Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageInteractionsSimilar SupplementsSources & What to Look For
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Interactions
Similar Supplements
Sources & What to Look For
Fenugreekbenefits come from its seeds and the nutrients and substances they contain that may lower blood sugar and cholesterol and raise testosterone levels.The edible seeds can be added to foods, brewed for tea, ground into flour, and used in supplements.
Fenugreek supplements are used for many health benefits, such as improving lung function in people with asthma, boosting breast milk production, and easing menstrual cramps. Some studies have produced promising results, but more research is needed to prove fenugreek’s effectiveness.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Veena Nair / Getty Images
Supplement FactsActive ingredients (s): Galactomannan fiber, saponin, hydroxyisoleucineAlternative name(s): Trigonella, Bird’s foot, Senegrain, and moreLegal status: Legal in United States. Generally recognized as safe (GRAS).Approved for use in food.Suggested dose: May vary based on plant part, dosage form, and medical condition.Safety considerations:Children should not consume supplements to avoid the risk of side effects.Additionally, children with peanut allergies may have an allergic response to fenugreek.As a result, they should avoid fenugreek in foods. Pregnant people should avoid supplements, as fenugreek may increase the risk of miscarriage and interact with some prescription medications and other supplements. There’s currently limited safety data on fenugreek’s use during breastfeeding.
Supplement Facts
Active ingredients (s): Galactomannan fiber, saponin, hydroxyisoleucineAlternative name(s): Trigonella, Bird’s foot, Senegrain, and moreLegal status: Legal in United States. Generally recognized as safe (GRAS).Approved for use in food.Suggested dose: May vary based on plant part, dosage form, and medical condition.Safety considerations:Children should not consume supplements to avoid the risk of side effects.Additionally, children with peanut allergies may have an allergic response to fenugreek.As a result, they should avoid fenugreek in foods. Pregnant people should avoid supplements, as fenugreek may increase the risk of miscarriage and interact with some prescription medications and other supplements. There’s currently limited safety data on fenugreek’s use during breastfeeding.
Health Benefits of Fenugreek and Safe Use
Fenugreek contains nutrients that support your overall health and may prevent or improve certain health conditions. One tablespoon of fenugreek seeds contains:
Fiber may account for some fenugreek benefits, including lowering blood sugar and cholesterol.However, fenugreek also contains phytochemicals (beneficial plant substances) that can improve your health.
People may use fenugreek for various reasons. Here’s the research assessing fenugreek for the following uses.
Diabetes
Two systematic reviews examined fenugreek’s benefits for controllingblood glucose(sugar).According to another systematic review, fenugreek has the following effects:
Fenugreek has many dosage forms used in studies, including cooked leaves, raw seeds, powders, and extracts. Clinical trials have shown promise, but more studies are needed.
High Cholesterol
The results of a systematic review suggest that fenugreek may reduce:
What’s more, fenugreek may also increasehigh-density lipoprotein(“good cholesterol”). Fenugreek didn’t appear to have any effect on weight. Well-designed clinical trials—especially in people withhigh cholesterol—are still necessary.
Breast Milk Production
Traditionally, fenugreek was used as agalactagogue, which increasesbreast milk production. However, the study results are mixed.
Some evidence supports that natural galactagogues—like fenugreek—might helpbreastfeedingparents make more milk for their infants to achieve healthy weight.Well-designed studies may help evaluate the effectiveness and safety of fenugreek and other galactagogues.
Menstrual Cramps
In a systematic review, there was limited evidence to support using supplements like fenugreek for dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cramps). There was also little data to assess the safety of these supplements.More research is needed.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is a medical condition that affects people with a uterus. In PCOS, there is too much of a specific group of sex hormones calledandrogens. This may result in various symptoms, including:
People with PCOS are also at risk for other medical conditions, such asdiabetes(high blood sugar).
In a small clinical trial, 50 study participants took two capsules of 500 milligrams (mg) of Furocyst daily for 90 days. Furocyst is a specific fenugreek seed extract. At the end of the clinical trial, 46% of participants had smaller ovarian cysts—with an additional 36% experiencing no more cysts.
Moreover, 71% of study participants reported regular periods—while 12% becamepregnant. But there were no changes in blood sugar, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (“good cholesterol”).
While some of the data for PCOS is promising, this clinical trial was small and more study is needed.
Asthma
According to the results of a small clinical trial, people with mildasthmamight benefit from fenugreek syrup as an add-on treatment tobeta-agonistdrugs like albuterol.More study is needed, but results showed:
Quality of life was improved in the group treated with added fenugreek.
Sexual Health
Fenugreek may offer sexual health benefits for both males and females.
A 2021 study builds on prior knowledge of improved testosterone levels in males. Testofen, an extract drawn from fenugreek seeds, was found to improveerectile dysfunctionand enhancelibido(desire) in males when combined with other supplements.
In females, a fenugreek-based vaginal cream was found to be an effective replacement forsynthetic estrogenproducts to improvevaginal atrophyaftermenopause.More study is needed due to the wide range of cultural factors and experiences involved in women’s sexual health.
Athletic performance
There’s emerging evidence of benefit in sports performance due to the plant steroiddiosgeninfound in fenugreek. It has been shown to increase testosterone levels, lean body mass, and leg press performance in male athletes, although there’s no comparable evidence in female athletes who use fenugreek.
What Are the Side Effects of Fenugreek?
Like many medications and herbs, side effects are possible with fenugreek.
Common Side Effects
In a review, no or minor side effects with fenugreek were typically found. But some possible common side effects are generally related to the digestive system, including:
In a systematic review and meta-analysis, fenugreek didn’t seem to significantly affect weight.There were no significant side effects with fenugreek in a small 90-day study in people with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Severe Side Effects
Possible severe side effects may include:
Call 911 and get medical help immediately if you have a severe allergic reaction or any of the symptoms mentioned above. The conditions in this list can all be life-threatening.
Your healthcare provider may advise against using fenugreek if any of the following applies to you:
Allergies:If you have a severe allergic reaction to fenugreek or its components (ingredients), you shouldn’t take this medication. You should also avoid fenugreek if you’re severely allergic to peanuts, chickpeas, or other members of the legume family.
Pregnancy:Fenugreek was linked to adverse effects on the unborn fetus.For this reason, it isn’t recommended duringpregnancy. To discuss the benefits and risks of fenugreek whilepregnant, reach out to your healthcare provider.
Breastfeeding:In a systematic review, some evidence supported natural galactagogues—like fenugreek. However, while they might helpbreastfeedingparents make more milk for their infants to achieve healthy weights, more extensive and well-designed studies are necessary to assess fenugreek’s effects and safety on breastfeeding parents and their nursing babies.
Children:Children should avoid fenugreek supplements.
Older adults over 65:There is little data about fenugreek—including in older adults.Some older adults may be more sensitive to side effects from medications. For this reason, take fenugreek with caution.
Liver problems:There are reports of liver problems with fenugreek.For this reason, your healthcare provider may recommend avoiding fenugreek if you have a liver condition.
Dosage: How Much Fenugreek Should I Take?
There are limited high-quality human studies on fenugreek, so there are no official guidelines on the appropriate dosage of fenugreek for any condition. The FDA placed this herb on its GRAS list.(GRAS means substances are “generally recognized as safe.")
While fenugreek is a GRAS substance, the maximum recommended daily intake is 21 grams (g) to avoid an overdose. But fenugreek supplements might have doses as high as 100 grams.
In India, some adults may consume 0.3 to 0.6 grams (g) of fenugreek seed daily. As for fenugreek supplements, people usually take between 1 to 5 grams every day.If you want to try fenugreek supplements, talk with your healthcare provider first and follow their recommendations.
If you take large doses of fenugreek, you’ll likely have dangerously low blood sugar, a possible serious side effect of this herb.It’s also a possibility that you might experience other severe side effects, such as liver problems or low potassium.
Use caution when taking fenugreek with the following:
A systematic review attempted to analyze several herbal medications on their effectiveness and safety for painful menstrual period cramps. Aside from fenugreek, this review also includedginger.Limited evidence supports both fenugreek and ginger in relieving painful menstrual period cramps.
Fenugreek and ginger were also included in a systematic review of several natural therapies or drugs for their possible effectiveness and safety asgalactagogues.Evidence suggests that fenugreek and garlic might help breastfeeding parents make more milk for their infants to achieve a healthy weight. But there isn’t enough data to conclude whether one is better.Breastmilk retains garlic’s odor, which may increase breastfeeding time as babies seem to like the scent.
Sources of Fenugreek and What to Look For
Fenugreek is available in several forms for cooking and supplemental use.
Food Sources of Fenugreek
Fenugreek is naturally available as a plant in the legume family—along with peas and beans. The FDA generally recognizes fenugreek as safe to be used as a seasoning or flavoring agent in foods and drinks.
The plant’s seeds and leaves—whole, crushed, powdered, and ground into flour—are used as culinary (cooking) herbs. Fenugreek leaves, also called methi, are frequently used in Indian cuisine.
Fenugreek is considered safe in the amounts usually found in foods. However, consuming a large amount of seeds may interact with your medications or affect your medical conditions. For this reason, talk with your healthcare provider if you make significant dietary changes.
Fenugreek Supplements
Fenugreek supplements are available in a few different forms, including capsules. Supplement capsules are often made from animal-derived gelatin. Vegan supplements are available for people who avoid animal products.
If you have difficulties swallowing pills, fenugreek might also be available in the following dosage forms:
According to a review, fenugreek might also be available in the following forms:
Your specific product will depend on your preference and what you hope to get in terms of effects. Each product may work a bit differently, depending on the form. Thus, following your healthcare provider’s recommendations or label directions is essential.
Summary
Fenugreek is an herb used for cooking and in supplements. People may also have other uses for this herb. There are studies assessing fenugreek benefits in treating asthma, diabetes, sexual health, and more, but researchers are still working to provide evidence of the herb’s effectiveness.
Fenugreek is generally considered safe but side effects are still possible. This herb may also lower your blood sugar and potassium levels, so some people should use it with caution. Talk to your healthcare provider about fenugreek supplements, dosage, and whether it’s right for you.
23 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Maheshwari A, Verma N, Swaroop A, et al.Efficacy of FurosapTM, a novelTrigonella foenum-graecumseed extract, in Enhancing Testosterone Level and Improving Sperm Profile in Male Volunteers.Int J Med Sci. 2017 Jan 10;14(1):58-66. doi:10.7150/ijms.17256Singletary K.Fenugreek: overview of potential health benefits.Nutrition Today. 2017;52(2):93-111. doi:10.1097/NT.0000000000000209Food and Drug Administration.Substances added to food.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Fenugreek.Muller T, Luc A, Adam T, et al.Relevance of sensitization to legumes in peanut-allergic children.Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Sep;33(9):e13846. doi:10.1111/pai.13846.MyFoodData: Nutrition Facts Search Tool.Fenugreek.Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.Fiber.Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Maffioli P.The role of selected nutraceuticals in management of prediabetes and diabetes: An updated review of the literature.Phytother Res. 2022 Oct;36(10):3709-3765. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7564.Askarpour M, Alami F, Campbell MS, et al.Effect of fenugreek supplementation on blood lipids and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;253:112538. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112538Foong SC, Tan ML, Foong WC, et al.Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;5:CD011505. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011505.pub2Pattanittum P, Kunyanone N, Brown J, et al.Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3(3):CD002124. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2MedlinePlus.Polycystic ovary syndrome.Swaroop A, Jaipuriar AS, Gupta SK, et al.Efficacy of a novel fenugreek seed extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum, Furocyst) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015;12(10):825-831. doi:10.7150%2Fijms.13024Emtiazy M, Oveidzadeh L, Habibi M, et al.Investigating the effectiveness of theTrigonella foenum-graecumL. (fenugreek) seeds in mild asthma: a randomized controlled trial.Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 2018;14(19). doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0238-9Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV.The cytokines of asthma.Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018Shirai M, Miyoshi Y, Ogasa T, Miyoshi M, Ishikawa K, Hiramatsu I,et al.Oral Testofen, L-Citrulline, Resveratrol, and Caffeine Supplement Drink Improves Sexual Function in Men with Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study.World J Mens Health. 2021 Oct;39(4):733-739. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.200129.Mazalzadeh F, Hekmat K, Namjouyan F, Saki A.Effect of Trigonella foenum (fenugreek) vaginal cream on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Jun 30;9(6):2714-2719. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1220_19.Isenmann E, Alisauskas P, Flenker U, Schalla J, Diel P.The Anabolic Effect of Fenugreek: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Int J Sports Med.2023 Sep;44(10):692-703. doi: 10.1055/a-2048-5925.LactMed.Fenugreek.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.LiverTox: acute liver failure.MedlinePlus.Low blood potassium.Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.National Institues of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.
23 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Maheshwari A, Verma N, Swaroop A, et al.Efficacy of FurosapTM, a novelTrigonella foenum-graecumseed extract, in Enhancing Testosterone Level and Improving Sperm Profile in Male Volunteers.Int J Med Sci. 2017 Jan 10;14(1):58-66. doi:10.7150/ijms.17256Singletary K.Fenugreek: overview of potential health benefits.Nutrition Today. 2017;52(2):93-111. doi:10.1097/NT.0000000000000209Food and Drug Administration.Substances added to food.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Fenugreek.Muller T, Luc A, Adam T, et al.Relevance of sensitization to legumes in peanut-allergic children.Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Sep;33(9):e13846. doi:10.1111/pai.13846.MyFoodData: Nutrition Facts Search Tool.Fenugreek.Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.Fiber.Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Maffioli P.The role of selected nutraceuticals in management of prediabetes and diabetes: An updated review of the literature.Phytother Res. 2022 Oct;36(10):3709-3765. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7564.Askarpour M, Alami F, Campbell MS, et al.Effect of fenugreek supplementation on blood lipids and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;253:112538. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112538Foong SC, Tan ML, Foong WC, et al.Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;5:CD011505. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011505.pub2Pattanittum P, Kunyanone N, Brown J, et al.Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3(3):CD002124. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2MedlinePlus.Polycystic ovary syndrome.Swaroop A, Jaipuriar AS, Gupta SK, et al.Efficacy of a novel fenugreek seed extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum, Furocyst) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015;12(10):825-831. doi:10.7150%2Fijms.13024Emtiazy M, Oveidzadeh L, Habibi M, et al.Investigating the effectiveness of theTrigonella foenum-graecumL. (fenugreek) seeds in mild asthma: a randomized controlled trial.Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 2018;14(19). doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0238-9Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV.The cytokines of asthma.Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018Shirai M, Miyoshi Y, Ogasa T, Miyoshi M, Ishikawa K, Hiramatsu I,et al.Oral Testofen, L-Citrulline, Resveratrol, and Caffeine Supplement Drink Improves Sexual Function in Men with Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study.World J Mens Health. 2021 Oct;39(4):733-739. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.200129.Mazalzadeh F, Hekmat K, Namjouyan F, Saki A.Effect of Trigonella foenum (fenugreek) vaginal cream on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Jun 30;9(6):2714-2719. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1220_19.Isenmann E, Alisauskas P, Flenker U, Schalla J, Diel P.The Anabolic Effect of Fenugreek: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Int J Sports Med.2023 Sep;44(10):692-703. doi: 10.1055/a-2048-5925.LactMed.Fenugreek.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.LiverTox: acute liver failure.MedlinePlus.Low blood potassium.Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.National Institues of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Maheshwari A, Verma N, Swaroop A, et al.Efficacy of FurosapTM, a novelTrigonella foenum-graecumseed extract, in Enhancing Testosterone Level and Improving Sperm Profile in Male Volunteers.Int J Med Sci. 2017 Jan 10;14(1):58-66. doi:10.7150/ijms.17256Singletary K.Fenugreek: overview of potential health benefits.Nutrition Today. 2017;52(2):93-111. doi:10.1097/NT.0000000000000209Food and Drug Administration.Substances added to food.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Fenugreek.Muller T, Luc A, Adam T, et al.Relevance of sensitization to legumes in peanut-allergic children.Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Sep;33(9):e13846. doi:10.1111/pai.13846.MyFoodData: Nutrition Facts Search Tool.Fenugreek.Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.Fiber.Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Maffioli P.The role of selected nutraceuticals in management of prediabetes and diabetes: An updated review of the literature.Phytother Res. 2022 Oct;36(10):3709-3765. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7564.Askarpour M, Alami F, Campbell MS, et al.Effect of fenugreek supplementation on blood lipids and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;253:112538. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112538Foong SC, Tan ML, Foong WC, et al.Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;5:CD011505. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011505.pub2Pattanittum P, Kunyanone N, Brown J, et al.Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3(3):CD002124. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2MedlinePlus.Polycystic ovary syndrome.Swaroop A, Jaipuriar AS, Gupta SK, et al.Efficacy of a novel fenugreek seed extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum, Furocyst) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015;12(10):825-831. doi:10.7150%2Fijms.13024Emtiazy M, Oveidzadeh L, Habibi M, et al.Investigating the effectiveness of theTrigonella foenum-graecumL. (fenugreek) seeds in mild asthma: a randomized controlled trial.Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 2018;14(19). doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0238-9Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV.The cytokines of asthma.Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018Shirai M, Miyoshi Y, Ogasa T, Miyoshi M, Ishikawa K, Hiramatsu I,et al.Oral Testofen, L-Citrulline, Resveratrol, and Caffeine Supplement Drink Improves Sexual Function in Men with Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study.World J Mens Health. 2021 Oct;39(4):733-739. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.200129.Mazalzadeh F, Hekmat K, Namjouyan F, Saki A.Effect of Trigonella foenum (fenugreek) vaginal cream on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Jun 30;9(6):2714-2719. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1220_19.Isenmann E, Alisauskas P, Flenker U, Schalla J, Diel P.The Anabolic Effect of Fenugreek: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Int J Sports Med.2023 Sep;44(10):692-703. doi: 10.1055/a-2048-5925.LactMed.Fenugreek.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.LiverTox: acute liver failure.MedlinePlus.Low blood potassium.Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.National Institues of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.
Maheshwari A, Verma N, Swaroop A, et al.Efficacy of FurosapTM, a novelTrigonella foenum-graecumseed extract, in Enhancing Testosterone Level and Improving Sperm Profile in Male Volunteers.Int J Med Sci. 2017 Jan 10;14(1):58-66. doi:10.7150/ijms.17256
Singletary K.Fenugreek: overview of potential health benefits.Nutrition Today. 2017;52(2):93-111. doi:10.1097/NT.0000000000000209
Food and Drug Administration.Substances added to food.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Fenugreek.
Muller T, Luc A, Adam T, et al.Relevance of sensitization to legumes in peanut-allergic children.Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022 Sep;33(9):e13846. doi:10.1111/pai.13846.
MyFoodData: Nutrition Facts Search Tool.Fenugreek.
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.Fiber.
Derosa G, D’Angelo A, Maffioli P.The role of selected nutraceuticals in management of prediabetes and diabetes: An updated review of the literature.Phytother Res. 2022 Oct;36(10):3709-3765. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7564.
Askarpour M, Alami F, Campbell MS, et al.Effect of fenugreek supplementation on blood lipids and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020;253:112538. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112538
Foong SC, Tan ML, Foong WC, et al.Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;5:CD011505. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011505.pub2
Pattanittum P, Kunyanone N, Brown J, et al.Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3(3):CD002124. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2
MedlinePlus.Polycystic ovary syndrome.
Swaroop A, Jaipuriar AS, Gupta SK, et al.Efficacy of a novel fenugreek seed extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum, Furocyst) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015;12(10):825-831. doi:10.7150%2Fijms.13024
Emtiazy M, Oveidzadeh L, Habibi M, et al.Investigating the effectiveness of theTrigonella foenum-graecumL. (fenugreek) seeds in mild asthma: a randomized controlled trial.Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 2018;14(19). doi:10.1186/s13223-018-0238-9
Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV.The cytokines of asthma.Immunity. 2019;50(4):975-991. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018
Shirai M, Miyoshi Y, Ogasa T, Miyoshi M, Ishikawa K, Hiramatsu I,et al.Oral Testofen, L-Citrulline, Resveratrol, and Caffeine Supplement Drink Improves Sexual Function in Men with Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Study.World J Mens Health. 2021 Oct;39(4):733-739. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.200129.
Mazalzadeh F, Hekmat K, Namjouyan F, Saki A.Effect of Trigonella foenum (fenugreek) vaginal cream on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women.J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Jun 30;9(6):2714-2719. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1220_19.
Isenmann E, Alisauskas P, Flenker U, Schalla J, Diel P.The Anabolic Effect of Fenugreek: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.Int J Sports Med.2023 Sep;44(10):692-703. doi: 10.1055/a-2048-5925.
LactMed.Fenugreek.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.LiverTox: acute liver failure.
MedlinePlus.Low blood potassium.
Food and Drug Administration.CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21.
National Institues of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.
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