tsai SH, Lin YY, Chu SJ, Hsu CW, Cheng SM.Interpretation and use of natriuretic peptides in non-congestive heart failure settings.Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(2):151-163. doi:10.3349/ymj.2010.51.2.151Kerkelä R, Ulvila J, Magga J.Natriuretic peptides in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and metabolic events.J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(10):e002423. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002423Brunner-La Rocca HP, Sanders-van Wijk S.Natriuretic peptides in chronic heart failure.Card Fail Rev. 2019;5(1):44-49. doi:10.15420/cfr.2018.26.1Gaggin HK, Januzzi JL.Cardiac biomarkers and heart failure. American College of Cardiology.Harvard Medical School.BNP: An important new cardiac test.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Blood tests.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Brain natriuretic peptide.
12 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Doust J, Lehman R, Glasziou P.The role of BNP testing in heart failure.Am Fam Physician. 2006 Dec 1;74(11):1893-8. PMID: 17168346.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Natriuretic peptide tests (BNP, NT-proBNP).Heidenreich P, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al.2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17)e263–e421. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012American Heart Association.Types of heart failure.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart failure.Tsai SH, Lin YY, Chu SJ, Hsu CW, Cheng SM.Interpretation and use of natriuretic peptides in non-congestive heart failure settings.Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(2):151-163. doi:10.3349/ymj.2010.51.2.151Kerkelä R, Ulvila J, Magga J.Natriuretic peptides in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and metabolic events.J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(10):e002423. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002423Brunner-La Rocca HP, Sanders-van Wijk S.Natriuretic peptides in chronic heart failure.Card Fail Rev. 2019;5(1):44-49. doi:10.15420/cfr.2018.26.1Gaggin HK, Januzzi JL.Cardiac biomarkers and heart failure. American College of Cardiology.Harvard Medical School.BNP: An important new cardiac test.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Blood tests.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Brain natriuretic peptide.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Doust J, Lehman R, Glasziou P.The role of BNP testing in heart failure.Am Fam Physician. 2006 Dec 1;74(11):1893-8. PMID: 17168346.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Natriuretic peptide tests (BNP, NT-proBNP).Heidenreich P, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al.2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17)e263–e421. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012American Heart Association.Types of heart failure.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart failure.Tsai SH, Lin YY, Chu SJ, Hsu CW, Cheng SM.Interpretation and use of natriuretic peptides in non-congestive heart failure settings.Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(2):151-163. doi:10.3349/ymj.2010.51.2.151Kerkelä R, Ulvila J, Magga J.Natriuretic peptides in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and metabolic events.J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(10):e002423. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002423Brunner-La Rocca HP, Sanders-van Wijk S.Natriuretic peptides in chronic heart failure.Card Fail Rev. 2019;5(1):44-49. doi:10.15420/cfr.2018.26.1Gaggin HK, Januzzi JL.Cardiac biomarkers and heart failure. American College of Cardiology.Harvard Medical School.BNP: An important new cardiac test.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Blood tests.U.S. National Library of Medicine.Brain natriuretic peptide.
Doust J, Lehman R, Glasziou P.The role of BNP testing in heart failure.Am Fam Physician. 2006 Dec 1;74(11):1893-8. PMID: 17168346.
U.S. National Library of Medicine.Natriuretic peptide tests (BNP, NT-proBNP).
Heidenreich P, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al.2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(17)e263–e421. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.012
American Heart Association.Types of heart failure.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart failure.
Tsai SH, Lin YY, Chu SJ, Hsu CW, Cheng SM.Interpretation and use of natriuretic peptides in non-congestive heart failure settings.Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(2):151-163. doi:10.3349/ymj.2010.51.2.151
Kerkelä R, Ulvila J, Magga J.Natriuretic peptides in the regulation of cardiovascular physiology and metabolic events.J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(10):e002423. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002423
Brunner-La Rocca HP, Sanders-van Wijk S.Natriuretic peptides in chronic heart failure.Card Fail Rev. 2019;5(1):44-49. doi:10.15420/cfr.2018.26.1
Gaggin HK, Januzzi JL.Cardiac biomarkers and heart failure. American College of Cardiology.
Harvard Medical School.BNP: An important new cardiac test.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.Blood tests.
U.S. National Library of Medicine.Brain natriuretic peptide.
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