Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesNiacin DeficiencySide EffectsPrecautionsDosageOverdoseStorageFrequently Asked QuestionsSources
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Niacin Deficiency
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Overdose
Storage
Frequently Asked Questions
Sources
Niacin deficiency is rare in the U.S. because it is readily available in many foods, including meat, legumes, and grains. However, some people may have trouble getting enough niacin, especially those who are malnourished due to a health condition. In these cases, niacin supplements may be beneficial.
This article looks at the use of niacin and its different forms. It also discusses side effects and dosage.
However, even if supplements are independently tested, that doesn’t mean that they are necessarily safe for all people or effective in general. Therefore, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider about any supplements you plan to take and check in about any potential interactions with other supplements or medications.
Supplement FactsActive ingredient(s):Nicotinic acidAlternate name(s):B3, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide ribosideLegal status:Available over the counter (OTC)Suggested dose:14-16 milligrams (mg)/daySafety considerations:Niacin can interfere with some medications, and high doses can lead to complications
Supplement Facts
Active ingredient(s):Nicotinic acidAlternate name(s):B3, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide ribosideLegal status:Available over the counter (OTC)Suggested dose:14-16 milligrams (mg)/daySafety considerations:Niacin can interfere with some medications, and high doses can lead to complications
Tero Vesalainen / Getty Images
Uses of Niacin
In the body, niacin converts to a coenzyme (a substance that activates an enzyme) callednicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD). There are more than 400 enzymes in the body that require NAD for performing functions like:
In addition, some people take niacin for the benefits related to specific health conditions, including heart disease,Alzheimer’s disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. There is limited evidence to support niacin for these uses.
Heart Disease
Niacin is known to decreaselow-density lipoprotein(LDL, aka “bad cholesterol”),triglycerides(fat found in the blood), andlipoprotein(particles that carry cholesterol in the blood).Therefore, some studies have evaluated its use in treating and preventing heart disease.
A 2017 review of randomized controlled trials published inCochraneevaluated niacin for the prevention of cardiovascular events.The review included 23 trials with 39,195 participants with an average treatment duration of 11.5 months and a median dose of 2 grams (g) per day.
In this review, researchers found that niacin did not reduce overall, heart-related, or non‐cardiovascular mortality. In addition, it did not reduce fatal or non‐fatalmyocardial infarctions(heart attacks) or strokes.
Similarly, a 2018 meta-analysis with 29,195 participants looked at the supplement’s effect on preventing cardiovascular disease.Compared to control groups that received onlystatins(prescription medications that improve cholesterol), the groups that received 1-3 g of niacin in addition to statin had a 10% greater all-cause mortality.
The American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) do not recommend niacin to prevent or treat heart disease, especially for those who take statins.However, healthcare providers sometimes prescribe niacin for those who can not tolerate statins.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Niacin is associated with improved cognitive ability and reduced cognitive decline.Therefore, some studies have looked at whether niacin might work toprevent Alzheimer’s disease(a memory loss disease).
In a 2020 study published inAlzheimer’s and Dementia, researchers looked at whether niacin had therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease.In the study, mice received 100 mg of niacin per kilogram of body weight for 30 days. After therapy, researchers analyzed the mice’s brains and found that niacin had protective effects on brain cells.
Since researchers did this study on animals, it is unknown whether they could replicate these results in humans. Therefore, these results warrant further research.
A 2022 study published inScience Translational Medicineevaluated whether niacin could impact Alzheimer’s disease progression.Researchers looked at how niacin affected diseased mouse brains in the study. Compared to a control group, the mice who received niacin had fewer plaques and improved cognition after therapy.
Again, scientists did this research on animals, and therefore, it is uncertain whether these results apply to humans.
Blood Pressure
Niacin’s role in energy production and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties has prompted some researchers to evaluate whether it may help preventhypertension(high blood pressure).
A 2021 study published inJAMAlooked at dietary niacin and new-onset hypertension in Chinese adults.The nationwide cohort study included data on 12, 243 Chinese adults. Researchers measured participants' recalled dietary niacin intake over three consecutive 24-hour periods.
Participants' mean intake level was 14.8 mg per day (mg/d). At the median six-year follow-up, 4,306 participants had developed hypertension. Researchers found that in those who consumed less than 15.6 mg/d, for every 1 mg/d increase in dietary niacin, there was a 2% reduction in new-onset hypertension. However, in those with intakes greater than 15.6 mg/d, there was a 3% increase in new-onset hypertension.
These results produced a J-shaped association (one that falls then steeply rises). The turning point was 15.6 mg/d, with the lowest risk between 14.3 to 16.7 mg/d.
Diabetes
Niacin is known to reduce LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Since those with diabetes tend to have high fat levels in their blood, researchers have looked at whether niacin could affect type 2 diabetes.
A 2014 study inClinical Nutritionevaluated the effect of niacin onlipidsandglucose(blood sugar) in people withtype 2 diabetes.The meta-analysis found that niacin significantly improved lipid abnormalities. However, it also significantly increased glucose levels.
A 2020 study published inMedicinelooked at the effectiveness of niacin supplementation on people with type 2 diabetes.The meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with 2,110 participants found a reduction in LDL cholesterol levels. However, it found no significant effects on plasma glucose levels.
There is currently insufficient evidence to support niacin for diabetes treatment. It may, in fact, increase the risk of developing diabetes due to its potential to increase glucose levels.
Other
In addition to the potential health benefits listed above, some people use niacin to manage migraines, skin health, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Some people may develop a niacin deficiency when intakes are lower over time than recommended levels, they have a specific risk factor for lower than normal levels, or there is a particular reason they are unable to digest or absorb niacin.
What Causes Niacin Deficiency?
Niacin deficiency occurs when you do not get adequate amounts from food sources. It can also happen when niacin can’t convert optimally in the body, usually when you get inadequate nutrients overall.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends:4 mg per day for infants through 11 months6 mg per day for toddlers through 3 years8 mg per day for children age 4-812 mg per day for children age 9-1314 mg per day for females age 14-adult16 mg per day for males age 14-adult
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends:
Risk factors for niacin deficiency include:
How Do I Know If I Have a Niacin Deficiency?
You may not know if you are deficient in niacin unless your deficiency is severe. Severe niacin deficiency can lead topellagra, a health condition that results in gastrointestinal, skin, and memory-related symptoms. Pellagra is uncommon in industrialized nations.
Pellagra symptoms include:
The memory-related symptoms can be severe and lead to aggression, paranoia, hallucinations, and even suicide. Pellagra can be fatal if untreated.
What Are the Side Effects of Niacin?
Your healthcare provider may recommend you take niacin for a health condition or deficiency. However, consuming a supplement like niacin may have potential side effects. These side effects may be common or severe.
Common Side Effects
The most common niacin supplement side effect isskin flushing.Extended-release formulas can help with this symptom. Skin flushing looks like redness on your face, arms, and chest. You might also notice warmth, tingling, or itching with this symptom.
In addition to flushing, other symptoms may include:
The side effects of nicotinic acid can be unpleasant. However, they do tend to subside after a couple of weeks. In the meantime, there are ways to lessen them, including:
Severe Side Effects
Severe side effects are most frequently associated with high doses of niacin (more than 1 gram per day). These side effects include:
If you experience any of these side effects, seek medical attention immediately.
Niacin can interact with certain medications, including those used totreat tuberculosisanddiabetes.In addition, research suggests it may be risky to take with statins. So, if you take medications, be sure to discuss niacin supplementation with a healthcare provider first.
It is essential to carefully read the ingredient list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included. In addition, please review the supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss any potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
Dosage: How Much Niacin Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
Most healthy individuals obtain enough niacin through their diet, so additional supplementation is not usually needed. Most research is based on deficiencies.
Some supplements contain as much as 500 mg per serving, which is higher than the recommended daily allowance for niacin.Therefore, it’s essential to discuss supplementation with a healthcare provider. They can help you determine if niacin supplements make sense in your situation and can help you find the right formula and dose.
What Happens If I Take Too Much Niacin?
For niacin, toxicity has been noted in dosages over 1 gram. If you exceed these levels, you may want to seek medical advice or go to the emergency room.
Upper Intake LevelsUpper intake levels for niacin are as follows:10 mg for children 1-3 years15 mg for children 4-8 years20 mg for children 9-13 years30 mg for children 14-18 years35 mg for adults
Upper Intake Levels
Upper intake levels for niacin are as follows:10 mg for children 1-3 years15 mg for children 4-8 years20 mg for children 9-13 years30 mg for children 14-18 years35 mg for adults
Upper intake levels for niacin are as follows:
What Is Vitamin Toxicity?
How to Store Niacin
Store niacin in a cool, dry place. Keep niacin away from direct sunlight. Discard after one year or as indicated on the packaging.
Frequently Asked QuestionsIn larger prescription doses, niacin may lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides. It also helps to raise HDL (“good”) cholesterol.Learn MoreCholesterol and TrigyceridesNiacin is not a replacement for standard medical care. The American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) do not recommend niacin to prevent or treat heart disease. If you take statins, it is especially important not to take niacin because some studies have found it increases mortality risk.However, if you can’t take statins, a healthcare provider might prescribe niacin as an alternative.Learn MoreStatin Side Effects
In larger prescription doses, niacin may lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides. It also helps to raise HDL (“good”) cholesterol.Learn MoreCholesterol and Trigycerides
In larger prescription doses, niacin may lower LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and triglycerides. It also helps to raise HDL (“good”) cholesterol.
Learn MoreCholesterol and Trigycerides
Niacin is not a replacement for standard medical care. The American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) do not recommend niacin to prevent or treat heart disease. If you take statins, it is especially important not to take niacin because some studies have found it increases mortality risk.However, if you can’t take statins, a healthcare provider might prescribe niacin as an alternative.Learn MoreStatin Side Effects
Niacin is not a replacement for standard medical care. The American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) do not recommend niacin to prevent or treat heart disease. If you take statins, it is especially important not to take niacin because some studies have found it increases mortality risk.However, if you can’t take statins, a healthcare provider might prescribe niacin as an alternative.
Learn MoreStatin Side Effects
Sources of Niacin and What To Look For
Niacin is widely available in food. Most people get enough niacin from food. However, it is also available in supplement form.
Food Sources of Niacin
Niacin is available in animal-based foods, plant-based foods, and grains. Good food sources of niacin include:
If a healthcare provider says you need more vitamin B3, you may need to take a supplement. Niacin supplements are available in several different forms. Each form can affect your body differently.
Immediate-Release Nicotinic Acid Supplements
Immediate-release (IR) nicotinic acid is also known as “fast-release.” When you take this type, the entire dose enters your bloodstream as soon as you swallow it.
For this reason, IR nicotinic acid is more likely to cause side effects than other forms.
Some bottles may not say if they contain an “immediate-release” or a “sustained-release” product. If the label doesn’t say, it’s usually an IR product.
Extended-Release Nicotinic Acid Supplements
ER nicotinic acid is released into the body more slowly than the IR type. The ER form may cause side effects, and if it does, they are likely to be less severe than those associated with the IR form.
The brand names are:
There is also a generic version. A controlled-release version called Slo-Niacin is sold OTC. This brand may be less expensive.
Sustained-Release Nicotinic Acid Supplements
Sustained-release (SR) nicotinic acid is also known as “timed-release.” This form releases nicotinic acid over a period of time rather than all at once.
The SR form will take longer to clear the body than the IR or the ER form. For this reason, SR nicotinic acid comes with the risk of vitamin toxicity, which can lead to liver damage.
Don’t take SR niacin if you have a liver disease such ascirrhosisor chronichepatitis B or C infection. Instead, choose an IR or ER version.
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Summary
Niacin is an essential form of vitamin B that your body needs for proper cell function. Some people take niacin for health reasons, including heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease. However, research is limited, and insufficient evidence supports it for these uses.
Most people get enough niacin from the food they eat. In some cases, though, healthcare providers may prescribe niacin supplements to treat niacin deficiency.
Niacin supplement side effects include flushing, headache, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If you have side effects, you may want to try a different formula or start with a smaller dose.
Don’t take high doses of niacin. High doses can cause serious side effects. Ask your doctor before you start taking niacin or any other supplement.
14 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements.Niacin: Fact sheet for consumers.Office of Dietary Supplements.Niacin: fact sheet for health professionals.Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Saccilotto R, et al.Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.Cochrane Heart Group, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;2017(6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009744.pub2Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al.Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cvd prevention and treatment.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(22):2570-2584. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020Wilson PWF, Polonsky TS, Miedema MD, Khera A, Kosinski AS, Kuvin JT.Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APHA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines.Circulation. 2019;139(25). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000626Moutinho M, Puntambekar SS, Tsai AP, et al.The niacin receptor HCAR2 modulates microglial response and limits disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(637):eabl7634. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7634Moutinho M, Tsai A, Puntambekar S et al.Therapeutic potential of niacin in Alzheimer’s disease.Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2020;16(S9). doi:10.1002/alz.040679Zhang Z, Liu M, Zhou C, et al.Evaluation of dietary niacin and new-onset hypertension among Chinese adults.JAMA Netw Open.2021;4(1):e2031669. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31669Ding Y, Li Y, Wen A.Effect of niacin on lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials.Clinical Nutrition. 2015;34(5):838-844. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.019Xiang D, Zhang Q, Wang YT.Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Medicine. 2020;99(29):e21235. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021235Goldie C, Taylor AJ, Nguyen P, McCoy C, Zhao XQ, Preiss D.Niacin therapy and the risk of new-onset diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Heart. 2016;102(3):198-203. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308055U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans: 2020-2025.MacKay D, Hathcock J, Guarneri E.Niacin: chemical forms, bioavailability, and health effects.Nutr Rev. 2012;70(6):357-66. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00479.xNational Library of Medicine.Niacin for cholesterol.
14 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements.Niacin: Fact sheet for consumers.Office of Dietary Supplements.Niacin: fact sheet for health professionals.Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Saccilotto R, et al.Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.Cochrane Heart Group, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;2017(6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009744.pub2Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al.Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cvd prevention and treatment.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(22):2570-2584. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020Wilson PWF, Polonsky TS, Miedema MD, Khera A, Kosinski AS, Kuvin JT.Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APHA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines.Circulation. 2019;139(25). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000626Moutinho M, Puntambekar SS, Tsai AP, et al.The niacin receptor HCAR2 modulates microglial response and limits disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(637):eabl7634. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7634Moutinho M, Tsai A, Puntambekar S et al.Therapeutic potential of niacin in Alzheimer’s disease.Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2020;16(S9). doi:10.1002/alz.040679Zhang Z, Liu M, Zhou C, et al.Evaluation of dietary niacin and new-onset hypertension among Chinese adults.JAMA Netw Open.2021;4(1):e2031669. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31669Ding Y, Li Y, Wen A.Effect of niacin on lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials.Clinical Nutrition. 2015;34(5):838-844. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.019Xiang D, Zhang Q, Wang YT.Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Medicine. 2020;99(29):e21235. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021235Goldie C, Taylor AJ, Nguyen P, McCoy C, Zhao XQ, Preiss D.Niacin therapy and the risk of new-onset diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Heart. 2016;102(3):198-203. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308055U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans: 2020-2025.MacKay D, Hathcock J, Guarneri E.Niacin: chemical forms, bioavailability, and health effects.Nutr Rev. 2012;70(6):357-66. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00479.xNational Library of Medicine.Niacin for cholesterol.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements.Niacin: Fact sheet for consumers.Office of Dietary Supplements.Niacin: fact sheet for health professionals.Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Saccilotto R, et al.Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.Cochrane Heart Group, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;2017(6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009744.pub2Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al.Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cvd prevention and treatment.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(22):2570-2584. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020Wilson PWF, Polonsky TS, Miedema MD, Khera A, Kosinski AS, Kuvin JT.Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APHA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines.Circulation. 2019;139(25). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000626Moutinho M, Puntambekar SS, Tsai AP, et al.The niacin receptor HCAR2 modulates microglial response and limits disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(637):eabl7634. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7634Moutinho M, Tsai A, Puntambekar S et al.Therapeutic potential of niacin in Alzheimer’s disease.Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2020;16(S9). doi:10.1002/alz.040679Zhang Z, Liu M, Zhou C, et al.Evaluation of dietary niacin and new-onset hypertension among Chinese adults.JAMA Netw Open.2021;4(1):e2031669. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31669Ding Y, Li Y, Wen A.Effect of niacin on lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials.Clinical Nutrition. 2015;34(5):838-844. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.019Xiang D, Zhang Q, Wang YT.Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Medicine. 2020;99(29):e21235. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021235Goldie C, Taylor AJ, Nguyen P, McCoy C, Zhao XQ, Preiss D.Niacin therapy and the risk of new-onset diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Heart. 2016;102(3):198-203. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308055U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans: 2020-2025.MacKay D, Hathcock J, Guarneri E.Niacin: chemical forms, bioavailability, and health effects.Nutr Rev. 2012;70(6):357-66. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00479.xNational Library of Medicine.Niacin for cholesterol.
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements.Niacin: Fact sheet for consumers.
Office of Dietary Supplements.Niacin: fact sheet for health professionals.
Schandelmaier S, Briel M, Saccilotto R, et al.Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.Cochrane Heart Group, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;2017(6). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009744.pub2
Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, et al.Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cvd prevention and treatment.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(22):2570-2584. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020
Wilson PWF, Polonsky TS, Miedema MD, Khera A, Kosinski AS, Kuvin JT.Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APHA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines.Circulation. 2019;139(25). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000626
Moutinho M, Puntambekar SS, Tsai AP, et al.The niacin receptor HCAR2 modulates microglial response and limits disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(637):eabl7634. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7634
Moutinho M, Tsai A, Puntambekar S et al.Therapeutic potential of niacin in Alzheimer’s disease.Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2020;16(S9). doi:10.1002/alz.040679
Zhang Z, Liu M, Zhou C, et al.Evaluation of dietary niacin and new-onset hypertension among Chinese adults.JAMA Netw Open.2021;4(1):e2031669. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31669
Ding Y, Li Y, Wen A.Effect of niacin on lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials.Clinical Nutrition. 2015;34(5):838-844. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.019
Xiang D, Zhang Q, Wang YT.Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Medicine. 2020;99(29):e21235. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021235
Goldie C, Taylor AJ, Nguyen P, McCoy C, Zhao XQ, Preiss D.Niacin therapy and the risk of new-onset diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Heart. 2016;102(3):198-203. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308055
U.S. Department of Agriculture.Dietary guidelines for Americans: 2020-2025.
MacKay D, Hathcock J, Guarneri E.Niacin: chemical forms, bioavailability, and health effects.Nutr Rev. 2012;70(6):357-66. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00479.x
National Library of Medicine.Niacin for cholesterol.
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