Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesMagnesium DeficiencySide EffectsPrecautionsWho Should Not Take Magnesium?DosageOverdose and ToxicityStorageSimilar SupplementsFrequently Asked QuestionsSources of Magnesium and What To Look For
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Magnesium Deficiency
Side Effects
Precautions
Who Should Not Take Magnesium?
Dosage
Overdose and Toxicity
Storage
Similar Supplements
Frequently Asked Questions
Sources of Magnesium and What To Look For
Magnesium is naturally present in many foods, including whole grains, leafy vegetables, nuts and legumes, fortified foods, and dairy. However, since many people do not get enough in their diets, supplements (under the guidance of a healthcare provider) may increase magnesium levels.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
6 Ways Magnesium Can Help You Reach Your Weight Loss Goals
Uses of Magnesium Chloride
In addition, magnesium chloride supplements have well-documented uses in type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and migraines.
Verywell / Getty Images
Type 2 Diabetes
Researchers have noted a strong correlation betweentype 2 diabetes and magnesium deficiency. They estimate that 14% to 48% of people with type 2 diabetes are deficient in magnesium.
In a 2015 double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial published inDiabetes and Metabolism, researchers evaluated whether magnesium supplements improved glucose (blood sugar) levels in 116 participants withprediabetesand low magnesium blood levels.
The experimental group received 382 mg of magnesium daily for four months, while the control group received a daily placebo. At the end of the study, 50.8% in the magnesium group improved theirglucose levelscompared to 7% in the placebo group.
Another study conducted in 2017 and published inNutritionlooked at how magnesium supplementation impacted insulin resistance in people with low magnesium levels.Of the 12 articles included in the systematic review, researchers found the following:
Even so, the American Diabetes Association does not recommend routine magnesium supplementation for everyone with diabetes, especially those who do not have a magnesium deficiency.
Magnesium Blood Test: What to Know
Supplement FactsActive ingredient(s):Magnesium chloride and calciumAlternate name(s):Magnesium, magnesium dichlorideLegal status:Available over the counter (OTC)Suggested dose:Adults 310 mg to 420 milligrams (mg)Safety considerations:Do not take if allergic to ingredients. Keep out of reach of children. Call Poison Control in case of overdose.
Supplement Facts
Active ingredient(s):Magnesium chloride and calciumAlternate name(s):Magnesium, magnesium dichlorideLegal status:Available over the counter (OTC)Suggested dose:Adults 310 mg to 420 milligrams (mg)Safety considerations:Do not take if allergic to ingredients. Keep out of reach of children. Call Poison Control in case of overdose.
High Blood Pressure
Magnesium helps regulate blood pressure. Therefore, some people with hypertension (high blood pressure) take magnesium supplements toreduce their blood pressure. While some research supports that theory, the effect is usually small.
Despite these findings, the evidence is not conclusive, and further research is needed.
Osteoporosis
Since magnesium is involved in the formation of bones, it makes sense that people would turn to magnesium for bone health. In addition, there is evidence that magnesium deficiency may be a risk factor forosteoporosis(low bone density).
About 60% of magnesium in the body is stored in the bones.
However, studies have found that both low and high concentrations of magnesium may have a negative impact on bones. Therefore, researchers believe that maintaining a correct balance is key to bone health.
So, while magnesium is essential for overall bone health, more research is needed before supplementation can be recommended to prevent or treat osteoporosis.
Migraines
Nerves and blood vessels play a role in headaches. Therefore, some research has focused on the relationship betweenmigraines and magnesium.
In a 2015 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, researchers evaluated magnesium, vitamin B12, and Q10 as a migraine treatment. The study randomized 130 participants who experienced three or more migraines a month into a control or placebo group. For three months, the control group received a daily supplement containing 400 mg vitamin B12, 600 mg magnesium, and 150 mg coenzyme Q10.
Other
In addition to the potential health benefits listed above, some people use magnesium to support:
Magnesium deficiencyis uncommon in otherwise healthy people. That’s because the kidneys limit how much of it your body excretes in urine. However, some situations can lead to magnesium deficiency, including:
How Do I Know If I Have a Magnesium Deficiency?
Some people may develop a magnesium deficiency when intakes are lower over time than recommended levels, they have a specific risk factor for lower than normal levels, or there is a particular reason they are unable to absorb magnesium.
Though magnesium deficiency is uncommon in the United States, research suggests that half of all Americans consume less than the recommended amount of magnesium from food each day.
Long-term magnesium deficiencies are associated with a variety of health concerns, including:
Magnesium chloride supplements may help improve the health of those with magnesium deficiency.
What Are the Side Effects of Magnesium Chloride?
Your healthcare provider may recommend you take magnesium to prevent or help treat a health condition. However, consuming a supplement like magnesium may have potential side effects. These side effects may be common or severe.
Common Side Effects
Magnesium chloride supplements are considered safe if used as directed. However, typical side effects may include:
Nearly all forms of magnesium supplements can lead to an increase in bowel movements. However, smaller doses that are more easily absorbed in the intestines tend to cause less stomach upset.For example, magnesium oxide is more likely to cause diarrhea because it requires a larger dose than magnesium glycinate, requiring a smaller amount.
Nearly all forms of magnesium supplements can lead to an increase in bowel movements. However, smaller doses that are more easily absorbed in the intestines tend to cause less stomach upset.
For example, magnesium oxide is more likely to cause diarrhea because it requires a larger dose than magnesium glycinate, requiring a smaller amount.
Severe Side Effects
Severe side effects are rare. They occur most often when you take too much of the supplement or have an allergy to it. They include:
Call a healthcare provider or seek emergency care if any of these symptoms develop after taking a magnesium supplement.
Magnesium can interfere with certain medications. This interaction can impact how well your body can process them or increase the amount of magnesium in the blood and lead to side effects. Possible interactions include:
Separating the doses may help you avoidmedication interactions.
It is essential to carefully read the ingredient list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients are included and in what amounts. In addition, please review the supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss any potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
People with certain conditions should not take magnesium, as it can be dangerous. Speak to your healthcare provider before taking magnesium if you have:
Pregnant women will have their serum magnesium levels managed closely.
Dosage: How Much Magnesium Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
Magnesium chloride supplements are available as tablets, capsules, and powders, with doses ranging from 200 mg to 500 mg. They can help meet your recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of magnesium.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of MagnesiumAgeMaleFemalePregnantLactatingBirth to 6 months30 mg30 mg7 to 12 months75 mg75 mg1 to 3 years80 mg80 mg4 to 8 years130 mg130 mg9 to 13 years240 mg240 mg14 to 18 years410 mg360 mg400 mg360 mg19 and older400 mg310 mg350 mg310 mgHelpful tips to keep in mind when taking a magnesium supplement:You can take magnesium supplements with or without food.If loose stools occur, try taking a lower dose.Extended-release tablets should be swallowed whole—do not chew, split, or crush the tablet.Magnesium supplements are meant to boost your dietary intake, not replace a healthy diet.What Happens If I Take Too Much Magnesium?Magnesium toxicityis rare, but high doses may cause side effects including:NauseaVomitingDizzinessRemember, the amount of magnesium you take in supplement form adds to the amount you get from food. So, be sure that your magnesium supplements don’t exceed the recommended upper intake level of 350 mg per day.If you are taking a magnesium supplement greater than 350 mg per day, speak with a healthcare provider.How To Store MagnesiumStore magnesium in a cool, dry place. Keep magnesium away from direct sunlight. Discard any supplement that is past its expiration date or shows signs of damage.Verywell / Anastasia TretiakSimilar SupplementsIn addition to magnesium chloride,magnesium supplements come in other forms, including:Magnesium oxideMagnesium sulfateMagnesium citrateMagnesium aspartateMagnesium lactateThe body absorbs some forms of magnesium more readily than others. For example, researchers have found that aspartate, citrate, lactate, and chloride forms absorb better.Frequently Asked QuestionsSince the skin acts as a barrier, it’s unlikely that much magnesium in a bath gets absorbed through the skin. It’s best not to rely on it to replace dietary magnesium.However, soaking in magnesium chloride baths may improve skin hydration and reduce inflammation. Some people say thatEpsom salt(magnesium sulfate) baths help with sore muscles, but there isn’t strong research to prove how effective it is.Studies show that magnesium may help reduce various types of pain includingheadachesand back pain.Try eating more magnesium-rich foods and talk to your healthcare provider about taking magnesium supplements to manage pain.If you have low levels of magnesium, increasing your magnesium intake could help with sleeping problems. Several studies show that taking magnesium supplements may help older adults withinsomniafall asleep more easily and have better-quality sleep.It may. Magnesium may improve insulin sensitivity. If you have type 2 diabetes, this means it can help your body to use the insulin it makes more efficiently, reducing insulin resistance and helping to lower blood sugar.However, in people with type 1 diabetes, magnesium supplements can change the way your body uses the insulin you take, which may cause low blood sugar.Sources of Magnesium and What To Look ForThe best source of magnesium is food because the body absorbs it better. However, when you don’t get enough magnesium in your diet, you can also get additional magnesium with supplements.Food Sources of MagnesiumIn general, nuts, seeds, whole grains, dark leafy greens, dried beans, and low-fat dairy products are the best sources of magnesium.Foods with magnesiuminclude:Pumpkin seeds (1 ounce): 168 mgAlmonds (1 ounce): 80 mgSpinach (1/2 cup): 78 mgSoy milk (1 cup): 61 mgEdamame (1/2 cup): 50 mgDark chocolate (1 ounce): 50 mgPeanut butter (2 tablespoons): 49 mgAvocado (1 cup): 44 mgBaked potato (1 medium): 44 mgBrown rice (1/2 cup): 42 mgPlain yogurt (8 ounces): 42 mgBanana (1 large): 32 mgSalmon (3 ounces): 26 mgLow-fat milk (1/2 cup): 24 mgWhole wheat bread (1 slice): 23 mgChicken breast (3 ounces): 22 mgMagnesium SupplementsMagnesium chloride can be dissolved in water, making it easier for your body to absorb and use. In addition, magnesium chloride is absorbed almost entirely in the gut. This absorption makes it more readily available in your bloodstream.Organic salts like magnesium chloride are slightly more effective than inorganic salts because they tend to be easier for the body to absorb, especially if multiple low doses are taken.SummaryMagnesium chloride is a mineral supplement used to increase your intake of magnesium. Those with low magnesium levels may experience uncomfortable symptoms that a magnesium supplement may help reverse or improve. Be sure to speak with your healthcare provider if you are taking any other medications before you begin a magnesium supplement.
Helpful tips to keep in mind when taking a magnesium supplement:
Magnesium supplements are meant to boost your dietary intake, not replace a healthy diet.
What Happens If I Take Too Much Magnesium?
Magnesium toxicityis rare, but high doses may cause side effects including:
Remember, the amount of magnesium you take in supplement form adds to the amount you get from food. So, be sure that your magnesium supplements don’t exceed the recommended upper intake level of 350 mg per day.
If you are taking a magnesium supplement greater than 350 mg per day, speak with a healthcare provider.
How To Store Magnesium
Store magnesium in a cool, dry place. Keep magnesium away from direct sunlight. Discard any supplement that is past its expiration date or shows signs of damage.
Verywell / Anastasia Tretiak
In addition to magnesium chloride,magnesium supplements come in other forms, including:
The body absorbs some forms of magnesium more readily than others. For example, researchers have found that aspartate, citrate, lactate, and chloride forms absorb better.
Frequently Asked QuestionsSince the skin acts as a barrier, it’s unlikely that much magnesium in a bath gets absorbed through the skin. It’s best not to rely on it to replace dietary magnesium.However, soaking in magnesium chloride baths may improve skin hydration and reduce inflammation. Some people say thatEpsom salt(magnesium sulfate) baths help with sore muscles, but there isn’t strong research to prove how effective it is.Studies show that magnesium may help reduce various types of pain includingheadachesand back pain.Try eating more magnesium-rich foods and talk to your healthcare provider about taking magnesium supplements to manage pain.If you have low levels of magnesium, increasing your magnesium intake could help with sleeping problems. Several studies show that taking magnesium supplements may help older adults withinsomniafall asleep more easily and have better-quality sleep.It may. Magnesium may improve insulin sensitivity. If you have type 2 diabetes, this means it can help your body to use the insulin it makes more efficiently, reducing insulin resistance and helping to lower blood sugar.However, in people with type 1 diabetes, magnesium supplements can change the way your body uses the insulin you take, which may cause low blood sugar.
Since the skin acts as a barrier, it’s unlikely that much magnesium in a bath gets absorbed through the skin. It’s best not to rely on it to replace dietary magnesium.However, soaking in magnesium chloride baths may improve skin hydration and reduce inflammation. Some people say thatEpsom salt(magnesium sulfate) baths help with sore muscles, but there isn’t strong research to prove how effective it is.
Since the skin acts as a barrier, it’s unlikely that much magnesium in a bath gets absorbed through the skin. It’s best not to rely on it to replace dietary magnesium.
However, soaking in magnesium chloride baths may improve skin hydration and reduce inflammation. Some people say thatEpsom salt(magnesium sulfate) baths help with sore muscles, but there isn’t strong research to prove how effective it is.
Studies show that magnesium may help reduce various types of pain includingheadachesand back pain.Try eating more magnesium-rich foods and talk to your healthcare provider about taking magnesium supplements to manage pain.
If you have low levels of magnesium, increasing your magnesium intake could help with sleeping problems. Several studies show that taking magnesium supplements may help older adults withinsomniafall asleep more easily and have better-quality sleep.
It may. Magnesium may improve insulin sensitivity. If you have type 2 diabetes, this means it can help your body to use the insulin it makes more efficiently, reducing insulin resistance and helping to lower blood sugar.However, in people with type 1 diabetes, magnesium supplements can change the way your body uses the insulin you take, which may cause low blood sugar.
It may. Magnesium may improve insulin sensitivity. If you have type 2 diabetes, this means it can help your body to use the insulin it makes more efficiently, reducing insulin resistance and helping to lower blood sugar.
However, in people with type 1 diabetes, magnesium supplements can change the way your body uses the insulin you take, which may cause low blood sugar.
The best source of magnesium is food because the body absorbs it better. However, when you don’t get enough magnesium in your diet, you can also get additional magnesium with supplements.
Food Sources of Magnesium
In general, nuts, seeds, whole grains, dark leafy greens, dried beans, and low-fat dairy products are the best sources of magnesium.Foods with magnesiuminclude:
Magnesium Supplements
Magnesium chloride can be dissolved in water, making it easier for your body to absorb and use. In addition, magnesium chloride is absorbed almost entirely in the gut. This absorption makes it more readily available in your bloodstream.
Organic salts like magnesium chloride are slightly more effective than inorganic salts because they tend to be easier for the body to absorb, especially if multiple low doses are taken.
Summary
Magnesium chloride is a mineral supplement used to increase your intake of magnesium. Those with low magnesium levels may experience uncomfortable symptoms that a magnesium supplement may help reverse or improve. Be sure to speak with your healthcare provider if you are taking any other medications before you begin a magnesium supplement.
19 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium: Fact sheet for consumers.Gommers LMM, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, de Baaij JHF.Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes: a vicious circle?Diabetes. 2016;65(1):3-13. doi:10.2337/db15-1028Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía LE, Hernández-Ronquillo G, Rodriguez-Morán M.Oral magnesium supplementation improves glycaemic status in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.Diabetes & Metabolism. 2015;41(3):202-207. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2015.03.010Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, et al.Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: a systematic review.Nutrition. 2017 Jun;38:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al.Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes.Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3821-3842. doi:10.2337/dc13-2042Zhang X, Li Y, Del Gobbo LC, et al.Effects of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials.Hypertension.2016;68:324-33. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664Kass L, Weekes J, Carpenter L.Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(4):411-418. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.4Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K.Magnesium in prevention and therapy.Nutrients.2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier J.Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3022-3033. doi:10.3390/nu5083022Gaul C, Diener HC, Danesch U, et al.Improvement of migraine symptoms with a proprietary supplement containing riboflavin, magnesium and Q10: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial.J Headache Pain2015;16:32. doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0516-6Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E.Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society.Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-1353. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0cNational Library of Medicine.Magnesium deficiency.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium fact sheet for health professionals.Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK.Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?Nutrition Reviews. 2012;70(3):153-164. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.xGröber U, Werner T, Vormann J, Kisters K.Myth or reality—transdermal magnesium?Nutrients. 2017;9(8):813. doi:10.3390%2Fnu9080813Tarleton EK, Kennedy AG, Rose GL, Littenberg B.Relationship between magnesium intake and chronic pain in U. S. adults.Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2104. doi:10.3390%2Fnu12072104Mah J, Pitre T.Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03297-zCleveland Clinic.Magnesium rich food.Schuchardt JP, Hahn A.Intestinal absorption and factors influencing bioavailability of magnesium-an update.Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2017;13(4):260-278. doi:10.2174/1573401313666170427162740
19 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium: Fact sheet for consumers.Gommers LMM, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, de Baaij JHF.Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes: a vicious circle?Diabetes. 2016;65(1):3-13. doi:10.2337/db15-1028Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía LE, Hernández-Ronquillo G, Rodriguez-Morán M.Oral magnesium supplementation improves glycaemic status in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.Diabetes & Metabolism. 2015;41(3):202-207. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2015.03.010Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, et al.Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: a systematic review.Nutrition. 2017 Jun;38:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al.Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes.Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3821-3842. doi:10.2337/dc13-2042Zhang X, Li Y, Del Gobbo LC, et al.Effects of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials.Hypertension.2016;68:324-33. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664Kass L, Weekes J, Carpenter L.Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(4):411-418. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.4Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K.Magnesium in prevention and therapy.Nutrients.2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier J.Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3022-3033. doi:10.3390/nu5083022Gaul C, Diener HC, Danesch U, et al.Improvement of migraine symptoms with a proprietary supplement containing riboflavin, magnesium and Q10: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial.J Headache Pain2015;16:32. doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0516-6Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E.Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society.Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-1353. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0cNational Library of Medicine.Magnesium deficiency.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium fact sheet for health professionals.Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK.Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?Nutrition Reviews. 2012;70(3):153-164. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.xGröber U, Werner T, Vormann J, Kisters K.Myth or reality—transdermal magnesium?Nutrients. 2017;9(8):813. doi:10.3390%2Fnu9080813Tarleton EK, Kennedy AG, Rose GL, Littenberg B.Relationship between magnesium intake and chronic pain in U. S. adults.Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2104. doi:10.3390%2Fnu12072104Mah J, Pitre T.Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03297-zCleveland Clinic.Magnesium rich food.Schuchardt JP, Hahn A.Intestinal absorption and factors influencing bioavailability of magnesium-an update.Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2017;13(4):260-278. doi:10.2174/1573401313666170427162740
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium: Fact sheet for consumers.Gommers LMM, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, de Baaij JHF.Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes: a vicious circle?Diabetes. 2016;65(1):3-13. doi:10.2337/db15-1028Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía LE, Hernández-Ronquillo G, Rodriguez-Morán M.Oral magnesium supplementation improves glycaemic status in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.Diabetes & Metabolism. 2015;41(3):202-207. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2015.03.010Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, et al.Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: a systematic review.Nutrition. 2017 Jun;38:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al.Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes.Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3821-3842. doi:10.2337/dc13-2042Zhang X, Li Y, Del Gobbo LC, et al.Effects of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials.Hypertension.2016;68:324-33. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664Kass L, Weekes J, Carpenter L.Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(4):411-418. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.4Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K.Magnesium in prevention and therapy.Nutrients.2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier J.Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3022-3033. doi:10.3390/nu5083022Gaul C, Diener HC, Danesch U, et al.Improvement of migraine symptoms with a proprietary supplement containing riboflavin, magnesium and Q10: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial.J Headache Pain2015;16:32. doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0516-6Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E.Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society.Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-1353. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0cNational Library of Medicine.Magnesium deficiency.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium fact sheet for health professionals.Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK.Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?Nutrition Reviews. 2012;70(3):153-164. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.xGröber U, Werner T, Vormann J, Kisters K.Myth or reality—transdermal magnesium?Nutrients. 2017;9(8):813. doi:10.3390%2Fnu9080813Tarleton EK, Kennedy AG, Rose GL, Littenberg B.Relationship between magnesium intake and chronic pain in U. S. adults.Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2104. doi:10.3390%2Fnu12072104Mah J, Pitre T.Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03297-zCleveland Clinic.Magnesium rich food.Schuchardt JP, Hahn A.Intestinal absorption and factors influencing bioavailability of magnesium-an update.Curr Nutr Food Sci. 2017;13(4):260-278. doi:10.2174/1573401313666170427162740
National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium: Fact sheet for consumers.
Gommers LMM, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, de Baaij JHF.Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes: a vicious circle?Diabetes. 2016;65(1):3-13. doi:10.2337/db15-1028
Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía LE, Hernández-Ronquillo G, Rodriguez-Morán M.Oral magnesium supplementation improves glycaemic status in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesaemia: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.Diabetes & Metabolism. 2015;41(3):202-207. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2015.03.010
Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, et al.Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: a systematic review.Nutrition. 2017 Jun;38:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009
Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al.Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes.Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3821-3842. doi:10.2337/dc13-2042
Zhang X, Li Y, Del Gobbo LC, et al.Effects of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials.Hypertension.2016;68:324-33. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664
Kass L, Weekes J, Carpenter L.Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(4):411-418. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.4
Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K.Magnesium in prevention and therapy.Nutrients.2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388
Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier J.Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3022-3033. doi:10.3390/nu5083022
Gaul C, Diener HC, Danesch U, et al.Improvement of migraine symptoms with a proprietary supplement containing riboflavin, magnesium and Q10: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial.J Headache Pain2015;16:32. doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0516-6
Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E.Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society.Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346-1353. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0c
National Library of Medicine.Magnesium deficiency.
National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium fact sheet for health professionals.
Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK.Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?Nutrition Reviews. 2012;70(3):153-164. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.x
Gröber U, Werner T, Vormann J, Kisters K.Myth or reality—transdermal magnesium?Nutrients. 2017;9(8):813. doi:10.3390%2Fnu9080813
Tarleton EK, Kennedy AG, Rose GL, Littenberg B.Relationship between magnesium intake and chronic pain in U. S. adults.Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2104. doi:10.3390%2Fnu12072104
Mah J, Pitre T.Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z
Cleveland Clinic.Magnesium rich food.
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