Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is Berberine?UsesSide EffectsDosagePrecautions and InteractionsSummary
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is Berberine?
Uses
Side Effects
Dosage
Precautions and Interactions
Summary
Berberineis a bitter-tasting plant compound that may be beneficial for diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity.It also has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, which might make it helpful in treating infections and wounds.Barberine is found in some plants, such as goldenseal, Oregon grape, barberry, goldenthread, moonseed, and tree turmeric. While generally considered safe, this supplement shouldn’t be taken with some prescription medications.In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements like prescription drugs. This means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN or RD), or pharmacist.Verywell / Getty ImagesWhat Is Berberine?Berberine is anisoquinoline alkaloid, which is a type of phytochemical.It’s found in plants like phellodendron, goldenseal, Oregon grape, barberry, goldenthread, moonseed, and tree turmeric.Burberine is yellow and has a bitter taste.UsesBerberine has been studied for its beneficial effects on several conditions, including:Diabetes:Berberine shows promise in helping lower blood glucose levels in people withtype 2 diabetes.A 12-week study found that berberine had a similar blood sugar-lowering effect as the prescription drugmetformin.High cholesterol: Two reviews of multiple studies found that berberine effectivelylowered total cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, and triglycerides when taken alone or with other lipid-lowering medications.High blood pressure: The scientific evidence is mixed, but one meta-analysis showed that berberine effectively lowered blood pressure when paired with lifestyle changes, and it was more effective than prescription medication alone.Obesity:A 2022 research review found significant decreases in body weight and body mass index in people who took berberine.However, additional research needs to confirm that existing health conditions did not influence study effects.Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): In a study of people with PCOS, thosetaking berberineshowed decreased waist circumference,waist-to-hip ratio, and total cholesterol,triglycerides, andlow-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol compared to those taking the prescription drug metformin.A systematic review also found that berberine improved insulin resistance associated with PCOS.Cancer:Animal studies have found berberine may interfere with cancer cells, slowing or halting their growth.However, there isn’t yet evidence that the supplement has the same effect on humans.Canker sores:One study found that applying a gel containing berberine tocanker soresreduced the size of the sores, and their resulting pain, within six days.Side EffectsMost studies haven’t found safety concerns with berberine or any serious side effects. However, some people taking berberine report the following:Abdominal pain and/or bloatingConstipationDiarrheaNauseaDosageBerberine dosages used in studies have varied from as little as 500 mg to as much as 3.0 grams per day.But research hasn’t yet determined how much berberine should be taken for specific conditions.What’s more, berberine supplements often contain significantly more or less berberine than their label denotes; this can make it difficult to know the exact dosage you’re actually taking.Precautions and InteractionsSome medications cannot be taken with berberine. Do not use this supplement if you take a medication for diabetes (e.g., blood sugar-lowering medications) or high blood pressure, since it may intensify their effects.Berberine is also not recommended during pregnancy or while breastfeeding,due to potential negative effects. There is also no safe or effective level of berberine established for children.SummaryBerberine shows promise in treating some health conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. However, there aren’t yet enough large, high-quality studies to support its widespread use.If you’re taking a medication that affects blood glucose levels and/or cholesterol, consult your healthcare provider before taking berberine. The supplement may not be safe when paired with these types of medications.
Berberineis a bitter-tasting plant compound that may be beneficial for diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity.It also has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, which might make it helpful in treating infections and wounds.
Barberine is found in some plants, such as goldenseal, Oregon grape, barberry, goldenthread, moonseed, and tree turmeric. While generally considered safe, this supplement shouldn’t be taken with some prescription medications.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements like prescription drugs. This means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN or RD), or pharmacist.
Verywell / Getty Images
Berberine is anisoquinoline alkaloid, which is a type of phytochemical.It’s found in plants like phellodendron, goldenseal, Oregon grape, barberry, goldenthread, moonseed, and tree turmeric.Burberine is yellow and has a bitter taste.
Berberine has been studied for its beneficial effects on several conditions, including:
Most studies haven’t found safety concerns with berberine or any serious side effects. However, some people taking berberine report the following:
Berberine dosages used in studies have varied from as little as 500 mg to as much as 3.0 grams per day.But research hasn’t yet determined how much berberine should be taken for specific conditions.What’s more, berberine supplements often contain significantly more or less berberine than their label denotes; this can make it difficult to know the exact dosage you’re actually taking.
Some medications cannot be taken with berberine. Do not use this supplement if you take a medication for diabetes (e.g., blood sugar-lowering medications) or high blood pressure, since it may intensify their effects.
Berberine is also not recommended during pregnancy or while breastfeeding,due to potential negative effects. There is also no safe or effective level of berberine established for children.
Berberine shows promise in treating some health conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity. However, there aren’t yet enough large, high-quality studies to support its widespread use.
If you’re taking a medication that affects blood glucose levels and/or cholesterol, consult your healthcare provider before taking berberine. The supplement may not be safe when paired with these types of medications.
15 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, et al.Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension.J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:69-81. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049National Institutes of Health. PubChem.Berberine.Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Bonaventura A, et al.Effects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular risk.Expert Opin Biol Ther.2013;13:475-82. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.776037Sanjari M, Shamsinejad B, Khazaeli P, et al.Safety and efficacy of Berberis integerrima root extract in patients with type 2 diabetes. A parallel intervention based triple blind clinical trial.J Diabetes Metab Disord.2020;19:71-80. doi:10.1007/s40200-019-00478-zKoppen LM, Whitaker A, Rosene A, et al.Efficacy of Berberine Alone and in Combination for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Oct;22(4):956-968. doi: 10.1177/2156587216687695Zamani M, Zarei M, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, et al.The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;9:1013055.Wei W, Zhao H, Wang A, et al.A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:99-105. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0616Li MF, Zhou XM, Li XL.The effect of berberine on polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance (Pcos-ir): a meta-analysis and systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;2018:1-8. doi: 10.1155/2018/2532935Liu D, Meng X, Wu D, Qiu Z, Luo H.A Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloid With Antitumor Activity: Studies of the Biological Activities of Berberine. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Feb 14;10:9. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00009Wang N, Tan HY, Li L, et al.Berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma as potential anticancer agents: Recent updates and future perspectives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015;176:35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.028Jiang XW, Zhang Y, Zhu YL, et al.Effects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohort.Oral Med.2013;115:212-7. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.09.009Liang Y, Xu X, Yin M, et al.Effects of berberine on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis.Endocr J.2019;66:51-63. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0109Funk RS, Singh RK, Winefield RD, Kandel SE, Ruisinger JF, Moriarty PM, Backes JM.Variability in Potency Among Commercial Preparations of Berberine.J Diet Suppl. 2018 May 4;15(3):343-351. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1347227. Epub 2017 Aug 9. PMID: 28792254; PMCID: PMC5807210Suadoni MT, Atherton I.Berberine for the treatment of hypertension: a systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract.2021;42:101287. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101287Zhao H, Xing C, Zhang J, et al.Comparative efficacy of oral insulin sensitizers metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositol, and berberine in improving endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS: a network meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2021 Aug 18;18(1):171. doi: 10.1186/s12978-021-01207-7Additional ReadingFeng X, Sureda A, Jafari S, et al.Berberine in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: From mechanisms to therapeutics.Theranostics. 2019;9:1923-1951. doi: 10.7150/thno.30787.Guo J, Chen H, Zhang X, et al.The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Oxid Med Cell Longev.2021;2021:2074610. doi: 10.1155/2021/2074610.Khan S, Hussain A, Attar F, et al.A review of the berberine natural polysaccharide nanostructures as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents.Biomed Pharmacother.2022;146:112531. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112531.Liu H, Tan L, Fu G, Chen L, Tan H.Efficacy of topical intervention for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A network Meta-analysis.Medicina (Kaunas).2022;58:771. doi: 10.3390/medicina58060771.Song D, Hao J, Fan D.Biological properties and clinical applications of berberine.Front Med.2020;14:564-582. doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0724-6.Xu X, Yi H, Wu J, et al.Therapeutic effect of berberine on metabolic diseases: Both pharmacological data and clinical evidence.Biomed Pharmacother.2021;133:110984. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110984.
15 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, et al.Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension.J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:69-81. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049National Institutes of Health. PubChem.Berberine.Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Bonaventura A, et al.Effects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular risk.Expert Opin Biol Ther.2013;13:475-82. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.776037Sanjari M, Shamsinejad B, Khazaeli P, et al.Safety and efficacy of Berberis integerrima root extract in patients with type 2 diabetes. A parallel intervention based triple blind clinical trial.J Diabetes Metab Disord.2020;19:71-80. doi:10.1007/s40200-019-00478-zKoppen LM, Whitaker A, Rosene A, et al.Efficacy of Berberine Alone and in Combination for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Oct;22(4):956-968. doi: 10.1177/2156587216687695Zamani M, Zarei M, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, et al.The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;9:1013055.Wei W, Zhao H, Wang A, et al.A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:99-105. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0616Li MF, Zhou XM, Li XL.The effect of berberine on polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance (Pcos-ir): a meta-analysis and systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;2018:1-8. doi: 10.1155/2018/2532935Liu D, Meng X, Wu D, Qiu Z, Luo H.A Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloid With Antitumor Activity: Studies of the Biological Activities of Berberine. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Feb 14;10:9. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00009Wang N, Tan HY, Li L, et al.Berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma as potential anticancer agents: Recent updates and future perspectives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015;176:35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.028Jiang XW, Zhang Y, Zhu YL, et al.Effects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohort.Oral Med.2013;115:212-7. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.09.009Liang Y, Xu X, Yin M, et al.Effects of berberine on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis.Endocr J.2019;66:51-63. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0109Funk RS, Singh RK, Winefield RD, Kandel SE, Ruisinger JF, Moriarty PM, Backes JM.Variability in Potency Among Commercial Preparations of Berberine.J Diet Suppl. 2018 May 4;15(3):343-351. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1347227. Epub 2017 Aug 9. PMID: 28792254; PMCID: PMC5807210Suadoni MT, Atherton I.Berberine for the treatment of hypertension: a systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract.2021;42:101287. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101287Zhao H, Xing C, Zhang J, et al.Comparative efficacy of oral insulin sensitizers metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositol, and berberine in improving endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS: a network meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2021 Aug 18;18(1):171. doi: 10.1186/s12978-021-01207-7Additional ReadingFeng X, Sureda A, Jafari S, et al.Berberine in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: From mechanisms to therapeutics.Theranostics. 2019;9:1923-1951. doi: 10.7150/thno.30787.Guo J, Chen H, Zhang X, et al.The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Oxid Med Cell Longev.2021;2021:2074610. doi: 10.1155/2021/2074610.Khan S, Hussain A, Attar F, et al.A review of the berberine natural polysaccharide nanostructures as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents.Biomed Pharmacother.2022;146:112531. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112531.Liu H, Tan L, Fu G, Chen L, Tan H.Efficacy of topical intervention for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A network Meta-analysis.Medicina (Kaunas).2022;58:771. doi: 10.3390/medicina58060771.Song D, Hao J, Fan D.Biological properties and clinical applications of berberine.Front Med.2020;14:564-582. doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0724-6.Xu X, Yi H, Wu J, et al.Therapeutic effect of berberine on metabolic diseases: Both pharmacological data and clinical evidence.Biomed Pharmacother.2021;133:110984. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110984.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, et al.Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension.J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:69-81. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049National Institutes of Health. PubChem.Berberine.Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Bonaventura A, et al.Effects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular risk.Expert Opin Biol Ther.2013;13:475-82. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.776037Sanjari M, Shamsinejad B, Khazaeli P, et al.Safety and efficacy of Berberis integerrima root extract in patients with type 2 diabetes. A parallel intervention based triple blind clinical trial.J Diabetes Metab Disord.2020;19:71-80. doi:10.1007/s40200-019-00478-zKoppen LM, Whitaker A, Rosene A, et al.Efficacy of Berberine Alone and in Combination for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Oct;22(4):956-968. doi: 10.1177/2156587216687695Zamani M, Zarei M, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, et al.The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;9:1013055.Wei W, Zhao H, Wang A, et al.A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:99-105. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0616Li MF, Zhou XM, Li XL.The effect of berberine on polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance (Pcos-ir): a meta-analysis and systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;2018:1-8. doi: 10.1155/2018/2532935Liu D, Meng X, Wu D, Qiu Z, Luo H.A Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloid With Antitumor Activity: Studies of the Biological Activities of Berberine. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Feb 14;10:9. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00009Wang N, Tan HY, Li L, et al.Berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma as potential anticancer agents: Recent updates and future perspectives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015;176:35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.028Jiang XW, Zhang Y, Zhu YL, et al.Effects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohort.Oral Med.2013;115:212-7. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.09.009Liang Y, Xu X, Yin M, et al.Effects of berberine on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis.Endocr J.2019;66:51-63. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0109Funk RS, Singh RK, Winefield RD, Kandel SE, Ruisinger JF, Moriarty PM, Backes JM.Variability in Potency Among Commercial Preparations of Berberine.J Diet Suppl. 2018 May 4;15(3):343-351. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1347227. Epub 2017 Aug 9. PMID: 28792254; PMCID: PMC5807210Suadoni MT, Atherton I.Berberine for the treatment of hypertension: a systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract.2021;42:101287. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101287Zhao H, Xing C, Zhang J, et al.Comparative efficacy of oral insulin sensitizers metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositol, and berberine in improving endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS: a network meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2021 Aug 18;18(1):171. doi: 10.1186/s12978-021-01207-7
Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, et al.Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension.J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:69-81. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.049
National Institutes of Health. PubChem.Berberine.
Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Bonaventura A, et al.Effects of berberine on lipid profile in subjects with low cardiovascular risk.Expert Opin Biol Ther.2013;13:475-82. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.776037
Sanjari M, Shamsinejad B, Khazaeli P, et al.Safety and efficacy of Berberis integerrima root extract in patients with type 2 diabetes. A parallel intervention based triple blind clinical trial.J Diabetes Metab Disord.2020;19:71-80. doi:10.1007/s40200-019-00478-z
Koppen LM, Whitaker A, Rosene A, et al.Efficacy of Berberine Alone and in Combination for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Oct;22(4):956-968. doi: 10.1177/2156587216687695
Zamani M, Zarei M, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, et al.The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;9:1013055.
Wei W, Zhao H, Wang A, et al.A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166:99-105. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0616
Li MF, Zhou XM, Li XL.The effect of berberine on polycystic ovary syndrome patients with insulin resistance (Pcos-ir): a meta-analysis and systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;2018:1-8. doi: 10.1155/2018/2532935
Liu D, Meng X, Wu D, Qiu Z, Luo H.A Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloid With Antitumor Activity: Studies of the Biological Activities of Berberine. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Feb 14;10:9. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00009
Wang N, Tan HY, Li L, et al.Berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma as potential anticancer agents: Recent updates and future perspectives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015;176:35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.028
Jiang XW, Zhang Y, Zhu YL, et al.Effects of berberine gelatin on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in a Chinese cohort.Oral Med.2013;115:212-7. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2012.09.009
Liang Y, Xu X, Yin M, et al.Effects of berberine on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis.Endocr J.2019;66:51-63. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0109
Funk RS, Singh RK, Winefield RD, Kandel SE, Ruisinger JF, Moriarty PM, Backes JM.Variability in Potency Among Commercial Preparations of Berberine.J Diet Suppl. 2018 May 4;15(3):343-351. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1347227. Epub 2017 Aug 9. PMID: 28792254; PMCID: PMC5807210
Suadoni MT, Atherton I.Berberine for the treatment of hypertension: a systematic review.Complement Ther Clin Pract.2021;42:101287. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101287
Zhao H, Xing C, Zhang J, et al.Comparative efficacy of oral insulin sensitizers metformin, thiazolidinediones, inositol, and berberine in improving endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with PCOS: a network meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2021 Aug 18;18(1):171. doi: 10.1186/s12978-021-01207-7
Feng X, Sureda A, Jafari S, et al.Berberine in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: From mechanisms to therapeutics.Theranostics. 2019;9:1923-1951. doi: 10.7150/thno.30787.Guo J, Chen H, Zhang X, et al.The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Oxid Med Cell Longev.2021;2021:2074610. doi: 10.1155/2021/2074610.Khan S, Hussain A, Attar F, et al.A review of the berberine natural polysaccharide nanostructures as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents.Biomed Pharmacother.2022;146:112531. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112531.Liu H, Tan L, Fu G, Chen L, Tan H.Efficacy of topical intervention for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A network Meta-analysis.Medicina (Kaunas).2022;58:771. doi: 10.3390/medicina58060771.Song D, Hao J, Fan D.Biological properties and clinical applications of berberine.Front Med.2020;14:564-582. doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0724-6.Xu X, Yi H, Wu J, et al.Therapeutic effect of berberine on metabolic diseases: Both pharmacological data and clinical evidence.Biomed Pharmacother.2021;133:110984. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110984.
Feng X, Sureda A, Jafari S, et al.Berberine in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: From mechanisms to therapeutics.Theranostics. 2019;9:1923-1951. doi: 10.7150/thno.30787.
Guo J, Chen H, Zhang X, et al.The effect of berberine on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Oxid Med Cell Longev.2021;2021:2074610. doi: 10.1155/2021/2074610.
Khan S, Hussain A, Attar F, et al.A review of the berberine natural polysaccharide nanostructures as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents.Biomed Pharmacother.2022;146:112531. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112531.
Liu H, Tan L, Fu G, Chen L, Tan H.Efficacy of topical intervention for recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A network Meta-analysis.Medicina (Kaunas).2022;58:771. doi: 10.3390/medicina58060771.
Song D, Hao J, Fan D.Biological properties and clinical applications of berberine.Front Med.2020;14:564-582. doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0724-6.
Xu X, Yi H, Wu J, et al.Therapeutic effect of berberine on metabolic diseases: Both pharmacological data and clinical evidence.Biomed Pharmacother.2021;133:110984. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110984.
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