Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSepsisNeutropeniaCauseDiagnosis and TreatmentPreventionFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Sepsis
Neutropenia
Cause
Diagnosis and Treatment
Prevention
Frequently Asked Questions
Chemotherapy may depress the neutrophil count and expose people being treated for cancer to a severe infection known asneutropenic sepsis. It is a risk of cancer treatment.Neutrophilsare a type of white blood cell. They fight infection. Neutropenic sepsis is especially dangerous because it occurs when the body’s immune system is weak.The symptoms of sepsis can include fluctuating blood pressure, respiratory distress, and unstable heart function. The infection requires treatment, and the systemic (whole-body) effects require intensive care. Treatment of neutropenia can lower the risk of recurrent sepsis.XiXinXing / Getty ImagesWhat Is Sepsis?Sepsisis a systemic reaction that can occur withsepticemia, which is an infection in the blood. Sepsis can occur when an infection is so severe that it overwhelms organs throughout the body.Effects of sepsis can include any of the following:Ahigh feverabove 103 degrees FahrenheitChills, sweatsLethargy, confusion, changes in consciousnessTachycardia(rapid heart rate)Tachypnea(rapid breathing)Dyspnea(difficulty breathing)Low blood pressure or fluctuations in blood pressureDecreased urinationChanges in glucose levelsAn increase in the risk of blood clots, such asdeep vein thrombosis(a clot in a vein),pulmonary embolus(a clot lodges in an artery in the lung), heart attack, and stroke (clot blocking a blood vessel in the brain)Additionally, symptoms of the infection can include pain, swelling, abdominal or pelvic pain, trouble breathing, and more.Sepsis is a medical emergency that can worsen rapidly. This condition requires urgent and intensive medical care.Difference Between Sepsis and SepticemiaWhat Is Neutropenia?White blood cells are immune cells, and there are several different types. Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell. They help fight bacterial and other types of infections and aid in healing and recovery from illnesses.Neutropeniais a low white blood cell count. This condition can occur due to cancer, cancer therapy, as a result of infections or illnesses, or as a medication side effect.Cancer treatment is the most common cause of severe neutropenia, and it increases the risk of infections.With neutropenia, infections can worsen and lead to neutropenic sepsis.How Is Neutropenic Sepsis Different From Non-Neutropenic Sepsis?Chemotherapy and/or cancer itself predisposes a person to neutropenia. Usually, sepsis occurs when a localized bacteria or fungal infection spreads throughout the body. The original infection can start anywhere in the body. The initial symptoms that occur before sepsis develops usually correspond to the initial site of the infection.Examples of initial sites of infection include:Respiratory infection, which can cause chest tightness, cough, and wheezingGastrointestinal infection, which can cause abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and diarrheaUrinary tract infection, which can cause dysuria (painful urination) and blood in the urineSkin infection, which can cause redness, pus, or tendernessIn a person with neutropenic sepsis, however, the signs and symptoms may present differently. For instance, there may be no fever and vague symptoms, like confusion or gastrointestinal upset.In those undergoing chemotherapy or who have cancer, there is a predisposition to infection. If they are neutropenic, this can be an even more dangerous situation and contribute to a higher risk of complications than those who are not neutropenic. Therefore, the treatment for neutropenic sepsis may be different than treatments for non-neutropenic sepsis.How Is Neutropenic Sepsis Diagnosed and Treated?The diagnostic process for neutropenic sepsis includes acomplete blood count(CBC),kidneyandliver function tests, and other special tests like forC-reactive proteinand venous lactate.Diagnosis also includes identifying the site of infection. If the person has acentral venous line(thin, flexible tube inserted in a vein in the neck, chest, or arm), blood cultures (tests to see if bacteria are present in the blood) should be drawn from both a vein and from the line.Blood cultures can sometimes be false-positive, however, indicating a condition exists when it doesn’t.Neutropenic sepsis requires intensive treatment. The treatment involves close monitoring and control ofvital signs(pulse, breathing rate, blood pressure, temperature) to prevent complications, including organ failure.Treatment of the infection is crucial. With neutropenia, medications to treat the infection can include antibiotics that are targeted to the specific infectious bacteria to avoid problems with antibiotic resistance.Sometimes antifungal treatment is needed for the treatment of a systemic fungal infection. Candida and Aspergillus are the most common fungal infections in neutropenic sepsis.Systemic treatments may include intravenous fluids, electrolytes, and nutrition supplementation, medications to control blood pressure and heart rate, control of glucose levels,oxygen supplementation, mechanical breathing assistance, ordialysis(mechanical filtering of the blood).Other important interventions include measures to prevent blood clots and precautions to reduce the risk of sores and additional infections.PreventionIf you have neutropenia, your medical team will advise you aboutneutropenic precautionsto lower your risk of infections.Precautions can include:Ensuring meat, chicken, and seafood are fully cooked before eatingWashing raw fruit and vegetables carefully before eatingProper handwashing after touching anything that’s potentially contaminated and after using the bathroomAvoiding exposure to anyone who you know has a contagious infectionAvoiding crowdsGetting enough rest, staying hydrated, and eating a balanced dietKeeping activeAn Overview of the Neutropenic DietStaying updated on your recommended vaccinations is important, although the timing is tricky. Sometimes a low white blood cell count can make vaccines less effective.You might need treatment for mild infections so that you won’t experience progression to neutropenic sepsis.Talk to your medical team if you develop a fever, a wound with redness or pus, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, congestion, pain or burning with urination, or any concerning symptoms.SummaryNeutropenic sepsis is a serious medical condition, with chemotherapy and/or cancer being a risk factor. Neutropenia is a major risk factor for sepsis, and it is important to take neutropenic precautions. The treatment of neutropenic sepsis involves treatment of the infection and close and careful management of the systemic effects.A Word From VerywellNeutropenic sepsis is a serious condition. If you are neutropenic due to a medical condition or medical treatment, it’s important that you take precautions to avoid infections that could become serious and cause you to develop sepsis.One of the goals of your treatment is that your white blood count, including your neutrophil count, will return to normal in time. When your immune system recovers, your risk of neutropenic sepsis will go down as well.Frequently Asked QuestionsWhile a fever may be present in the non-neutropenic patient with sepsis, it may be absent in the neutropenic patient with sepsis. In addition, confusion or gastrointestinal distress may be present in the neutropenic patient with sepsis.Other signs of sepsis include fluctuating blood pressure, altered glucose levels, trouble breathing, a rapid heart rate, and altered mental status.Neutropenic sepsis can be very dangerous. The systemic effects can cause permanent organ damage, blood clots, and may be life threatening.Close medical care can sometimes lead to a full recovery, and an improvement in the neutrophil count can prevent further risk.The types of bacteria that most frequently cause sepsis in people who are neutropenic have shifted over the years, and bacterial causes can vary among hospitals and countries.Often, a mixed infection can occur. And resistant organisms that can’t be treated with standard antibiotics can cause neutropenic sepsis as well.Neutropenic sepsis can occur in 70%–100% of people who have a low neutrophil count due to chemotherapy.Because it can result in death, neutropenic sepsis is considered a medical emergency.Anyone who is neutropenic is at risk of neutropenic sepsis. The risk is higher when the neutrophil count is very low, if it’s low for a long time, and if other white blood cells are also low.Learn MoreNeutropenia and Leukopenia
Chemotherapy may depress the neutrophil count and expose people being treated for cancer to a severe infection known asneutropenic sepsis. It is a risk of cancer treatment.Neutrophilsare a type of white blood cell. They fight infection. Neutropenic sepsis is especially dangerous because it occurs when the body’s immune system is weak.
The symptoms of sepsis can include fluctuating blood pressure, respiratory distress, and unstable heart function. The infection requires treatment, and the systemic (whole-body) effects require intensive care. Treatment of neutropenia can lower the risk of recurrent sepsis.
XiXinXing / Getty Images
What Is Sepsis?
Sepsisis a systemic reaction that can occur withsepticemia, which is an infection in the blood. Sepsis can occur when an infection is so severe that it overwhelms organs throughout the body.
Effects of sepsis can include any of the following:
Additionally, symptoms of the infection can include pain, swelling, abdominal or pelvic pain, trouble breathing, and more.
Sepsis is a medical emergency that can worsen rapidly. This condition requires urgent and intensive medical care.
Difference Between Sepsis and Septicemia
What Is Neutropenia?
White blood cells are immune cells, and there are several different types. Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell. They help fight bacterial and other types of infections and aid in healing and recovery from illnesses.
Neutropeniais a low white blood cell count. This condition can occur due to cancer, cancer therapy, as a result of infections or illnesses, or as a medication side effect.
Cancer treatment is the most common cause of severe neutropenia, and it increases the risk of infections.With neutropenia, infections can worsen and lead to neutropenic sepsis.
How Is Neutropenic Sepsis Different From Non-Neutropenic Sepsis?
Chemotherapy and/or cancer itself predisposes a person to neutropenia. Usually, sepsis occurs when a localized bacteria or fungal infection spreads throughout the body. The original infection can start anywhere in the body. The initial symptoms that occur before sepsis develops usually correspond to the initial site of the infection.
Examples of initial sites of infection include:
In a person with neutropenic sepsis, however, the signs and symptoms may present differently. For instance, there may be no fever and vague symptoms, like confusion or gastrointestinal upset.
In those undergoing chemotherapy or who have cancer, there is a predisposition to infection. If they are neutropenic, this can be an even more dangerous situation and contribute to a higher risk of complications than those who are not neutropenic. Therefore, the treatment for neutropenic sepsis may be different than treatments for non-neutropenic sepsis.
How Is Neutropenic Sepsis Diagnosed and Treated?
The diagnostic process for neutropenic sepsis includes acomplete blood count(CBC),kidneyandliver function tests, and other special tests like forC-reactive proteinand venous lactate.
Diagnosis also includes identifying the site of infection. If the person has acentral venous line(thin, flexible tube inserted in a vein in the neck, chest, or arm), blood cultures (tests to see if bacteria are present in the blood) should be drawn from both a vein and from the line.Blood cultures can sometimes be false-positive, however, indicating a condition exists when it doesn’t.
Neutropenic sepsis requires intensive treatment. The treatment involves close monitoring and control ofvital signs(pulse, breathing rate, blood pressure, temperature) to prevent complications, including organ failure.
Treatment of the infection is crucial. With neutropenia, medications to treat the infection can include antibiotics that are targeted to the specific infectious bacteria to avoid problems with antibiotic resistance.
Sometimes antifungal treatment is needed for the treatment of a systemic fungal infection. Candida and Aspergillus are the most common fungal infections in neutropenic sepsis.
Systemic treatments may include intravenous fluids, electrolytes, and nutrition supplementation, medications to control blood pressure and heart rate, control of glucose levels,oxygen supplementation, mechanical breathing assistance, ordialysis(mechanical filtering of the blood).
Other important interventions include measures to prevent blood clots and precautions to reduce the risk of sores and additional infections.
If you have neutropenia, your medical team will advise you aboutneutropenic precautionsto lower your risk of infections.
Precautions can include:
An Overview of the Neutropenic Diet
Staying updated on your recommended vaccinations is important, although the timing is tricky. Sometimes a low white blood cell count can make vaccines less effective.
You might need treatment for mild infections so that you won’t experience progression to neutropenic sepsis.Talk to your medical team if you develop a fever, a wound with redness or pus, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, congestion, pain or burning with urination, or any concerning symptoms.
Summary
Neutropenic sepsis is a serious medical condition, with chemotherapy and/or cancer being a risk factor. Neutropenia is a major risk factor for sepsis, and it is important to take neutropenic precautions. The treatment of neutropenic sepsis involves treatment of the infection and close and careful management of the systemic effects.
A Word From Verywell
Neutropenic sepsis is a serious condition. If you are neutropenic due to a medical condition or medical treatment, it’s important that you take precautions to avoid infections that could become serious and cause you to develop sepsis.
One of the goals of your treatment is that your white blood count, including your neutrophil count, will return to normal in time. When your immune system recovers, your risk of neutropenic sepsis will go down as well.
Frequently Asked QuestionsWhile a fever may be present in the non-neutropenic patient with sepsis, it may be absent in the neutropenic patient with sepsis. In addition, confusion or gastrointestinal distress may be present in the neutropenic patient with sepsis.Other signs of sepsis include fluctuating blood pressure, altered glucose levels, trouble breathing, a rapid heart rate, and altered mental status.Neutropenic sepsis can be very dangerous. The systemic effects can cause permanent organ damage, blood clots, and may be life threatening.Close medical care can sometimes lead to a full recovery, and an improvement in the neutrophil count can prevent further risk.The types of bacteria that most frequently cause sepsis in people who are neutropenic have shifted over the years, and bacterial causes can vary among hospitals and countries.Often, a mixed infection can occur. And resistant organisms that can’t be treated with standard antibiotics can cause neutropenic sepsis as well.Neutropenic sepsis can occur in 70%–100% of people who have a low neutrophil count due to chemotherapy.Because it can result in death, neutropenic sepsis is considered a medical emergency.Anyone who is neutropenic is at risk of neutropenic sepsis. The risk is higher when the neutrophil count is very low, if it’s low for a long time, and if other white blood cells are also low.Learn MoreNeutropenia and Leukopenia
While a fever may be present in the non-neutropenic patient with sepsis, it may be absent in the neutropenic patient with sepsis. In addition, confusion or gastrointestinal distress may be present in the neutropenic patient with sepsis.Other signs of sepsis include fluctuating blood pressure, altered glucose levels, trouble breathing, a rapid heart rate, and altered mental status.
While a fever may be present in the non-neutropenic patient with sepsis, it may be absent in the neutropenic patient with sepsis. In addition, confusion or gastrointestinal distress may be present in the neutropenic patient with sepsis.
Other signs of sepsis include fluctuating blood pressure, altered glucose levels, trouble breathing, a rapid heart rate, and altered mental status.
Neutropenic sepsis can be very dangerous. The systemic effects can cause permanent organ damage, blood clots, and may be life threatening.Close medical care can sometimes lead to a full recovery, and an improvement in the neutrophil count can prevent further risk.
The types of bacteria that most frequently cause sepsis in people who are neutropenic have shifted over the years, and bacterial causes can vary among hospitals and countries.Often, a mixed infection can occur. And resistant organisms that can’t be treated with standard antibiotics can cause neutropenic sepsis as well.
Neutropenic sepsis can occur in 70%–100% of people who have a low neutrophil count due to chemotherapy.Because it can result in death, neutropenic sepsis is considered a medical emergency.Anyone who is neutropenic is at risk of neutropenic sepsis. The risk is higher when the neutrophil count is very low, if it’s low for a long time, and if other white blood cells are also low.Learn MoreNeutropenia and Leukopenia
Neutropenic sepsis can occur in 70%–100% of people who have a low neutrophil count due to chemotherapy.Because it can result in death, neutropenic sepsis is considered a medical emergency.Anyone who is neutropenic is at risk of neutropenic sepsis. The risk is higher when the neutrophil count is very low, if it’s low for a long time, and if other white blood cells are also low.
Neutropenic sepsis can occur in 70%–100% of people who have a low neutrophil count due to chemotherapy.Because it can result in death, neutropenic sepsis is considered a medical emergency.
Anyone who is neutropenic is at risk of neutropenic sepsis. The risk is higher when the neutrophil count is very low, if it’s low for a long time, and if other white blood cells are also low.
Learn MoreNeutropenia and Leukopenia
12 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.MedlinePlus.Sepsis.Yale Medicine.Sepsis: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.Sachwani GR, Jaehne AK, Jayaprakash N, Kuzich M, Onkoba V, Blyden D, Rivers EP.The association between blood glucose levels and matrix-metalloproteinase-9 in early severe sepsis and septic shock.J Inflamm (Lond). 2016;13:13. doi:10.1186/s12950-016-0122-7Semeraro N, Ammollo CT, Semeraro F, Colucci M.Coagulopathy of acute sepsis.Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41(6):650-8. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556730Bate J, Gibson F, Johnson E, Selwood K, Skinner R, Chisholm J;National Institute for Clinical Excellence. neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in cancer patients (NICE Clinical Guideline CG151).Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed.2013;98(2):73-5. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303634Ford A, Marshall E.Neutropenic sepsis: a potentially life-threatening complication of chemotherapy.Clin Med (Lond). 2014;14(5):538-542. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-5-538King A, Irvine S, McFadyen A, Isles C.Do we overtreat patients with presumed neutropenic sepsis?Postgrad Med J. 2021 Oct 5:postgradmedj-2021-140675. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140675Sönmez A, Eksi F, Pehlivan M, Haydaroglu Sahin H.Investigating the presence of fungal agents in febrile neutropenic patients using different microbiological, serological, and molecular methods.Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2015;15(3):40-47. Published 2015 Jul 27. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2015.409American Cancer Society.Watching for and preventing infections.Tavakoli A, Carannante A.Nursing care of oncology patients with sepsis.Semin Oncol Nurs.2021;37(2):151130. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151130Gustinetti G, Mikulska M.Bloodstream infections in neutropenic cancer patients: A practical update.Virulence. 2016;7(3):280-297. doi:10.1080/21505594.2016.1156821Clarke RT, Jenyon T, van Hamel Parsons V, King AJ.Neutropenic sepsis: management and complications.Clin Med (Lond). 2013;13(2):185-187. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-2-185
12 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.MedlinePlus.Sepsis.Yale Medicine.Sepsis: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.Sachwani GR, Jaehne AK, Jayaprakash N, Kuzich M, Onkoba V, Blyden D, Rivers EP.The association between blood glucose levels and matrix-metalloproteinase-9 in early severe sepsis and septic shock.J Inflamm (Lond). 2016;13:13. doi:10.1186/s12950-016-0122-7Semeraro N, Ammollo CT, Semeraro F, Colucci M.Coagulopathy of acute sepsis.Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41(6):650-8. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556730Bate J, Gibson F, Johnson E, Selwood K, Skinner R, Chisholm J;National Institute for Clinical Excellence. neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in cancer patients (NICE Clinical Guideline CG151).Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed.2013;98(2):73-5. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303634Ford A, Marshall E.Neutropenic sepsis: a potentially life-threatening complication of chemotherapy.Clin Med (Lond). 2014;14(5):538-542. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-5-538King A, Irvine S, McFadyen A, Isles C.Do we overtreat patients with presumed neutropenic sepsis?Postgrad Med J. 2021 Oct 5:postgradmedj-2021-140675. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140675Sönmez A, Eksi F, Pehlivan M, Haydaroglu Sahin H.Investigating the presence of fungal agents in febrile neutropenic patients using different microbiological, serological, and molecular methods.Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2015;15(3):40-47. Published 2015 Jul 27. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2015.409American Cancer Society.Watching for and preventing infections.Tavakoli A, Carannante A.Nursing care of oncology patients with sepsis.Semin Oncol Nurs.2021;37(2):151130. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151130Gustinetti G, Mikulska M.Bloodstream infections in neutropenic cancer patients: A practical update.Virulence. 2016;7(3):280-297. doi:10.1080/21505594.2016.1156821Clarke RT, Jenyon T, van Hamel Parsons V, King AJ.Neutropenic sepsis: management and complications.Clin Med (Lond). 2013;13(2):185-187. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-2-185
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
MedlinePlus.Sepsis.Yale Medicine.Sepsis: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.Sachwani GR, Jaehne AK, Jayaprakash N, Kuzich M, Onkoba V, Blyden D, Rivers EP.The association between blood glucose levels and matrix-metalloproteinase-9 in early severe sepsis and septic shock.J Inflamm (Lond). 2016;13:13. doi:10.1186/s12950-016-0122-7Semeraro N, Ammollo CT, Semeraro F, Colucci M.Coagulopathy of acute sepsis.Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41(6):650-8. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556730Bate J, Gibson F, Johnson E, Selwood K, Skinner R, Chisholm J;National Institute for Clinical Excellence. neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in cancer patients (NICE Clinical Guideline CG151).Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed.2013;98(2):73-5. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303634Ford A, Marshall E.Neutropenic sepsis: a potentially life-threatening complication of chemotherapy.Clin Med (Lond). 2014;14(5):538-542. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-5-538King A, Irvine S, McFadyen A, Isles C.Do we overtreat patients with presumed neutropenic sepsis?Postgrad Med J. 2021 Oct 5:postgradmedj-2021-140675. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140675Sönmez A, Eksi F, Pehlivan M, Haydaroglu Sahin H.Investigating the presence of fungal agents in febrile neutropenic patients using different microbiological, serological, and molecular methods.Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2015;15(3):40-47. Published 2015 Jul 27. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2015.409American Cancer Society.Watching for and preventing infections.Tavakoli A, Carannante A.Nursing care of oncology patients with sepsis.Semin Oncol Nurs.2021;37(2):151130. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151130Gustinetti G, Mikulska M.Bloodstream infections in neutropenic cancer patients: A practical update.Virulence. 2016;7(3):280-297. doi:10.1080/21505594.2016.1156821Clarke RT, Jenyon T, van Hamel Parsons V, King AJ.Neutropenic sepsis: management and complications.Clin Med (Lond). 2013;13(2):185-187. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-2-185
MedlinePlus.Sepsis.
Yale Medicine.Sepsis: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Sachwani GR, Jaehne AK, Jayaprakash N, Kuzich M, Onkoba V, Blyden D, Rivers EP.The association between blood glucose levels and matrix-metalloproteinase-9 in early severe sepsis and septic shock.J Inflamm (Lond). 2016;13:13. doi:10.1186/s12950-016-0122-7
Semeraro N, Ammollo CT, Semeraro F, Colucci M.Coagulopathy of acute sepsis.Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41(6):650-8. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556730
Bate J, Gibson F, Johnson E, Selwood K, Skinner R, Chisholm J;National Institute for Clinical Excellence. neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in cancer patients (NICE Clinical Guideline CG151).Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed.2013;98(2):73-5. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-303634
Ford A, Marshall E.Neutropenic sepsis: a potentially life-threatening complication of chemotherapy.Clin Med (Lond). 2014;14(5):538-542. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-5-538
King A, Irvine S, McFadyen A, Isles C.Do we overtreat patients with presumed neutropenic sepsis?Postgrad Med J. 2021 Oct 5:postgradmedj-2021-140675. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140675
Sönmez A, Eksi F, Pehlivan M, Haydaroglu Sahin H.Investigating the presence of fungal agents in febrile neutropenic patients using different microbiological, serological, and molecular methods.Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2015;15(3):40-47. Published 2015 Jul 27. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2015.409
American Cancer Society.Watching for and preventing infections.
Tavakoli A, Carannante A.Nursing care of oncology patients with sepsis.Semin Oncol Nurs.2021;37(2):151130. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2021.151130
Gustinetti G, Mikulska M.Bloodstream infections in neutropenic cancer patients: A practical update.Virulence. 2016;7(3):280-297. doi:10.1080/21505594.2016.1156821
Clarke RT, Jenyon T, van Hamel Parsons V, King AJ.Neutropenic sepsis: management and complications.Clin Med (Lond). 2013;13(2):185-187. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-2-185
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