Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesAlcohol FormulationsPreparationSide EffectsDosing
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Alcohol Formulations
Preparation
Side Effects
Dosing
Whilecannabistinctures have seen a recent surge in popularity, the use of herbal tinctures dates back centuries. Numerous plant tinctures offer potential health benefits.
This article discusses the various types of tinctures, their alcohol content, and how to make and use herbal tinctures.
Emilija Manevska / Getty Images
Herbal Tinctures and Their Uses
Herbal tinctures are plant-based remedies used for millennia, with historical records of their use in ancient Greece, Rome, and Egypt. Modern research confirms many plants contain therapeutic properties that may provide health benefits.
Echinacea
Echinacea, a flowering herbaceous plant native to North America, is best known for its immune-boosting benefits. Loaded with antioxidant properties,echinacea extractsmay prevent or shorten the duration of upper respiratory infections like the common cold.
People withallergiesmay find relief from symptoms like runny nose, coughing, and sneezing with the help of echinacea extracts. Evidence suggests echinacea suppresses the release ofhistamine—a chemical the immune system releases in response to allergies.
Echinacea extracts also have antibacterial properties that may promote wound healing and prevent infection when applied topically (directly to the skin).
Lemon Balm
Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha’s anti-inflammatory properties may also reduce inflammation associated with inflammatory conditions like arthritis, and its analgesic (pain-relieving) effects may easejoint pain. However, more robust research is needed to determine its impact on pain and inflammation.
Tulsi (Holy Basil)
Tulsi is rich in antioxidant compounds, which may combat free radical damage, reduce inflammation throughout the body, and protect against conditions associated with chronic inflammation (e.g., heart disease, cancer).
Clinical trials show tulsi helps improve insulin resistance and lower blood sugar levels in people withtype 2 diabetesandmetabolic syndrome(a group of symptoms that can lead to type 2 diabetes, stroke, and heart disease).
Chamomile
German chamomile(Matricaria recutita) is a daisy-like herbaceous flower with the following properties:
Chamomile has sedative effects that some suggest may improve sleep quality, though research results are mixed.
Chamomile supplementation may benefit people withmood disorderslike anxiety and depression. Research shows chamomile may help reduce moderate to severe anxiety symptoms and improve depression symptoms in people with major depressive disorder.
Chamomile may also relieve gastrointestinal discomfort such as bloating, indigestion, stomach pain, and gas. Chamomile has antispasmodic properties that relax muscles in the digestive tract, effectively treating diarrhea and reducing stomach cramping and pain.
CBD/THC (Cannabis)
Cannabistinctures come in different forms, such as the following, offering a customizable way to benefit fromcannabinoids—medicinal compounds in cannabis plants:
Tincture Formulations With Alcohol
Alcohol is a key component of many tincture formulations. Alcohol is a solvent that does the following:
The type of alcohol in tinctures depends on the intended use of the tincture. Herbal tinctures taken orally contain ethyl alcohols, such as vodka or food-grade ethanol. Herbal tinctures for topical use may contain isopropyl alcohol, but these arenotfor internal use and may have harmful or adverse effects when ingested.
Alcohol concentrations also vary, depending on the plant parts and type of herb involved in making the tincture. Generally, higher alcohol concentrations draw out more of the plant’s medicinal compounds. Here’s a quick overview of alcohol concentrations in herbal tincture formulations:
Alcohol-Free Tinctures
While alcohol is the most popular solvent for herbal tincture formulations, other liquids are used as solvents for alcohol-free tinctures, as follows:
The choice to use an alcohol-based tincture or tinctures made with other solvents is personal and depends on your health needs and preferences.
How to Make Homemade Tinctures
While there are many commercially available tincture options, creating your own tinctures allows for customization with the plants you work with. Before you begin, gather the necessary materials, such as:
Making herbal tinctures is a straightforward process that includes the following few, simple steps:
Depending on the type of solvent you use, the shelf life of tinctures varies:
Side Effects From Tinctures
Herbal tinctures offer a natural approach to wellness, but “natural” does not necessarily mean “safe.” Tinctures and other herbal medicines can cause various side effects, including:
In some cases, herbal remedies may cause liver damage or life-threateninganaphylacticallergic reactions. Some herbs can interact with prescription or over-the-counter medications or other dietary supplements, potentially altering their effects or causing adverse reactions.
Always consult a healthcare provider before using herbal tinctures if taking medications or supplements.
Tincture Dosing
Compared to conventional medicines, the research on herbal tinctures is less extensive, and no standardized regulations or established dose ranges exist. The potency of herbal tinctures varies widely depending on the solvent, specific herb, and herb-to-solvent ratio in specific tinctures.
Most commercially available herbal tinctures come with dosage recommendations on the label/packaging, but it’s important to remember—these are just recommendations, and individual experiences and dosage needs can vary.
Consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement, including herbal tinctures. They will discuss potential interactions with medications you take, determine whether the tincture is the right fit for you, and suggest a safe and effective dosage.
Summary
Herbal tinctures can have side effects, so it’s important to discuss your plan to use them with a healthcare provider before adding them to your wellness routine.
33 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Pereira CG, Barreira L, Bijttebier S, et al.Health promoting potential of herbal teas and tinctures from Artemisia campestris subsp. maritima: from traditional remedies to prospective products.Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4689. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23038-6Hudz N, Makowicz E, Shanaida M, et al.Phytochemical evaluation of tinctures and essential oil obtained fromSatureja montanaherb.Molecules. 2020;25(20):4763. doi:10.3390/molecules25204763Raghunathan NJ, Brens J, Vemuri S, et al.In the weeds: a retrospective study of patient interest in and experience with cannabis at a cancer center.Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(9):7491-7497. doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07170-8Li FS, Weng JK.Demystifying traditional herbal medicine with modern approach.Nat Plants. 2017;3:17109. doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.109David S, Cunningham R.Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Complement Ther Med. 2019;44:18-26. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.011Zorig A, Toko R, Sukhbold E, Takasugi M, Arai H.Echinacea purpurea water extracts suppress the release of chemical mediators from mast cells.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2021;85(4):931-940. doi:10.1093/bbb/zbaa125Miraj S, Rafieian-Kopaei, Kiani S.Melissa officinalis l: a review study with an antioxidant prospective.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(3):385-394. doi:10.1177/2156587216663433Ghazizadeh J, Sadigh‐Eteghad S, Marx W, et al.The effects of lemon balm (melissa officinalis l.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.Phytother Res. 2021;35(12):6690-6705. doi:10.1002/ptr.7252Howes MR, Perry NSL, Vásquez-Londoño C, et al.Role of phytochemicals as nutraceuticals for cognitive functions affected in ageing.Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(6):1294-1315. doi:10.1111/bph.14898National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements.Ashwagandha: is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep?Ramakanth GS, Uday Kumar C, Kishan PV, et al.A randomized, double blind placebo controlled study of efficacy and tolerability of Withaina somnifera extracts in knee joint pain.J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2016;7(3):151-157. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2016.05.003Paidi RK, Jana M, Raha S, et al.Eugenol, a component of holy basil (tulsi) and common spice clove, inhibits the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and ACE2 to induce therapeutic responses.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021;16(4):743-755. doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10028-1Jamshidi N, Cohen MM.The clinical efficacy and safety of tulsi in humans: a systematic review of the literature.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:9217567. doi:10.1155/2017/9217567Chaudhary A, Sharma S, Mittal A, et al.Phytochemical and antioxidant profiling ofOcimum sanctum.J Food Sci Technol. 2020;57(10):3852-3863. doi:10.1007/s13197-020-04417-2Satapathy S, Das N, Bandyopadhyay D, et al.Effect of tulsi (Ocimum sanctumLinn.) supplementation on metabolic parameters and liver enzymes in young overweight and obese subjects.Indian J Clin Biochem. 2017;32(3):357-363. doi:10.1007/s12291-016-0615-4El Mihyaoui A, Esteves da Silva JCG, Charfi S, et al.Chamomile (Matricaria chamomillaL.): A review of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses.Life (Basel). 2022;12(4):479. doi:10.3390/life12040479Hieu TH, Dibas M, Surya Dila KA, et al.Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials.Phytother Res. 2019;33(6):1604-1615. doi:10.1002/ptr.6349Amsterdam JD, Li QS, Xie SX, et al.Putative antidepressant effect of chamomile (Matricaria chamomillaL.) oral extracts in subjects with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and depression.J Altern Complement Med. 2020;26(9):813-819. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0252Hieu TH, Dibas M, Surya Dila KA, et al.Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials.Phytother Res. 2019;33(6):1604-1615. doi:10.1002/ptr.6349Dai YL, Li Y, Wang Q, et al.Chamomile: A review of its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and quality control studies.Molecules. 2022;28(1):133. doi:10.3390/molecules28010133Jin D, Dai K, Xie Z, Chen J.Secondary metabolites profiled in cannabis inflorescences, leaves, stem barks, and roots for medicinal purposes.Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3309. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60172-6Sholler DJ, Schoene L, Spindle TR.Therapeutic efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD): a review of the evidence from clinical trials and human laboratory studies.Curr Addict Rep. 2020;7(3):405-412. doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00326-8Boggs DL, Peckham A, Boggs AA, et al.Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: separating the chemicals from the “weed,” a pharmacodynamic discussion.Ment Health Clin. 2016;6(6):277-284. doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.11.277Kelber O, Steinhoff B, Nauert C, et al.Ethanol in herbal medicinal products for children : data from pediatric studies and pharmacovigilance programs.Wien Med Wochenschr. 2017;167(7-8):183-188. doi:10.1007/s10354-016-0474-xCulinary Solvent.Guide to alcohol for herbalists and herbal tinctures.Mountain Rose Herbs.How to make herbal tinctures.Mountain Rose Herbs.Glycerites: How to use vegetable glycerine to extract herbal constituents.Mountain Rose Herbs.How to make herbal vinegar.Mountain Rose Herbs.Herbal oxymel recipes & benefits.American College of Healthcare Sciences.Herbal medicine: How to make tinctures.Wilderland Botanicals.The ultimate guide: Everything you want to know about herbal tincture.Onder G, Liperoti R.Herbal medications.JAMA.2016;315(10):1068. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.19388Monagas M, Brendler T, Brinckmann J, et al.Understanding plant to extract ratios in botanical extracts.Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:981978. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.981978
33 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Pereira CG, Barreira L, Bijttebier S, et al.Health promoting potential of herbal teas and tinctures from Artemisia campestris subsp. maritima: from traditional remedies to prospective products.Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4689. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23038-6Hudz N, Makowicz E, Shanaida M, et al.Phytochemical evaluation of tinctures and essential oil obtained fromSatureja montanaherb.Molecules. 2020;25(20):4763. doi:10.3390/molecules25204763Raghunathan NJ, Brens J, Vemuri S, et al.In the weeds: a retrospective study of patient interest in and experience with cannabis at a cancer center.Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(9):7491-7497. doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07170-8Li FS, Weng JK.Demystifying traditional herbal medicine with modern approach.Nat Plants. 2017;3:17109. doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.109David S, Cunningham R.Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Complement Ther Med. 2019;44:18-26. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.011Zorig A, Toko R, Sukhbold E, Takasugi M, Arai H.Echinacea purpurea water extracts suppress the release of chemical mediators from mast cells.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2021;85(4):931-940. doi:10.1093/bbb/zbaa125Miraj S, Rafieian-Kopaei, Kiani S.Melissa officinalis l: a review study with an antioxidant prospective.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(3):385-394. doi:10.1177/2156587216663433Ghazizadeh J, Sadigh‐Eteghad S, Marx W, et al.The effects of lemon balm (melissa officinalis l.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.Phytother Res. 2021;35(12):6690-6705. doi:10.1002/ptr.7252Howes MR, Perry NSL, Vásquez-Londoño C, et al.Role of phytochemicals as nutraceuticals for cognitive functions affected in ageing.Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(6):1294-1315. doi:10.1111/bph.14898National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements.Ashwagandha: is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep?Ramakanth GS, Uday Kumar C, Kishan PV, et al.A randomized, double blind placebo controlled study of efficacy and tolerability of Withaina somnifera extracts in knee joint pain.J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2016;7(3):151-157. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2016.05.003Paidi RK, Jana M, Raha S, et al.Eugenol, a component of holy basil (tulsi) and common spice clove, inhibits the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and ACE2 to induce therapeutic responses.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021;16(4):743-755. doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10028-1Jamshidi N, Cohen MM.The clinical efficacy and safety of tulsi in humans: a systematic review of the literature.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:9217567. doi:10.1155/2017/9217567Chaudhary A, Sharma S, Mittal A, et al.Phytochemical and antioxidant profiling ofOcimum sanctum.J Food Sci Technol. 2020;57(10):3852-3863. doi:10.1007/s13197-020-04417-2Satapathy S, Das N, Bandyopadhyay D, et al.Effect of tulsi (Ocimum sanctumLinn.) supplementation on metabolic parameters and liver enzymes in young overweight and obese subjects.Indian J Clin Biochem. 2017;32(3):357-363. doi:10.1007/s12291-016-0615-4El Mihyaoui A, Esteves da Silva JCG, Charfi S, et al.Chamomile (Matricaria chamomillaL.): A review of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses.Life (Basel). 2022;12(4):479. doi:10.3390/life12040479Hieu TH, Dibas M, Surya Dila KA, et al.Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials.Phytother Res. 2019;33(6):1604-1615. doi:10.1002/ptr.6349Amsterdam JD, Li QS, Xie SX, et al.Putative antidepressant effect of chamomile (Matricaria chamomillaL.) oral extracts in subjects with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and depression.J Altern Complement Med. 2020;26(9):813-819. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0252Hieu TH, Dibas M, Surya Dila KA, et al.Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials.Phytother Res. 2019;33(6):1604-1615. doi:10.1002/ptr.6349Dai YL, Li Y, Wang Q, et al.Chamomile: A review of its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and quality control studies.Molecules. 2022;28(1):133. doi:10.3390/molecules28010133Jin D, Dai K, Xie Z, Chen J.Secondary metabolites profiled in cannabis inflorescences, leaves, stem barks, and roots for medicinal purposes.Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3309. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60172-6Sholler DJ, Schoene L, Spindle TR.Therapeutic efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD): a review of the evidence from clinical trials and human laboratory studies.Curr Addict Rep. 2020;7(3):405-412. doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00326-8Boggs DL, Peckham A, Boggs AA, et al.Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: separating the chemicals from the “weed,” a pharmacodynamic discussion.Ment Health Clin. 2016;6(6):277-284. doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.11.277Kelber O, Steinhoff B, Nauert C, et al.Ethanol in herbal medicinal products for children : data from pediatric studies and pharmacovigilance programs.Wien Med Wochenschr. 2017;167(7-8):183-188. doi:10.1007/s10354-016-0474-xCulinary Solvent.Guide to alcohol for herbalists and herbal tinctures.Mountain Rose Herbs.How to make herbal tinctures.Mountain Rose Herbs.Glycerites: How to use vegetable glycerine to extract herbal constituents.Mountain Rose Herbs.How to make herbal vinegar.Mountain Rose Herbs.Herbal oxymel recipes & benefits.American College of Healthcare Sciences.Herbal medicine: How to make tinctures.Wilderland Botanicals.The ultimate guide: Everything you want to know about herbal tincture.Onder G, Liperoti R.Herbal medications.JAMA.2016;315(10):1068. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.19388Monagas M, Brendler T, Brinckmann J, et al.Understanding plant to extract ratios in botanical extracts.Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:981978. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.981978
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Pereira CG, Barreira L, Bijttebier S, et al.Health promoting potential of herbal teas and tinctures from Artemisia campestris subsp. maritima: from traditional remedies to prospective products.Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4689. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23038-6Hudz N, Makowicz E, Shanaida M, et al.Phytochemical evaluation of tinctures and essential oil obtained fromSatureja montanaherb.Molecules. 2020;25(20):4763. doi:10.3390/molecules25204763Raghunathan NJ, Brens J, Vemuri S, et al.In the weeds: a retrospective study of patient interest in and experience with cannabis at a cancer center.Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(9):7491-7497. doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07170-8Li FS, Weng JK.Demystifying traditional herbal medicine with modern approach.Nat Plants. 2017;3:17109. doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.109David S, Cunningham R.Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Complement Ther Med. 2019;44:18-26. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.011Zorig A, Toko R, Sukhbold E, Takasugi M, Arai H.Echinacea purpurea water extracts suppress the release of chemical mediators from mast cells.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2021;85(4):931-940. doi:10.1093/bbb/zbaa125Miraj S, Rafieian-Kopaei, Kiani S.Melissa officinalis l: a review study with an antioxidant prospective.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(3):385-394. doi:10.1177/2156587216663433Ghazizadeh J, Sadigh‐Eteghad S, Marx W, et al.The effects of lemon balm (melissa officinalis l.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.Phytother Res. 2021;35(12):6690-6705. doi:10.1002/ptr.7252Howes MR, Perry NSL, Vásquez-Londoño C, et al.Role of phytochemicals as nutraceuticals for cognitive functions affected in ageing.Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(6):1294-1315. doi:10.1111/bph.14898National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements.Ashwagandha: is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep?Ramakanth GS, Uday Kumar C, Kishan PV, et al.A randomized, double blind placebo controlled study of efficacy and tolerability of Withaina somnifera extracts in knee joint pain.J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2016;7(3):151-157. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2016.05.003Paidi RK, Jana M, Raha S, et al.Eugenol, a component of holy basil (tulsi) and common spice clove, inhibits the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and ACE2 to induce therapeutic responses.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021;16(4):743-755. doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10028-1Jamshidi N, Cohen MM.The clinical efficacy and safety of tulsi in humans: a systematic review of the literature.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:9217567. doi:10.1155/2017/9217567Chaudhary A, Sharma S, Mittal A, et al.Phytochemical and antioxidant profiling ofOcimum sanctum.J Food Sci Technol. 2020;57(10):3852-3863. doi:10.1007/s13197-020-04417-2Satapathy S, Das N, Bandyopadhyay D, et al.Effect of tulsi (Ocimum sanctumLinn.) supplementation on metabolic parameters and liver enzymes in young overweight and obese subjects.Indian J Clin Biochem. 2017;32(3):357-363. doi:10.1007/s12291-016-0615-4El Mihyaoui A, Esteves da Silva JCG, Charfi S, et al.Chamomile (Matricaria chamomillaL.): A review of ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses.Life (Basel). 2022;12(4):479. doi:10.3390/life12040479Hieu TH, Dibas M, Surya Dila KA, et al.Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials.Phytother Res. 2019;33(6):1604-1615. doi:10.1002/ptr.6349Amsterdam JD, Li QS, Xie SX, et al.Putative antidepressant effect of chamomile (Matricaria chamomillaL.) oral extracts in subjects with comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and depression.J Altern Complement Med. 2020;26(9):813-819. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0252Hieu TH, Dibas M, Surya Dila KA, et al.Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and quasi-randomized trials.Phytother Res. 2019;33(6):1604-1615. doi:10.1002/ptr.6349Dai YL, Li Y, Wang Q, et al.Chamomile: A review of its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and quality control studies.Molecules. 2022;28(1):133. doi:10.3390/molecules28010133Jin D, Dai K, Xie Z, Chen J.Secondary metabolites profiled in cannabis inflorescences, leaves, stem barks, and roots for medicinal purposes.Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3309. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60172-6Sholler DJ, Schoene L, Spindle TR.Therapeutic efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD): a review of the evidence from clinical trials and human laboratory studies.Curr Addict Rep. 2020;7(3):405-412. doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00326-8Boggs DL, Peckham A, Boggs AA, et al.Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol: separating the chemicals from the “weed,” a pharmacodynamic discussion.Ment Health Clin. 2016;6(6):277-284. doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.11.277Kelber O, Steinhoff B, Nauert C, et al.Ethanol in herbal medicinal products for children : data from pediatric studies and pharmacovigilance programs.Wien Med Wochenschr. 2017;167(7-8):183-188. doi:10.1007/s10354-016-0474-xCulinary Solvent.Guide to alcohol for herbalists and herbal tinctures.Mountain Rose Herbs.How to make herbal tinctures.Mountain Rose Herbs.Glycerites: How to use vegetable glycerine to extract herbal constituents.Mountain Rose Herbs.How to make herbal vinegar.Mountain Rose Herbs.Herbal oxymel recipes & benefits.American College of Healthcare Sciences.Herbal medicine: How to make tinctures.Wilderland Botanicals.The ultimate guide: Everything you want to know about herbal tincture.Onder G, Liperoti R.Herbal medications.JAMA.2016;315(10):1068. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.19388Monagas M, Brendler T, Brinckmann J, et al.Understanding plant to extract ratios in botanical extracts.Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:981978. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.981978
Pereira CG, Barreira L, Bijttebier S, et al.Health promoting potential of herbal teas and tinctures from Artemisia campestris subsp. maritima: from traditional remedies to prospective products.Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4689. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23038-6
Hudz N, Makowicz E, Shanaida M, et al.Phytochemical evaluation of tinctures and essential oil obtained fromSatureja montanaherb.Molecules. 2020;25(20):4763. doi:10.3390/molecules25204763
Raghunathan NJ, Brens J, Vemuri S, et al.In the weeds: a retrospective study of patient interest in and experience with cannabis at a cancer center.Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(9):7491-7497. doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07170-8
Li FS, Weng JK.Demystifying traditional herbal medicine with modern approach.Nat Plants. 2017;3:17109. doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.109
David S, Cunningham R.Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Complement Ther Med. 2019;44:18-26. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.011
Zorig A, Toko R, Sukhbold E, Takasugi M, Arai H.Echinacea purpurea water extracts suppress the release of chemical mediators from mast cells.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2021;85(4):931-940. doi:10.1093/bbb/zbaa125
Miraj S, Rafieian-Kopaei, Kiani S.Melissa officinalis l: a review study with an antioxidant prospective.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(3):385-394. doi:10.1177/2156587216663433
Ghazizadeh J, Sadigh‐Eteghad S, Marx W, et al.The effects of lemon balm (melissa officinalis l.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.Phytother Res. 2021;35(12):6690-6705. doi:10.1002/ptr.7252
Howes MR, Perry NSL, Vásquez-Londoño C, et al.Role of phytochemicals as nutraceuticals for cognitive functions affected in ageing.Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(6):1294-1315. doi:10.1111/bph.14898
National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements.Ashwagandha: is it helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep?
Ramakanth GS, Uday Kumar C, Kishan PV, et al.A randomized, double blind placebo controlled study of efficacy and tolerability of Withaina somnifera extracts in knee joint pain.J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2016;7(3):151-157. doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2016.05.003
Paidi RK, Jana M, Raha S, et al.Eugenol, a component of holy basil (tulsi) and common spice clove, inhibits the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and ACE2 to induce therapeutic responses.J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2021;16(4):743-755. doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10028-1
Jamshidi N, Cohen MM.The clinical efficacy and safety of tulsi in humans: a systematic review of the literature.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:9217567. doi:10.1155/2017/9217567
Chaudhary A, Sharma S, Mittal A, et al.Phytochemical and antioxidant profiling ofOcimum sanctum.J Food Sci Technol. 2020;57(10):3852-3863. doi:10.1007/s13197-020-04417-2
Satapathy S, Das N, Bandyopadhyay D, et al.Effect of tulsi (Ocimum sanctumLinn.) supplementation on metabolic parameters and liver enzymes in young overweight and obese subjects.Indian J Clin Biochem. 2017;32(3):357-363. doi:10.1007/s12291-016-0615-4
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