Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsHIV and AIDSCausesSymptomsDiagnosisHow Is HIV Spread?TreatmentComplicationsSupportPrognosisNext in HIV/AIDS GuideHIV Symptoms at Each Stage

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Table of Contents

HIV and AIDS

Causes

Symptoms

Diagnosis

How Is HIV Spread?

Treatment

Complications

Support

Prognosis

Next in HIV/AIDS Guide

HIV is mainly transmitted through anal or vaginal sex. But it can also be transmitted when people who inject drugs share needles, from a pregnant person to a fetus during pregnancy or childbirth, or from a breastfeeding parent to a nursing infant.

An illustration with information about HIV/AIDS (What Are the Differences?)

Although incurable,chronicHIV infection can be controlled withantiretroviral drugs, allowing people to live long, healthy lives while preventing the transmission of the virus to others.

This article explains the causes and symptoms of HIV/AIDS, including how the disease is diagnosed and treated. It also offers tips on how to live well with HIV as well as what to expect if you are newly diagnosed.

HIV and AIDS: What Are the Differences?

HIV is a virus that can lead to AIDS if the infection is left untreated.

AIDS is the final stage of HIV. It occurs when the immune system is fully compromised, leaving the body exposed to an ever-widening range of life-threateningopportunistic infections, diseases that can occur in people with weakened immune systems.

Having HIV means youcanget AIDS, but it doesn’t mean youwillget AIDS. Today, AIDS is largely the result of untreated HIV infection.

HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Meanings

HIV-positivemeans that you have HIV based on two tests that confirm the presence of the virus in your blood. The tests are extremely accurate, and false-positive results, which indicate the condition is present when it actually is not, are rare. Once you have been diagnosed with HIV, you will always have HIV.

HIV-negativemeans that there is no evidence of the virus in your blood. However, it doesn’t necessarily mean that you are clear of the infection.

If you test too early after an exposure—during thewindow period, when the body has not yet triggered an ample immune response—your test may return afalse-negativeresult, meaning that you have the virus while the test result reads otherwise.

What Is the Window Period for HIV?

AIDS Meaning

AIDS is the stage of infection in which you are said to be immunocompromised and at risk of potentially serious opportunistic infections. AIDS is said to occur when either:

Stages of HIV

HIV progresses in the following three stages:

Is HIV Curable?

Causes: How Do You Get HIV/AIDS?

HIV does not survive in saliva, urine, or sweat due to enzymes and acids in those fluids that are hostile to the virus.

Unlikely modes of transmission includeoral sex,tattooing or body piercing, dental work, andblood transfusions. You cannot get HIV from food, utensils, toilet seats, kissing, touching, mosquito bites, or personal care items.

How Long Does HIV Live Outside of the Body?

Risk factors for HIVinclude:

Where Did HIV Come From?Genetic research suggests that HIV is a mutation of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) found in chimpanzees of Central Africa. The virus is likely to have jumped fromchimpanzees to humansdue to blood exposure or the consumption of bushmeat (raw or not fully cooked meat from wild animals).

Where Did HIV Come From?

Genetic research suggests that HIV is a mutation of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) found in chimpanzees of Central Africa. The virus is likely to have jumped fromchimpanzees to humansdue to blood exposure or the consumption of bushmeat (raw or not fully cooked meat from wild animals).

HIV Symptoms

Not everyone gets symptoms during the acute and chronic stages of HIV. Those who do often have generalized, nonspecific symptoms that are easily mistaken for other illnesses.

Acute Symptoms

During an acute infection, upwards of 50% of people will experience short-term, flu-like symptoms (referred to asacute retroviral syndromeoracute seroconversion).

Symptoms of acute HIV infection include:

Chronic Symptoms

During the chronic stage of infection, it is not uncommon to have persistently swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), although most cases tend to ease over time. As the infection silently progresses, people often experience chronic fatigue or develop immune-associated medical conditions like:

Symptoms of HIV in Females and MalesHIV symptoms are largely the same whether you are female or male. With that said,females with HIVmay experience frequent yeast infections, irregular periods, abnormal bleeding or spotting, and chronic pelvic pain.Males with HIVmay experience pain with ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, a reduced sex drive, and abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia).

Symptoms of HIV in Females and Males

HIV symptoms are largely the same whether you are female or male. With that said,females with HIVmay experience frequent yeast infections, irregular periods, abnormal bleeding or spotting, and chronic pelvic pain.Males with HIVmay experience pain with ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, a reduced sex drive, and abnormal breast growth (gynecomastia).

AIDS Symptoms

How Long Before HIV Progresses to AIDS?

Testing to Know If You Have HIV/AIDS

HIV is mainly diagnosed with blood tests, but there are also saliva-based tests that can provide a rapid, initial diagnosis.

The most common method of HIV testing in the United States is acombination antibody/antigen test. This test involves two different technologies—called anenzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA)andpolymerase chain reaction (PCR)—that detect two specific proteins in a sample of blood:

There are also rapid tests used in clinics and hospitals—calledOraQuick ADVANCE—that can detect HIV antibodies from a swab of saliva. Results are returned in around 20 minutes. If the results are positive, a blood test is needed to confirm the results.

Self-Testing

Because people sometimes avoid HIV testing out of the fear of stigma or disclosure, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an at-home version of OraQuick ADVANCE, called theOraQuick In-Home HIV Test.

The wand-shaped device works on the same principle as the OraQuick ADVANCE and can also return results in around 20 minutes. While the current generation of the OraQuick In-Home HIV Test is extremely accurate, it is vulnerable to user error and occasional false-negative results.

If a positive result is received, a blood test at a clinic or lab is still needed to confirm the diagnosis.

In the United States, these include:

Intersecting risk factors—including systemic racism, poverty, and unequal access to health care—further amplify the risk in certain groups.

The High Risk of Gay Black Men Getting HIV

HIV/AIDS Treatment

Antiretroviral drugs do not cure HIV. If you stop treatment, the virus will return.

How HIV Is Treated

Complications of HIV/AIDS

Advanced HIV infection can affect nearly every organ system of the body. While the majority of complications are the result of an opportunistic infection that occurs in people with weakened immune systems rather than the virus itself, there are a few in which HIV plays a direct role (like HIV wasting and AIDS dementia).

HIV/AIDS: Support and Resources

For some, HIV can be life-changing and difficult to comprehend. Finding the right support can help you come to terms with your diagnosis and overcome many of the challenges of living with HIV, including disclosure, intimacy, sexuality, and health care.

If you are diagnosed with HIV, you may be better able to cope if you do the following:

HIV, Sex, and Intimacy

HIV doesn’t mean the end of your sex life. In fact, it allows you to open a discussion about sex and ways to enjoy it while fully protecting each other.

This may include:

Coping and Living Well With HIV

Due to advances in testing and treatment, the outlook for a person newly diagnosed with HIV is good. With the appropriate uninterrupted treatment, you can expect to live a normal to near-normal life expectancy.

In fact, a 2020 study from Harvard Medical School suggests that the average life expectancy of individuals newly diagnosed with HIV at age 21 is 77 years. That’s just five years short of the average life expectancy of someone without HIV.

Despite the benefits of treatment, 1 in 8 people living with HIV in the United States remain undiagnosed. Of those who are diagnosed, only 70% are able to sustain an undetectable viral load.

Factors That Influence HIV Life Expectancy

29 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Verma AS, Kumar V, Saha MK, Dutta S, Singh A.HIV: biology to treatment.NanoBioMedicine.2019;167-197. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_7Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How HIV spreads.Department of Health and Human Services.Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV testing.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Terms, definitions, and calculations used in CDC HIV surveillance publications.National Institutes of Health.The stages of HIV infection.Sabin CA.Do people with HIV infection have a normal life expectancy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy?BMC Med.2013;11:251. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-251Bedford M, Ward A, Tatem J, Sousa, et al.The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations.Science. 2014;346(6205):56-61. doi:10.1126/science.1256739Rutstein SE, Ananworanich J, Fidler S.Clinical and public health implications of acute and early HIV detection and treatment: a scoping review.J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):21579. doi:10.7448/IAS.20.1.21579Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Patient information sheet - acute HIV infection.Scully EP.Sex differences in HIV infection.Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2018;15(2):136-46. doi:10.1007/s11904-018-0383-2Reinhardt SW, Spec A, Melendez J, et al.AIDS-defining illnesses at initial diagnosis of HIV in a large Guatemalan cohort.Open Forum Infect Dis.2017;4(4):ofx249. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx249Arora DR, Maheshwari M, Arora B.Rapid point-of-care testing for detection of HIV and clinical monitoring.ISRN AIDS. 2013;2013:287269. doi:10.1155/2013/287269U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Information regarding the OraQuick In-Home HIV test.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Fast facts: HIV and gay and bisexual men.Kaiser Family Foundation.The impact of HIV on Black People in the United States.Reback CJ, Fletcher JB.HIV prevalence, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors among transgender women recruited through outreach.AIDS Behav. 2014;18(7):1359–1367. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0657-zCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV among youth in the US.Montain J, Ti L, Hayashi K, Nguyen P, Wood E, Kerr T.Impact of length of injecting career on HIV incidence among people who inject drugs.Addict Behav.2016;58:90–94. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.020Hess KL, Hu X, Lansky A, Mermin J, Hall HI.Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States.Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27(4):238-243. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003Food and Drug Administration.FDA-approved HIV medicines.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first extended-release, injectable drug regimen for adults living with HIV.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.AIDS-defining conditions.Chen Y, Chen K, Kalichman SC.Barriers to HIV medication adherence as a function of regimen simplification.Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(1):67–78. doi:10.1007%2Fs12160-016-9827-3Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care system.Rodger A., Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al.Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study.Lancet.2019;pii:S0140-6736(19)30418-0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0Marcus JL, Leyden WA, Alexeeff SE, et al.Comparison of overall and comorbidity-free life expectancy between insured adults with and without HIV infection, 2000-2016.JAMA Netw Open.2020;3(6):e207954. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7954The INSIGHT START Study Group.Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection.N Engl J Med.2015;373(9):795–807. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506816HIV.gov.HIV care continuum.

29 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Verma AS, Kumar V, Saha MK, Dutta S, Singh A.HIV: biology to treatment.NanoBioMedicine.2019;167-197. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_7Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How HIV spreads.Department of Health and Human Services.Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV testing.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Terms, definitions, and calculations used in CDC HIV surveillance publications.National Institutes of Health.The stages of HIV infection.Sabin CA.Do people with HIV infection have a normal life expectancy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy?BMC Med.2013;11:251. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-251Bedford M, Ward A, Tatem J, Sousa, et al.The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations.Science. 2014;346(6205):56-61. doi:10.1126/science.1256739Rutstein SE, Ananworanich J, Fidler S.Clinical and public health implications of acute and early HIV detection and treatment: a scoping review.J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):21579. doi:10.7448/IAS.20.1.21579Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Patient information sheet - acute HIV infection.Scully EP.Sex differences in HIV infection.Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2018;15(2):136-46. doi:10.1007/s11904-018-0383-2Reinhardt SW, Spec A, Melendez J, et al.AIDS-defining illnesses at initial diagnosis of HIV in a large Guatemalan cohort.Open Forum Infect Dis.2017;4(4):ofx249. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx249Arora DR, Maheshwari M, Arora B.Rapid point-of-care testing for detection of HIV and clinical monitoring.ISRN AIDS. 2013;2013:287269. doi:10.1155/2013/287269U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Information regarding the OraQuick In-Home HIV test.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Fast facts: HIV and gay and bisexual men.Kaiser Family Foundation.The impact of HIV on Black People in the United States.Reback CJ, Fletcher JB.HIV prevalence, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors among transgender women recruited through outreach.AIDS Behav. 2014;18(7):1359–1367. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0657-zCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV among youth in the US.Montain J, Ti L, Hayashi K, Nguyen P, Wood E, Kerr T.Impact of length of injecting career on HIV incidence among people who inject drugs.Addict Behav.2016;58:90–94. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.020Hess KL, Hu X, Lansky A, Mermin J, Hall HI.Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States.Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27(4):238-243. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003Food and Drug Administration.FDA-approved HIV medicines.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first extended-release, injectable drug regimen for adults living with HIV.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.AIDS-defining conditions.Chen Y, Chen K, Kalichman SC.Barriers to HIV medication adherence as a function of regimen simplification.Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(1):67–78. doi:10.1007%2Fs12160-016-9827-3Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care system.Rodger A., Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al.Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study.Lancet.2019;pii:S0140-6736(19)30418-0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0Marcus JL, Leyden WA, Alexeeff SE, et al.Comparison of overall and comorbidity-free life expectancy between insured adults with and without HIV infection, 2000-2016.JAMA Netw Open.2020;3(6):e207954. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7954The INSIGHT START Study Group.Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection.N Engl J Med.2015;373(9):795–807. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506816HIV.gov.HIV care continuum.

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Verma AS, Kumar V, Saha MK, Dutta S, Singh A.HIV: biology to treatment.NanoBioMedicine.2019;167-197. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_7Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How HIV spreads.Department of Health and Human Services.Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV testing.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Terms, definitions, and calculations used in CDC HIV surveillance publications.National Institutes of Health.The stages of HIV infection.Sabin CA.Do people with HIV infection have a normal life expectancy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy?BMC Med.2013;11:251. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-251Bedford M, Ward A, Tatem J, Sousa, et al.The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations.Science. 2014;346(6205):56-61. doi:10.1126/science.1256739Rutstein SE, Ananworanich J, Fidler S.Clinical and public health implications of acute and early HIV detection and treatment: a scoping review.J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):21579. doi:10.7448/IAS.20.1.21579Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Patient information sheet - acute HIV infection.Scully EP.Sex differences in HIV infection.Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2018;15(2):136-46. doi:10.1007/s11904-018-0383-2Reinhardt SW, Spec A, Melendez J, et al.AIDS-defining illnesses at initial diagnosis of HIV in a large Guatemalan cohort.Open Forum Infect Dis.2017;4(4):ofx249. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx249Arora DR, Maheshwari M, Arora B.Rapid point-of-care testing for detection of HIV and clinical monitoring.ISRN AIDS. 2013;2013:287269. doi:10.1155/2013/287269U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Information regarding the OraQuick In-Home HIV test.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Fast facts: HIV and gay and bisexual men.Kaiser Family Foundation.The impact of HIV on Black People in the United States.Reback CJ, Fletcher JB.HIV prevalence, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors among transgender women recruited through outreach.AIDS Behav. 2014;18(7):1359–1367. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0657-zCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV among youth in the US.Montain J, Ti L, Hayashi K, Nguyen P, Wood E, Kerr T.Impact of length of injecting career on HIV incidence among people who inject drugs.Addict Behav.2016;58:90–94. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.020Hess KL, Hu X, Lansky A, Mermin J, Hall HI.Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States.Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27(4):238-243. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003Food and Drug Administration.FDA-approved HIV medicines.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first extended-release, injectable drug regimen for adults living with HIV.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.AIDS-defining conditions.Chen Y, Chen K, Kalichman SC.Barriers to HIV medication adherence as a function of regimen simplification.Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(1):67–78. doi:10.1007%2Fs12160-016-9827-3Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care system.Rodger A., Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al.Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study.Lancet.2019;pii:S0140-6736(19)30418-0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0Marcus JL, Leyden WA, Alexeeff SE, et al.Comparison of overall and comorbidity-free life expectancy between insured adults with and without HIV infection, 2000-2016.JAMA Netw Open.2020;3(6):e207954. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7954The INSIGHT START Study Group.Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection.N Engl J Med.2015;373(9):795–807. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506816HIV.gov.HIV care continuum.

Verma AS, Kumar V, Saha MK, Dutta S, Singh A.HIV: biology to treatment.NanoBioMedicine.2019;167-197. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_7

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How HIV spreads.

Department of Health and Human Services.Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV testing.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Terms, definitions, and calculations used in CDC HIV surveillance publications.

National Institutes of Health.The stages of HIV infection.

Sabin CA.Do people with HIV infection have a normal life expectancy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy?BMC Med.2013;11:251. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-251

Bedford M, Ward A, Tatem J, Sousa, et al.The early spread and epidemic ignition of HIV-1 in human populations.Science. 2014;346(6205):56-61. doi:10.1126/science.1256739

Rutstein SE, Ananworanich J, Fidler S.Clinical and public health implications of acute and early HIV detection and treatment: a scoping review.J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):21579. doi:10.7448/IAS.20.1.21579

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Patient information sheet - acute HIV infection.

Scully EP.Sex differences in HIV infection.Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2018;15(2):136-46. doi:10.1007/s11904-018-0383-2

Reinhardt SW, Spec A, Melendez J, et al.AIDS-defining illnesses at initial diagnosis of HIV in a large Guatemalan cohort.Open Forum Infect Dis.2017;4(4):ofx249. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx249

Arora DR, Maheshwari M, Arora B.Rapid point-of-care testing for detection of HIV and clinical monitoring.ISRN AIDS. 2013;2013:287269. doi:10.1155/2013/287269

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Information regarding the OraQuick In-Home HIV test.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Fast facts: HIV and gay and bisexual men.

Kaiser Family Foundation.The impact of HIV on Black People in the United States.

Reback CJ, Fletcher JB.HIV prevalence, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors among transgender women recruited through outreach.AIDS Behav. 2014;18(7):1359–1367. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0657-z

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV among youth in the US.

Montain J, Ti L, Hayashi K, Nguyen P, Wood E, Kerr T.Impact of length of injecting career on HIV incidence among people who inject drugs.Addict Behav.2016;58:90–94. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.020

Hess KL, Hu X, Lansky A, Mermin J, Hall HI.Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States.Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27(4):238-243. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003

Food and Drug Administration.FDA-approved HIV medicines.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first extended-release, injectable drug regimen for adults living with HIV.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.AIDS-defining conditions.

Chen Y, Chen K, Kalichman SC.Barriers to HIV medication adherence as a function of regimen simplification.Ann Behav Med. 2017;51(1):67–78. doi:10.1007%2Fs12160-016-9827-3

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care system.

Rodger A., Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al.Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study.Lancet.2019;pii:S0140-6736(19)30418-0. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0

Marcus JL, Leyden WA, Alexeeff SE, et al.Comparison of overall and comorbidity-free life expectancy between insured adults with and without HIV infection, 2000-2016.JAMA Netw Open.2020;3(6):e207954. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7954

The INSIGHT START Study Group.Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection.N Engl J Med.2015;373(9):795–807. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506816

HIV.gov.HIV care continuum.

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