Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsTypes of HepatitisTransmissionSymptomsCausesDiagnosisComplicationsTreatmentsHepatitis VaccinesPreventionCoping and Living Well
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Types of Hepatitis
Transmission
Symptoms
Causes
Diagnosis
Complications
Treatments
Hepatitis Vaccines
Prevention
Coping and Living Well
Hepatitis can beacute(sudden and severe) orchronic(persistent or recurrent). Some chronic infections can cause liver scarring,cirrhosis,liver cancer, andliver failure.
This article describes hepatitis in its various forms, including how you get it and ways to prevent it. It also explores the treatment options and how to stay well if diagnosed with the disease.
Johner Images / Getty Images
The two broad categories of hepatitis are infectious hepatitis and noninfectious hepatitis. Both can cause acute liver injury that’s often reversible. Some cases can progress and become chronic, and may cause irreversible liver damage.
Infectious Hepatitis
Infectious hepatitis, also known as viral hepatitis, is the most common form of the disease worldwide.It is associated with five viruses, calledhepatoviruses, that specifically target liver cells (hepatocytes).
The viruses are classified as:
In the United States, the most common types are hepatitis A, B, and C.Though the five viruses are related, they have different modes of transmission (ways of being spread) and may be treated and prevented differently.
Curable or Incurable?Viral hepatitis types differ regarding whether they will clear on their own or if they can be treated or cured, as follows:Hepatitis A and E will clear on their own without treatment.Hepatitis C can be cured with treatment.Hepatitis B and D cannot be cured if the infection turns chronic but can be managed with treatment.
Curable or Incurable?
Viral hepatitis types differ regarding whether they will clear on their own or if they can be treated or cured, as follows:Hepatitis A and E will clear on their own without treatment.Hepatitis C can be cured with treatment.Hepatitis B and D cannot be cured if the infection turns chronic but can be managed with treatment.
Viral hepatitis types differ regarding whether they will clear on their own or if they can be treated or cured, as follows:
Is Hepatitis Contagious?
Noninfectious Hepatitis
Noninfectious hepatitis, also referred to as nonviral hepatitis, involves conditions that are not communicable (you cannot “catch” them).
The four causes can be broadly categorized as follows:
How Does Hepatitis Spread?
About Hepatitis D and Hepatitis EHepatitis D and E are uncommon in the United States and mostly affect people who are from or have traveled to specific parts of the world, including the following:Hepatitis Dis most common in Eastern and Southern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Western and Central Africa, East Asia, and South America.Hepatitis Eis most common in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Central America.
About Hepatitis D and Hepatitis E
Hepatitis D and E are uncommon in the United States and mostly affect people who are from or have traveled to specific parts of the world, including the following:Hepatitis Dis most common in Eastern and Southern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Western and Central Africa, East Asia, and South America.Hepatitis Eis most common in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Central America.
Hepatitis D and E are uncommon in the United States and mostly affect people who are from or have traveled to specific parts of the world, including the following:
Is Hepatitis a Sexually Transmitted Disease?
Hepatitis Symptoms
Acute Symptoms
Acute symptoms of hepatitis include:
Does Viral Hepatitis Go Away?Most people with an acute hepatitis B or C infection do not have symptoms.Moreover, many HBV and HCV infections will clear within six months, often without people realizing they’ve acquired them.On the other hand, most adults and older children with HAV will have acute symptoms. However, HAV infections always clear and never cause a chronic infection.
Does Viral Hepatitis Go Away?
Most people with an acute hepatitis B or C infection do not have symptoms.Moreover, many HBV and HCV infections will clear within six months, often without people realizing they’ve acquired them.On the other hand, most adults and older children with HAV will have acute symptoms. However, HAV infections always clear and never cause a chronic infection.
Most people with an acute hepatitis B or C infection do not have symptoms.Moreover, many HBV and HCV infections will clear within six months, often without people realizing they’ve acquired them.
On the other hand, most adults and older children with HAV will have acute symptoms. However, HAV infections always clear and never cause a chronic infection.
Chronic Symptoms
However, as the inflammation persists, fibrosis can develop and start to affect the function of the liver. This can lead to nonspecific symptoms that could be attributed to a number of other illnesses, such as fatigue, joint pain, nausea, and poor appetite.
Over time, the mounting fibrosis can lead to a significant loss of liver function, known ascirrhosis. If the liver is still functional (referred to as compensated cirrhosis), there may be few notable symptoms. But when the liver is no longer functional (decompensated cirrhosis), a person may experience a cascade of symptoms, including:
Symptoms in Males and FemalesIn males, cirrhosis can lead totesticular atrophy(shrunken testicles),erectile dysfunction, andgynecomastia(abnormal breast growth). In females, it can lead tooligomenorrhea(irregular periods) oramenorrhea(the complete cessation of periods). The loss of libido (sex drive) is common in all sexes.(Note that the terms for sex or gender used in this article are from the sources cited.)
Symptoms in Males and Females
In males, cirrhosis can lead totesticular atrophy(shrunken testicles),erectile dysfunction, andgynecomastia(abnormal breast growth). In females, it can lead tooligomenorrhea(irregular periods) oramenorrhea(the complete cessation of periods). The loss of libido (sex drive) is common in all sexes.(Note that the terms for sex or gender used in this article are from the sources cited.)
What Causes Hepatitis?
The cause of hepatitis varies based on whether it is infectious or noninfectious.
With viral hepatitis, the infection of hepatocytes triggersinflammation, the body’s natural response to infection. While inflammation can help clear the infection—as it often does with hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E—it can start to damage the liver if the inflammation persists unchecked.
With viral hepatitis, the inflammatory response progresses in three stages:
Chronic infections occur with hepatitis B and C because the viruses secrete proteins that block signaling between immune cells. By doing so, the viruses can evade immune detection and avoid neutralization.
Tests to Diagnose Hepatitis
The diagnosis of hepatitis starts with a review of your medical history and a physical exam. The physical exam would involvepalpation(touch) to check for ascites, peripheral edema, orhepatomegaly(enlarged liver). The healthcare provider would also visually inspect for jaundice, spider veins, and abnormal bruising.
Different lab and imaging tests would be used to diagnose the cause of the symptoms and/or characterize the severity of the liver injury. These include:
Hepatitis Complications
The main complication of hepatitis is fibrosis. Fibrosis is an indication that liver inflammation is chronic and typically progressive. In some people, this can lead to cirrhosis andliver failure.
Cirrhosis, in turn, is associated with other potentially life-threatening complications, including:
Hepatitis Treatment
The treatment of hepatitis is as varied as its causes. An overview of the treatment approach can be broadly described as follows:
Complications of hepatitis, including cirrhosis and HCC, may require specific treatments to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease, including:
Affording Hepatitis C TreatmentHepatitis C drugs have transformed the treatment of the once-incurable disease and today offer cure rates of up to 99%. Even so, the drugs are pricey and, even with insurance, can cost thousands of dollars for an eight- to 12-week course.To defray the cost of treatment:Enroll in manufacturer co-pay assistance orpatient-assistance programs.Seek co-pay assistance from nonprofits like thePatient Access Network (PAN) Foundation.Use specialty pharmacies likeCurant Healththat offer financial assistance to customers.
Affording Hepatitis C Treatment
Hepatitis C drugs have transformed the treatment of the once-incurable disease and today offer cure rates of up to 99%. Even so, the drugs are pricey and, even with insurance, can cost thousands of dollars for an eight- to 12-week course.To defray the cost of treatment:Enroll in manufacturer co-pay assistance orpatient-assistance programs.Seek co-pay assistance from nonprofits like thePatient Access Network (PAN) Foundation.Use specialty pharmacies likeCurant Healththat offer financial assistance to customers.
Hepatitis C drugs have transformed the treatment of the once-incurable disease and today offer cure rates of up to 99%. Even so, the drugs are pricey and, even with insurance, can cost thousands of dollars for an eight- to 12-week course.
To defray the cost of treatment:
Hepatitis C Treatment Costs: What to Expect
Seven hepatitis vaccines are currently approved for use in the United States;
There are no vaccines to prevent hepatitis C, D, or E. Talk with a healthcare provider to determine which vaccines are recommended for you or your child.
How to Limit the Spread of Hepatitis
The different types of viral hepatitis vary in their modes of transmission and, therefore, require different strategies to avoid acquiring or transmitting the infection.
Among the public health recommendations are:
Living a Healthy Life With Hepatitis
Being diagnosed with viral hepatitis can be distressing, particularly if you have visible symptoms like jaundice. The stress can even be greater if you have an incurable type like hepatitis B or hepatitis E, or are awaiting the approval of hepatitis C treatment from your insurer.
Others fear the stigma of having an infectious disease like hepatitis or worry about the impact hepatitis may have on their relationships or finances. These are all reasonable concerns.
To better cope with your hepatitis diagnosis, here are six things that can help:
If you cannot cope, do not hesitate to ask for a referral to a psychologist or psychiatrist who can offer therapy and medications, if needed, to treat anxiety or depression.
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Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
MedlinePlus.Hepatitis.Tanaka M, Miyajima A.Liver regeneration and fibrosis after inflammation.Inflamm Regener.2016;36:19. doi:10.1186/s41232-016-0025-2World Health Organization.Hepatitis.Castaneda D, Gonzalez AJ, Alomari M, Tandon K, Zervos XB.From hepatitis A to E: a critical review of viral hepatitis.World J Gastroenterol.2021;27(16):1691–1715. doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i16.1691Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Viral hepatitis.Chayanupatkul M, Liangpunsakul S.Alcoholic hepatitis: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis and treatment.World J Gastroenterol.2014;20(20):6279–6286. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6279Sweet PH, Khoo T, Nguyen S.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.Prim Care. 2017;44(4):599-607. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.07.003National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Chronic hepatitis. In:LiverTox: Clinical Course and Diagnosis of Drug-Induced Liver Disease.Gatselis NK, Zachou K, Koukoulis GK, Dalekos GN.Autoimmune hepatitis, one disease with many faces: etiopathogenetic, clinico-laboratory and histological characteristics.World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(1):60-83. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.60Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.The ABCs of hepatitis - for health professionals.World Health Organization.Hepatitis D.World Health Organization.Hepatitis E.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis D questions and answers for health professionals.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis E questions and answers for health professionals.Bestas R, Yalcin K.Clinical and virological features of acute hepatic exacerbations in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.Cureus.2021;13(6):e15937. doi:10.7759/cureus.15937National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Hepatitis A.Nusrat S, Khan MS, Fazili J, Madhoun MF.Cirrhosis and its complications: evidence based treatment.World J Gastroenterol.2014;20(18):5442–5460. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5442Jagdish RK.Sexual dysfunctions and their treatment in liver diseases.World J Hepatol.2022;14(8):1530–40. doi:10.4254/wjh.v14.i8.1530Odenwald MA, Paul S.Viral hepatitis: past, present, and future.World J Gastroenterol.2022;28(14):1405–1429. doi:10.3748/wjg.v28.i14.1405Xu C, Chen J, Chen X.Host innate immunity against hepatitis viruses and viral immune evasion.Front Microbiol. 2021 Nov;12(2021):740464. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.740464Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, et al.Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: the DILIN prospective study.Gastroenterology. 2015;148(7):1340-1352.e7. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.006National Organization of Rare Disorders.Hepatopulmonary syndrome.Tarao K, Nozaki A, Ikeda, et al.Real impact of liver cirrhosis on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in various liver diseases—meta‐analytic assessment,Cancer Med.2019;8(3):1054–1065. doi:10.1002/cam4.1998Labib PL, Goodchild G, Pereira SP.Molecular pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma.BMC Cancer.2019;19:185. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5391-0Yoshi H, Nagoshi S, Ahahane T, et al.Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2020.J Gastroenterol.2021;56(7):593–619. doi:10.1007/s00535-021-01788-xHenry B.Drug pricing & challenges to hepatitis C treatment access.J Health Biomed Law. 2018;14:265–83.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis B vaccination: information for healthcare providers.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis A vaccination: information for healthcare providers.MedlinePlus.Preventing hepatitis A.MedlinePlus.Preventing hepatitis B or C.Public Health Agency of Canada.Prevention of hepatitis D.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis E.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Avoid contaminated water during travel.
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Castaneda D, Gonzalez AJ, Alomari M, Tandon K, Zervos XB.From hepatitis A to E: a critical review of viral hepatitis.World J Gastroenterol.2021;27(16):1691–1715. doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i16.1691
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Jagdish RK.Sexual dysfunctions and their treatment in liver diseases.World J Hepatol.2022;14(8):1530–40. doi:10.4254/wjh.v14.i8.1530
Odenwald MA, Paul S.Viral hepatitis: past, present, and future.World J Gastroenterol.2022;28(14):1405–1429. doi:10.3748/wjg.v28.i14.1405
Xu C, Chen J, Chen X.Host innate immunity against hepatitis viruses and viral immune evasion.Front Microbiol. 2021 Nov;12(2021):740464. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.740464
Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, et al.Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: the DILIN prospective study.Gastroenterology. 2015;148(7):1340-1352.e7. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.006
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Labib PL, Goodchild G, Pereira SP.Molecular pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma.BMC Cancer.2019;19:185. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5391-0
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis E.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Avoid contaminated water during travel.
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