Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsCausesDiagnosisTreatmentManagement
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Symptoms
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Management
“Dysphagia” means “difficulty swallowing.” It has many possible causes, including an underlying nerve or muscle disorder or obstructive issues like an abnormal growth within the throat oresophagus(food pipe).
Pinpointing the cause of and managing dysphagia is paramount to ensuring your health and preventing complications likemalnutrition, dehydration, and social isolation.
This article will discuss what dysphagia feels like, how it’s diagnosed, and its treatment options.
Dysphagia: When You Have Trouble Swallowing Food
Possible symptoms of dysphagia include:
What’s Causing Me to Cough After I Eat?
Dysphagia Causes: Why Is It Hard to Swallow?
There are two main types of dysphagia, and within these types are several possible causes.
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
Oropharyngeal dysphagia stems from a swallowing problem within theoropharynx, the medical term for the mouth and the structures located at the back of the throat (e.g.,tonsilsand end of yourtongue).
Long-termneurological conditionslikeParkinson’s disease,stroke, andAlzheimer’sare common causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
Neuromuscular disorders(related to muscle/nerve problems in the body), likemultiple sclerosis(MS),amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),myasthenia gravis(MG), and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) can also cause oropharyngeal dysphagia.
Structural problemsthat press on or otherwise interfere with the tissues/muscles involved in swallowing are additional causes. Example include:
Medicationsmay also cause or contribute to oropharyngeal dysphagia, such asantipsychotic drugs,antihistamines, ordiuretics.
Difficulty Swallowing: Noncancerous and Cancerous Causes
Esophageal Dysphagia
Esophageal dysphagia stems from a swallowing problem within the esophagus, the hollow tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.
Two common causes of esophageal dysphagia include:
Structural problemsor anything that physically blocks the esophagus can also cause dysphagia. Examples include:
Drugs linked to pill-induced esophagitis include:
Functional esophageal disorderslikeglobus sensation(feeling a painless lump in the throat) may also cause problems swallowing. The cause behind functional esophageal disorders remains unknown, although experts suspect overly sensitive nerve cells communicating sensory information to the brain may be involved.
Lastly, while rare, anesophagus infectionoresophageal motility disorderlikeachalasia(when the nerves in the esophagus malfunction) can cause dysphagia.
Understanding the Stages of Swallowing
The swallowing process is highly complex and involves the brain and muscles within the mouth, throat, voice box, and esophagus.
Swallowing can be divided into two primary stages—theoropharyngealandesophageal stages. When evaluating dysphagia, sorting out which stage the swallowing impairment occurs is a key first step.
This step involves carefully assessing the following:
Once the stage of swallowing impairment is determined, various diagnostic tests may be performed to help reach a precise diagnosis.
Diagnostic Tests for DysphagiaTwo examples of tests used to assess dysphagia include:Amodifiedbarium swallowuses X-rays to analyze the way you swallow different food consistencies (e.g., liquids, thickened liquids, and solids)Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)is a procedure in which a person’s swallowing ability is examined using a flexible tube with a tiny camera attached to the end that’s placed through the nose.
Diagnostic Tests for Dysphagia
Two examples of tests used to assess dysphagia include:Amodifiedbarium swallowuses X-rays to analyze the way you swallow different food consistencies (e.g., liquids, thickened liquids, and solids)Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)is a procedure in which a person’s swallowing ability is examined using a flexible tube with a tiny camera attached to the end that’s placed through the nose.
Two examples of tests used to assess dysphagia include:
Oropharyngeal Stage
In this stage, food is first chewed and mixed with saliva in the mouth to form abolus(mass of food).
As the foods/fluids navigate the esophagus, thenasopharynx(the upper part of the throat connected to the nose) and thelarynx(voice box) are sealed off. This seal prevents food or fluids from backtracking into the nose, airways, or lungs.
Also going on during this time is the relaxation of thelower esophageal sphincter(a one-way valve). This relaxation is in preparation for the passage of food or fluid into the stomach.
Symptoms of Oropharyngeal DysphagiaSymptoms supporting a problem in the oropharyngeal stage include:Choking, coughing, drooling, and nasal regurgitationHoarseness or other voice changesDifficulty swallowing liquids onlyA hard time chewing foods (e.g., severe dry mouth or neuromuscular disease)
Symptoms of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
Symptoms supporting a problem in the oropharyngeal stage include:Choking, coughing, drooling, and nasal regurgitationHoarseness or other voice changesDifficulty swallowing liquids onlyA hard time chewing foods (e.g., severe dry mouth or neuromuscular disease)
Symptoms supporting a problem in the oropharyngeal stage include:
Esophageal Stage
In this stage, muscles propel the food bolus and fluids through the rest of the esophagus, emptying it into the stomach through the relaxed lower esophageal sphincter.
The highly coordinated series of muscle movements that pushes foods or fluids through the esophagus is calledperistalsis.
Symptoms of Esophageal DysphagiaSymptoms supporting a problem in the esophageal stage include:Feeling like food is stuck in the throat or chestDifficulty with swallowing solids only (e.g., esophageal stricture)Difficulty swallowing both solids and liquids (e.g., achalasia)
Symptoms of Esophageal Dysphagia
Symptoms supporting a problem in the esophageal stage include:Feeling like food is stuck in the throat or chestDifficulty with swallowing solids only (e.g., esophageal stricture)Difficulty swallowing both solids and liquids (e.g., achalasia)
Symptoms supporting a problem in the esophageal stage include:
Treatment to Get Dysphagia to Go Away
Treating dysphagia is essential as it can lead to serious complications, including weight loss, dehydration, andaspiration pneumonia(when food enters the lungs leading to an infection). In older adults, dysphagia is also linked to a reduced life expectancy and decreased quality of life.
The treatment of dysphagia depends on the underlying diagnosis. It may include lifestyle changes, medication, swallowing rehabilitation, or surgery.
While not an exhaustive list, examples of dysphagia therapies include the following.
Lifestyle Behaviors
ForGERD, lifestyle interventions like weight loss (if overweight or have obesity) and avoiding smoking are usually advised.
Foreosinophilic esophagitis, eliminating major food allergens from the diet (e.g., dairy, egg, wheat, soy, peanut/tree nuts, and fish/shellfish) may be recommended.
Treatment ofpill-induced esophagitisinvolves stopping the offending drug. If this is not possible, instructions on properly taking the pill are emphasized (e.g., sitting upright for at least 30 minutes after swallowing).
How to Dislodge a Pill Stuck in Your Throat
Medications
A healthcare provider may recommend the following medications for dysphagia:
Swallowing Rehabilitation
You may be asked to see a swallowing therapist, sometimes called aspeech-language pathologist, especially if you have oropharyngeal dysphagia from a neurological condition.
A swallowing therapist can teach you exercises to strengthen your jaw, lip, and tongue. They can also teach techniques to help you swallow more efficiently and safely.
Swallowing Exercises for Dysphagia From Neurological Causes
Your therapist will also teach you how to chew thoroughly, take smaller bites, and coat foods with fluids or sauces to assist in swallowing. They will also review specific foods on amechanical soft dietor pureed diet.
Dysphagia Diet: Easier Foods to SwallowExamples of foods on a mechanical soft diet include:Milk, milkshakes, and cottage cheeseMashed potatoes, diced soft pasta, and cooked cerealFruit and vegetable juicesCreamed spinach and applesauceHummus or soft chicken saladIce cream and frozen yogurtLiquid nutritional supplements like Ensure
Dysphagia Diet: Easier Foods to Swallow
Examples of foods on a mechanical soft diet include:Milk, milkshakes, and cottage cheeseMashed potatoes, diced soft pasta, and cooked cerealFruit and vegetable juicesCreamed spinach and applesauceHummus or soft chicken saladIce cream and frozen yogurtLiquid nutritional supplements like Ensure
Examples of foods on a mechanical soft diet include:
Surgical Procedures/Surgery
An operation may be required to remove harmful tissue (e.g., cancer) or other structural abnormality in the throat, esophagus, or surrounding area.
Various surgical procedures may also be recommended to manage dysphagia. For example, withesophageal strictures, gentle widening of the esophagus using a balloon dilator duringendoscopymay be performed.
How Esophageal Dilation Helps Difficulty Swallowing
Managing Chronic Dysphagia
Dysphagia can be acute or chronic, depending on the fundamental cause.
Neurological or neuromuscular conditions, like stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and ALS, are examples of chronic causes of dysphagia. Unlike acute causes, which in many cases can be reversed (e.g., pill-induced esophagitis), chronic causes of dysphagia can either improve or worsen.
For example, dysphagia from stroke usually improves with time and swallowing rehabilitation,whereas dysphagia from Parkinson’s diseaseor ALSslowly progresses over time due to the disease’s natural course.
Managing chronic, progressive dysphagia requires a team, including healthcare providers like a swallowing therapist and primary care physician, as well as the person and their family members or caregivers.
Apalliative care specialist(a doctor who aims to relieve symptoms of serious illnesses) is also often involved, especially as the disease advances.
The goals of managing chronic dysphagia involve preventing complications and optimizing the patient’s comfort and quality of life.
What Are the Stages of ALS?
Summary
“Dysphagia” means “difficulty swallowing,” and symptoms may include a sensation of food being stuck in the throat or chest or choking and coughing when eating or drinking.
There are numerous causes of dysphagia depending on where the swallowing impairment is located (e.g., mouth, throat, or food pipe) and whether other factors are present, notably an underlying condition (e.g., acid reflux or stroke).
Managing dysphagia may entail lifestyle modifications, swallow rehabilitation, medication, and/or surgery. Depending on the dysphagia diagnosis, swallowing techniques and adopting a soft or pureed diet may also be helpful.
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Wilkinson JM, Codipilly DC, Wilfahrt RP.Dysphagia: evaluation and collaborative management.Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(2):97-106National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.Dysphagia.Penn Medicine.Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).NHS Inform.Causes of dysphagia.Marcott S, Dewan K, Kwan M, Baik F, Lee YJ, Sirjani D.Where dysphagia begins: polypharmacy and xerostomia.Fed Pract. 2020;37(5):234-241.Miarons Font M, Rofes Salsench L.Antipsychotic medication and oropharyngeal dysphagia: systematic review.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(12):1332-1339. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000983Batista AO, Nascimento WV, Cassiani RA, Silva ACV, Alves LMT, Alves DC, Dantas RO.Prevalence of non-obstructive dysphagia in patients with heartburn and regurgitation.Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1556. doi:10.6061/clinics/2020/e1556American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.Eosinophilic esophagitis: symptoms, diagnosis & treatment.Kim SH, Jeong JB, Kim JW, et al.Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of drug-induced esophagitis.World J Gastroenterol.2014;20(31):10994-9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10994Zhang Y, Tong Y, Wang W, Xu L.Chest pain from pill-induced esophagitis: a rare side effect of ascorbic acid.SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2018;6:2050313X18775004. doi:10.1177/2050313X18775004Manabe N, Tsutsui H, Kusunoki H, Hata J, Haruma K.Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with globus sensation–from the viewpoint of esophageal motility dysfunction.J Smooth Muscle Res. 2014;50:66-77. doi:10.1540/jsmr.50.66Wilkinson JM, Halland M.Esophageal motility disorders.Am Fam Physician. 2020;102(5):291-296.Chilukuri P, Odufalu F, Hachem C.Dysphagia.Mo Med. 2018;115(3):206-210.American Head & Neck Society.Dysphagia, aspiration and stricture.Browning KN, Travagli RA.Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions.Compr Physiol. 2014;4(4):1339-68. doi:10.1002/cphy.c130055Christmas C, Rogus-Pulia N.Swallowing disorders in the older population.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(12):2643-2649. doi:10.1111/jgs.16137American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.Understanding gastroesophageal reflux disease.American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.Eosinophilic esophagitis.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.Adult dysphagia.Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Eating guide for pureed food and mechanical soft food diets.Ravich WJ.Endoscopic management of benign esophageal strictures.Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(10):50. doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0591-8Vose A, Nonnenmacher J, Singer ML, González-Fernández M.Dysphagia management in acute and sub-acute stroke.Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2014;2(4):197-206. doi:10.1007/s40141-014-0061-2Suttrup I, Warnecke T.Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease.Dysphagia. 2016;31(1):24-32. doi:10.1007/s00455-015-9671-9Onesti E, Schettino I, Gori MC, et al.Dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: impact on patient behavior, diet adaptation, and riluzole management.Front Neurol. 2017;8:94. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00094
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Wilkinson JM, Codipilly DC, Wilfahrt RP.Dysphagia: evaluation and collaborative management.Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(2):97-106National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.Dysphagia.Penn Medicine.Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).NHS Inform.Causes of dysphagia.Marcott S, Dewan K, Kwan M, Baik F, Lee YJ, Sirjani D.Where dysphagia begins: polypharmacy and xerostomia.Fed Pract. 2020;37(5):234-241.Miarons Font M, Rofes Salsench L.Antipsychotic medication and oropharyngeal dysphagia: systematic review.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(12):1332-1339. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000983Batista AO, Nascimento WV, Cassiani RA, Silva ACV, Alves LMT, Alves DC, Dantas RO.Prevalence of non-obstructive dysphagia in patients with heartburn and regurgitation.Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1556. doi:10.6061/clinics/2020/e1556American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.Eosinophilic esophagitis: symptoms, diagnosis & treatment.Kim SH, Jeong JB, Kim JW, et al.Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of drug-induced esophagitis.World J Gastroenterol.2014;20(31):10994-9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10994Zhang Y, Tong Y, Wang W, Xu L.Chest pain from pill-induced esophagitis: a rare side effect of ascorbic acid.SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2018;6:2050313X18775004. doi:10.1177/2050313X18775004Manabe N, Tsutsui H, Kusunoki H, Hata J, Haruma K.Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with globus sensation–from the viewpoint of esophageal motility dysfunction.J Smooth Muscle Res. 2014;50:66-77. doi:10.1540/jsmr.50.66Wilkinson JM, Halland M.Esophageal motility disorders.Am Fam Physician. 2020;102(5):291-296.Chilukuri P, Odufalu F, Hachem C.Dysphagia.Mo Med. 2018;115(3):206-210.American Head & Neck Society.Dysphagia, aspiration and stricture.Browning KN, Travagli RA.Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions.Compr Physiol. 2014;4(4):1339-68. doi:10.1002/cphy.c130055Christmas C, Rogus-Pulia N.Swallowing disorders in the older population.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(12):2643-2649. doi:10.1111/jgs.16137American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.Understanding gastroesophageal reflux disease.American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.Eosinophilic esophagitis.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.Adult dysphagia.Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Eating guide for pureed food and mechanical soft food diets.Ravich WJ.Endoscopic management of benign esophageal strictures.Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(10):50. doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0591-8Vose A, Nonnenmacher J, Singer ML, González-Fernández M.Dysphagia management in acute and sub-acute stroke.Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2014;2(4):197-206. doi:10.1007/s40141-014-0061-2Suttrup I, Warnecke T.Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease.Dysphagia. 2016;31(1):24-32. doi:10.1007/s00455-015-9671-9Onesti E, Schettino I, Gori MC, et al.Dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: impact on patient behavior, diet adaptation, and riluzole management.Front Neurol. 2017;8:94. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00094
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Wilkinson JM, Codipilly DC, Wilfahrt RP.Dysphagia: evaluation and collaborative management.Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(2):97-106National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.Dysphagia.Penn Medicine.Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).NHS Inform.Causes of dysphagia.Marcott S, Dewan K, Kwan M, Baik F, Lee YJ, Sirjani D.Where dysphagia begins: polypharmacy and xerostomia.Fed Pract. 2020;37(5):234-241.Miarons Font M, Rofes Salsench L.Antipsychotic medication and oropharyngeal dysphagia: systematic review.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(12):1332-1339. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000983Batista AO, Nascimento WV, Cassiani RA, Silva ACV, Alves LMT, Alves DC, Dantas RO.Prevalence of non-obstructive dysphagia in patients with heartburn and regurgitation.Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1556. doi:10.6061/clinics/2020/e1556American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.Eosinophilic esophagitis: symptoms, diagnosis & treatment.Kim SH, Jeong JB, Kim JW, et al.Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of drug-induced esophagitis.World J Gastroenterol.2014;20(31):10994-9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10994Zhang Y, Tong Y, Wang W, Xu L.Chest pain from pill-induced esophagitis: a rare side effect of ascorbic acid.SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2018;6:2050313X18775004. doi:10.1177/2050313X18775004Manabe N, Tsutsui H, Kusunoki H, Hata J, Haruma K.Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with globus sensation–from the viewpoint of esophageal motility dysfunction.J Smooth Muscle Res. 2014;50:66-77. doi:10.1540/jsmr.50.66Wilkinson JM, Halland M.Esophageal motility disorders.Am Fam Physician. 2020;102(5):291-296.Chilukuri P, Odufalu F, Hachem C.Dysphagia.Mo Med. 2018;115(3):206-210.American Head & Neck Society.Dysphagia, aspiration and stricture.Browning KN, Travagli RA.Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions.Compr Physiol. 2014;4(4):1339-68. doi:10.1002/cphy.c130055Christmas C, Rogus-Pulia N.Swallowing disorders in the older population.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(12):2643-2649. doi:10.1111/jgs.16137American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.Understanding gastroesophageal reflux disease.American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.Eosinophilic esophagitis.American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.Adult dysphagia.Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Eating guide for pureed food and mechanical soft food diets.Ravich WJ.Endoscopic management of benign esophageal strictures.Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(10):50. doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0591-8Vose A, Nonnenmacher J, Singer ML, González-Fernández M.Dysphagia management in acute and sub-acute stroke.Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2014;2(4):197-206. doi:10.1007/s40141-014-0061-2Suttrup I, Warnecke T.Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease.Dysphagia. 2016;31(1):24-32. doi:10.1007/s00455-015-9671-9Onesti E, Schettino I, Gori MC, et al.Dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: impact on patient behavior, diet adaptation, and riluzole management.Front Neurol. 2017;8:94. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00094
Wilkinson JM, Codipilly DC, Wilfahrt RP.Dysphagia: evaluation and collaborative management.Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(2):97-106
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.Dysphagia.
Penn Medicine.Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
NHS Inform.Causes of dysphagia.
Marcott S, Dewan K, Kwan M, Baik F, Lee YJ, Sirjani D.Where dysphagia begins: polypharmacy and xerostomia.Fed Pract. 2020;37(5):234-241.
Miarons Font M, Rofes Salsench L.Antipsychotic medication and oropharyngeal dysphagia: systematic review.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(12):1332-1339. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000983
Batista AO, Nascimento WV, Cassiani RA, Silva ACV, Alves LMT, Alves DC, Dantas RO.Prevalence of non-obstructive dysphagia in patients with heartburn and regurgitation.Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1556. doi:10.6061/clinics/2020/e1556
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.Eosinophilic esophagitis: symptoms, diagnosis & treatment.
Kim SH, Jeong JB, Kim JW, et al.Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of drug-induced esophagitis.World J Gastroenterol.2014;20(31):10994-9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10994
Zhang Y, Tong Y, Wang W, Xu L.Chest pain from pill-induced esophagitis: a rare side effect of ascorbic acid.SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2018;6:2050313X18775004. doi:10.1177/2050313X18775004
Manabe N, Tsutsui H, Kusunoki H, Hata J, Haruma K.Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with globus sensation–from the viewpoint of esophageal motility dysfunction.J Smooth Muscle Res. 2014;50:66-77. doi:10.1540/jsmr.50.66
Wilkinson JM, Halland M.Esophageal motility disorders.Am Fam Physician. 2020;102(5):291-296.
Chilukuri P, Odufalu F, Hachem C.Dysphagia.Mo Med. 2018;115(3):206-210.
American Head & Neck Society.Dysphagia, aspiration and stricture.
Browning KN, Travagli RA.Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions.Compr Physiol. 2014;4(4):1339-68. doi:10.1002/cphy.c130055
Christmas C, Rogus-Pulia N.Swallowing disorders in the older population.J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(12):2643-2649. doi:10.1111/jgs.16137
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.Understanding gastroesophageal reflux disease.
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.Eosinophilic esophagitis.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.Adult dysphagia.
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Eating guide for pureed food and mechanical soft food diets.
Ravich WJ.Endoscopic management of benign esophageal strictures.Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2017;19(10):50. doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0591-8
Vose A, Nonnenmacher J, Singer ML, González-Fernández M.Dysphagia management in acute and sub-acute stroke.Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2014;2(4):197-206. doi:10.1007/s40141-014-0061-2
Suttrup I, Warnecke T.Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease.Dysphagia. 2016;31(1):24-32. doi:10.1007/s00455-015-9671-9
Onesti E, Schettino I, Gori MC, et al.Dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: impact on patient behavior, diet adaptation, and riluzole management.Front Neurol. 2017;8:94. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00094
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