Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageToxicityInteractionsHow to StoreSimilar SupplementsSource & What to Look ForFAQs
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Toxicity
Interactions
How to Store
Similar Supplements
Source & What to Look For
FAQs
Red clover (Trifolium pratense)is a wild herb that belongs to the legume family, along with beans and peas.It’s often promoted as a remedy formenopause symptoms, bone loss, andhigh cholesterol.
Red clover benefits may be due to plant chemicals called isoflavones, which may have someestrogen-like activity. However, more research is needed to understand the potential benefits.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Uses of Red Clover
There are several studies assessing red clover benefits for the following potential uses. Keep in mind, however, that no supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease.
Menopausal Symptoms
Estrogen levels decline during the transition tomenopauseand it’s believed that the estrogen-like qualities of isoflavones might help reduce menopause symptoms, such ashot flashesand night sweats.
So far studies on red clover for symptoms of menopause have been mixed. Several studies of a proprietary extract of red clover isoflavones suggest that it may significantly reduce hot flashes. Other studies show no effect.
A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis (collection of studies) concluded that red clover isoflavone extract reduced the number of hot flashes per day. However, more well-designed studies are still needed.
Bone Health and Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone density and bone mass decrease. The risk of osteoporosis increases with age and particularly during menopause as estrogen levels drop.
In a small study of individuals in menopause, red clover extract positively affected bone health.Bone mineral density(BMD) only decreased in individuals taking theplacebo(a substance with no medication).BMD measures your bones' strength and thickness (density or mass).
While this study shows promise, large and long-term studies are still needed.
High Cholesterol
Some preliminary research suggests that red clover may offer some benefits for those with high cholesterol.
A 2018 systemic review and meta-analysis found that people in menopause or transitioning into menopause who took red clover for four months to one year showed a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or good cholesterol, and a decrease in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or bad cholesterol.
However, an earlier meta-analysis on isoflavones published in 2013 found that they didn’t seem to significantly affect LDL, HDL, or total cholesterol. This review did find slightly loweredtriglyceride levelscompared to placebo.
Further study is warranted.
Heart Health
High LDL increases your risk for heart attack and stroke.Based on red clover’s potential benefits for LDL, it may offer some heart health benefits. Although, the research is still unclear.
For example, a small study in 147 postmenopausal women showed a 12% decrease in LDL in those who took 50 milligrams (mg) of red clover daily for a year compared to a 2% decrease in those given a placebo.
Cancer
Preliminary animal research suggests that red clover might help treatprostate cancer.
In a mouse study, formononetin—a red clover isoflavone (a type of plant chemical)—had extra anti-prostate tumor effects when combined with the Taxotere (docetaxel)chemotherapyagent.These two medications were loaded into nanoparticles (nano-sized drug delivery system) and injected into the mice.
However, further studies in humans would be needed to confirm these results.
Other Uses
Historically, red clover was used for asthma, whooping cough, and gout.However, the research into these uses is lacking.
Red clover is also sometimes applied topically as an ointment or liquid extract for skin conditions such aspsoriasis,eczema, or other rashes since it is believed to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, there’s not enough scientific evidence for this, and use of red clover also carries a risk of skin irritations or allergic reactions.
What Are the Side Effects of Red Clover?
Like any other medication or supplement, side effects are possible with red clover.
Common Side Effects
According to a small study, participants who were in menopause didn’t experience side effects when red clover extract was used for bone health.
However, in a meta-analysis of red clover’s potential use for high cholesterol, common side effects of isoflavones—like the ones in red clover—may include:
Severe Side Effects
A severe allergic reaction is a serious side effect possible with any medication. If you’re having asevere allergic reactionto red clover, symptoms may include breathing difficulties, itchiness, and rash.
While rare, other potential severe side effects may also include:
Call 911 and get medical help immediately if you have a severe allergic reaction or your symptoms are life-threatening.
Your healthcare provider may advise against using red clover if any of the following applies to you:
Dosage: How Much Red Clover Should I Take?
Supplement FactsActive ingredients(s): Isoflavones—like biochanin A, formononetin, and genisteinAlternative name(s):Red clover, cow clover, meadow clover, wild clover, purple clover,Trifolium pratenseLegal status: Legal in most states (United States)Suggested dose: May vary based on condition or dosage formSafety considerations:Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and children. Caution use with blood thinners, hormones, and methotrexate. Red clover appears safe for long-term use (up to three years).Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your needs.
Supplement Facts
Active ingredients(s): Isoflavones—like biochanin A, formononetin, and genisteinAlternative name(s):Red clover, cow clover, meadow clover, wild clover, purple clover,Trifolium pratenseLegal status: Legal in most states (United States)Suggested dose: May vary based on condition or dosage formSafety considerations:Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and children. Caution use with blood thinners, hormones, and methotrexate. Red clover appears safe for long-term use (up to three years).Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your needs.
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your needs.
What Happens If I Take Too Much Red Clover?
There is little information about red clover toxicity and overdoses in humans. But in a case report, red clover might be linked to severe bleeding and bruising side effects—similar towarfarintoxicity. This warfarin-like toxicity may have resulted from 5 to 6 cups of red clover-containing herbal tea for two weeks.
If you think you’re experiencing an overdose or life-threatening symptoms, get medical help immediately.
Use caution when taking red clover with the following:
It is essential to carefully read a supplement’s ingredient list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
How to Store Red Clover
Since storage instructions may vary for different herbal products, carefully read the directions and packaging label on the container. But in general, keep your medications tightly closed and out of the reach of children and pets, ideally locked in a cabinet or closet. Try to store your medicines in a cool and dry place.
Discard after one year or as indicated on the packaging. Avoid pouring unused and expired products down the drain or in the toilet. Visit theFDA’s websiteto know where and how to discard all unused and expired products. You can also finddisposal boxesin your area.Ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider if you have any questions about the best ways to dispose of your medications or supplements.
Some of red clover’s potential uses may include relieving menopausal symptoms and lowering high cholesterol.And other potentially similar supplements may include the following:
Black Cohosh
People may useblack cohoshfor several reasons, including menopausal hot flashes. A review suggested that black cohosh extract may relieve menopausal symptoms.
In general, black cohosh appears safe for up to 12 months of use.Like red clover, black cohosh’s side effects may include stomach upset, cramping, and vaginal spotting.And like red clover, black cohosh isn’t recommended for people with breast cancer.What’s more, people with liver problems should also avoid black cohosh. And there is limited safety information about black cohosh use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
Evening Primrose
People may useevening primrosefor various reasons, including relieving menopausal symptoms. Presently, there’s not enough evidence to support evening primrose for any medical condition—like menopause.
In general, evening primrose appears to be safe.And unlike red clover, evening primrose might be safe during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.But similar to red clover, many of evening primrose’s common side effects are related to thedigestive system—like bloatedness or stomach pain.
Flaxseed
People may useflaxseedfor several reasons, including high cholesterol and menopause. According to a review, flaxseed helped with heart and blood vessel conditions—like high cholesterol. But it’s unsure aboutflaxseedoil’s effects on heart and blood vessel conditions. And as for menopause, flaxseed’s results are mixed.
As for safety, raw and unripe flaxseeds may typically have toxic chemicals. While small amounts of flaxseed supplements might generally be safe, flaxseed in very large amounts may be unsafe during pregnancy. And there’s little information about flaxseed’s safety while breastfeeding. As for side effects, flaxseed may cause constipation or diarrhea.
Sources of Red Clover & What to Look For
Don’t take these supplements together or with red clover until you first talk with your healthcare provider. They can help prevent possible interactions and side effects. They can also ensure you’re giving these supplements a fair trial at appropriate doses.
There are several different sources of red clover.
Food Sources of Red Clover
Red clover is naturally available as a wild plant in the legume family.You may see this dried herb used for tea.
Dietary changes may interact with your medications or affect your medical conditions. For this reason, talk with your healthcare provider first. They will help you safely make any dietary changes.
Red Clover Supplements
Red clover is available in various forms, including capsules and tablets. If you have difficulties swallowing pills, red clover is also available in the following dosage forms:
There are also vegan and vegetarian options.The specific product you choose will depend on your preference and what you hope to get in terms of effects. Each product may work a bit differently, depending on the form. So, following your healthcare provider’s recommendations or label directions is essential.
Verywell / Anastasia Tretiak
Summary
Red clover is sometimes used to ease menopausal symptoms, reduce bone loss, treat prostate cancer, and decrease cholesterol to support heart health. While results from some clinical trials are promising, large and well-designed studies are still needed to confirm red clover’s benefits for these purposes.
For this reason, consumers should tread carefully and be aware of potential side effects and interactions. Before taking red clover, talk with your pharmacist or healthcare provider to help you safely achieve your health goals.
Frequently Asked QuestionsWhile there are limited red clover studies on humanfertility, a review of several animal studies found that isoflavones—like the ones in red clover—may negatively affect fertility.Additionally, red clover should also not be used during pregnancy, so it’s best to avoid it when trying to conceive.Phytoestrogens—like the ones from red clover—aren’t typically linked to weight gain in postmenopausal individuals.But they might be connected to slight weight gain in those with certain medical conditions, such asdiabetes,hypertension(high blood pressure), orhyperlipidemia(high cholesterol).
Frequently Asked Questions
While there are limited red clover studies on humanfertility, a review of several animal studies found that isoflavones—like the ones in red clover—may negatively affect fertility.Additionally, red clover should also not be used during pregnancy, so it’s best to avoid it when trying to conceive.
Phytoestrogens—like the ones from red clover—aren’t typically linked to weight gain in postmenopausal individuals.But they might be connected to slight weight gain in those with certain medical conditions, such asdiabetes,hypertension(high blood pressure), orhyperlipidemia(high cholesterol).
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Red clover.Kanadys W, Baranska A, Blaszczuk A, et al.Evaluation of clinical meaningfulness of red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) extract to relieve hot flashes and menopausal symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutrients.2021;13(4):1258. doi:10.3390%2Fnu13041258National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease.Osteoporosis.Thorup AC, Lambert MN, Strom Kahr H, et al.Intake of novel red clover supplementation for 12 weeks improves bone status in healthy menopausal women.Evidenced-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;2015:689138. doi:10.1155%2F2015%2F689138MedlinePlus.Bone density scan.MedlinePlus.Bone density.Luís Â, Domingues F, Pereira L.Effects of red clover on perimenopausal and postmenopausal women’s blood lipid profile: A meta-analysis.Climacteric. 2018;21(5):446-453. doi:10.1080/13697137.2018.1501673Qin Y, Niu K, Zeng Y, et al.Isoflavones for hypercholesterolemia in adults.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009518.pub2Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Clifton-Bligh RJ, et al.Red clover isoflavones enriched with formononetin lower serum LDL cholesterol—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(1):134-142. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.207American Cancer Society.Chemotherapy for prostate cancer.Dong Z, Wang Y, Guo J, et al.Prostate cancer therapy using docetaxel and formononetin combination: hyaluronic acid and epideraml growth factor receptor targeted peptide dual ligands modified binary nanoparticles to facilitate the in vivo anti-tumor activity.Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2022;16:2683-2693. doi:10.2147%2FDDDT.S366622American Cancer Society.Breast cancer signs and symptoms.American Cancer Society.Hormone therapy for breast cancer.Breastcancer.org.Red clover.Karimpour-Reihan S, Firuzei E, Khosravi M, et al.Coagulation disorder following red clover (Trifolium pratense) misuse: a case report.Advanced Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018;2(2):e20. doi:10.22114%2Fajem.v0i0.30Orr A, Parker R.Red clover causing symptoms suggestive of methotrexate toxicity in a patient on high-dose methotrexate.Menopause Int. 2013;19(3):133-134. doi:10.1177/1754045313502473National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Black cohosh.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Evening primrose oil.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Flaxseed and flaxseed oil.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.Sleiman HK, de Oliveira JM, Langoni de Freitas GB.Isoflavones alter male and female fertility in different development windows.Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021;140:111448. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111448Reuters Health.Weight effects of plant-estrogens may vary after menopause.Glisic M, Kastrati N, Musa J, et al.Phytoestrogen supplementation and body composition in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Maturitas. 2018;115:74-83. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.012
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Red clover.Kanadys W, Baranska A, Blaszczuk A, et al.Evaluation of clinical meaningfulness of red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) extract to relieve hot flashes and menopausal symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutrients.2021;13(4):1258. doi:10.3390%2Fnu13041258National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease.Osteoporosis.Thorup AC, Lambert MN, Strom Kahr H, et al.Intake of novel red clover supplementation for 12 weeks improves bone status in healthy menopausal women.Evidenced-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;2015:689138. doi:10.1155%2F2015%2F689138MedlinePlus.Bone density scan.MedlinePlus.Bone density.Luís Â, Domingues F, Pereira L.Effects of red clover on perimenopausal and postmenopausal women’s blood lipid profile: A meta-analysis.Climacteric. 2018;21(5):446-453. doi:10.1080/13697137.2018.1501673Qin Y, Niu K, Zeng Y, et al.Isoflavones for hypercholesterolemia in adults.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009518.pub2Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Clifton-Bligh RJ, et al.Red clover isoflavones enriched with formononetin lower serum LDL cholesterol—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(1):134-142. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.207American Cancer Society.Chemotherapy for prostate cancer.Dong Z, Wang Y, Guo J, et al.Prostate cancer therapy using docetaxel and formononetin combination: hyaluronic acid and epideraml growth factor receptor targeted peptide dual ligands modified binary nanoparticles to facilitate the in vivo anti-tumor activity.Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2022;16:2683-2693. doi:10.2147%2FDDDT.S366622American Cancer Society.Breast cancer signs and symptoms.American Cancer Society.Hormone therapy for breast cancer.Breastcancer.org.Red clover.Karimpour-Reihan S, Firuzei E, Khosravi M, et al.Coagulation disorder following red clover (Trifolium pratense) misuse: a case report.Advanced Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018;2(2):e20. doi:10.22114%2Fajem.v0i0.30Orr A, Parker R.Red clover causing symptoms suggestive of methotrexate toxicity in a patient on high-dose methotrexate.Menopause Int. 2013;19(3):133-134. doi:10.1177/1754045313502473National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Black cohosh.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Evening primrose oil.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Flaxseed and flaxseed oil.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.Sleiman HK, de Oliveira JM, Langoni de Freitas GB.Isoflavones alter male and female fertility in different development windows.Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021;140:111448. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111448Reuters Health.Weight effects of plant-estrogens may vary after menopause.Glisic M, Kastrati N, Musa J, et al.Phytoestrogen supplementation and body composition in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Maturitas. 2018;115:74-83. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.012
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Red clover.Kanadys W, Baranska A, Blaszczuk A, et al.Evaluation of clinical meaningfulness of red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) extract to relieve hot flashes and menopausal symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutrients.2021;13(4):1258. doi:10.3390%2Fnu13041258National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease.Osteoporosis.Thorup AC, Lambert MN, Strom Kahr H, et al.Intake of novel red clover supplementation for 12 weeks improves bone status in healthy menopausal women.Evidenced-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;2015:689138. doi:10.1155%2F2015%2F689138MedlinePlus.Bone density scan.MedlinePlus.Bone density.Luís Â, Domingues F, Pereira L.Effects of red clover on perimenopausal and postmenopausal women’s blood lipid profile: A meta-analysis.Climacteric. 2018;21(5):446-453. doi:10.1080/13697137.2018.1501673Qin Y, Niu K, Zeng Y, et al.Isoflavones for hypercholesterolemia in adults.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009518.pub2Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Clifton-Bligh RJ, et al.Red clover isoflavones enriched with formononetin lower serum LDL cholesterol—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(1):134-142. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.207American Cancer Society.Chemotherapy for prostate cancer.Dong Z, Wang Y, Guo J, et al.Prostate cancer therapy using docetaxel and formononetin combination: hyaluronic acid and epideraml growth factor receptor targeted peptide dual ligands modified binary nanoparticles to facilitate the in vivo anti-tumor activity.Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2022;16:2683-2693. doi:10.2147%2FDDDT.S366622American Cancer Society.Breast cancer signs and symptoms.American Cancer Society.Hormone therapy for breast cancer.Breastcancer.org.Red clover.Karimpour-Reihan S, Firuzei E, Khosravi M, et al.Coagulation disorder following red clover (Trifolium pratense) misuse: a case report.Advanced Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018;2(2):e20. doi:10.22114%2Fajem.v0i0.30Orr A, Parker R.Red clover causing symptoms suggestive of methotrexate toxicity in a patient on high-dose methotrexate.Menopause Int. 2013;19(3):133-134. doi:10.1177/1754045313502473National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Black cohosh.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Evening primrose oil.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Flaxseed and flaxseed oil.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.Sleiman HK, de Oliveira JM, Langoni de Freitas GB.Isoflavones alter male and female fertility in different development windows.Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021;140:111448. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111448Reuters Health.Weight effects of plant-estrogens may vary after menopause.Glisic M, Kastrati N, Musa J, et al.Phytoestrogen supplementation and body composition in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Maturitas. 2018;115:74-83. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.012
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Red clover.
Kanadys W, Baranska A, Blaszczuk A, et al.Evaluation of clinical meaningfulness of red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) extract to relieve hot flashes and menopausal symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Nutrients.2021;13(4):1258. doi:10.3390%2Fnu13041258
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease.Osteoporosis.
Thorup AC, Lambert MN, Strom Kahr H, et al.Intake of novel red clover supplementation for 12 weeks improves bone status in healthy menopausal women.Evidenced-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;2015:689138. doi:10.1155%2F2015%2F689138
MedlinePlus.Bone density scan.
MedlinePlus.Bone density.
Luís Â, Domingues F, Pereira L.Effects of red clover on perimenopausal and postmenopausal women’s blood lipid profile: A meta-analysis.Climacteric. 2018;21(5):446-453. doi:10.1080/13697137.2018.1501673
Qin Y, Niu K, Zeng Y, et al.Isoflavones for hypercholesterolemia in adults.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009518.pub2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Clifton-Bligh RJ, et al.Red clover isoflavones enriched with formononetin lower serum LDL cholesterol—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(1):134-142. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.207
American Cancer Society.Chemotherapy for prostate cancer.
Dong Z, Wang Y, Guo J, et al.Prostate cancer therapy using docetaxel and formononetin combination: hyaluronic acid and epideraml growth factor receptor targeted peptide dual ligands modified binary nanoparticles to facilitate the in vivo anti-tumor activity.Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2022;16:2683-2693. doi:10.2147%2FDDDT.S366622
American Cancer Society.Breast cancer signs and symptoms.
American Cancer Society.Hormone therapy for breast cancer.
Breastcancer.org.Red clover.
Karimpour-Reihan S, Firuzei E, Khosravi M, et al.Coagulation disorder following red clover (Trifolium pratense) misuse: a case report.Advanced Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018;2(2):e20. doi:10.22114%2Fajem.v0i0.30
Orr A, Parker R.Red clover causing symptoms suggestive of methotrexate toxicity in a patient on high-dose methotrexate.Menopause Int. 2013;19(3):133-134. doi:10.1177/1754045313502473
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Black cohosh.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Evening primrose oil.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Flaxseed and flaxseed oil.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.
Sleiman HK, de Oliveira JM, Langoni de Freitas GB.Isoflavones alter male and female fertility in different development windows.Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021;140:111448. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111448
Reuters Health.Weight effects of plant-estrogens may vary after menopause.
Glisic M, Kastrati N, Musa J, et al.Phytoestrogen supplementation and body composition in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Maturitas. 2018;115:74-83. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.06.012
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