Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsOverview of OAB MedicationsAnticholinergicsBeta-3 Adrenergic AgonistsAntidepressantsHormonesBotoxAlternative TreatmentsNatural TreatmentsOveractive Bladder CausesWhen to Contact Your Healthcare ProviderNext in Overactive Bladder GuideSymptoms of Overactive Bladder
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Overview of OAB Medications
Anticholinergics
Beta-3 Adrenergic Agonists
Antidepressants
Hormones
Botox
Alternative Treatments
Natural Treatments
Overactive Bladder Causes
When to Contact Your Healthcare Provider
Next in Overactive Bladder Guide
People with OAB often (but not always) have the following symptoms as well:
When lifestyle and behavioral modifications fail, multiple other treatment options are available. The medications most commonly taken for OAB are prescription anticholinergics or beta-3 adrenergic agonists.
Here’s what you need to know about medication options to help control symptoms of OAB.
Willie B. Thomas / Getty Images
Lifestyle ModificationsThe American Urological Association recommends lifestyle modifications and behavioral therapiesbeforestarting medications for OAB.These can also happen in conjunction with medications.Strategies with proven effectiveness include the following:Achieving a healthy weight via diet and exercisePelvic floor therapyto increase strength and suppress the urge to urinateReducing caffeineFluid management, ideally limiting fluids to less than six 8-ounce glasses per dayBiofeedback
Lifestyle Modifications
The American Urological Association recommends lifestyle modifications and behavioral therapiesbeforestarting medications for OAB.These can also happen in conjunction with medications.Strategies with proven effectiveness include the following:Achieving a healthy weight via diet and exercisePelvic floor therapyto increase strength and suppress the urge to urinateReducing caffeineFluid management, ideally limiting fluids to less than six 8-ounce glasses per dayBiofeedback
The American Urological Association recommends lifestyle modifications and behavioral therapiesbeforestarting medications for OAB.These can also happen in conjunction with medications.
Strategies with proven effectiveness include the following:
Several types of medications may be prescribed for OAB management. The two most common classes include the following:
Other medications that are taken for OAB less commonly include:
Here’s a closer look at the medicines in these classes.
A Word From VerywellThe best treatment for overactive bladder includes behavioral therapy (bladder training, pelvic exercises, and fluid management), which may be combined with medications. A personalized approach and the specifics of a treatment plan will vary depending on the severity of symptoms and the underlying cause.—MARY CHOY, PHARMD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
A Word From Verywell
The best treatment for overactive bladder includes behavioral therapy (bladder training, pelvic exercises, and fluid management), which may be combined with medications. A personalized approach and the specifics of a treatment plan will vary depending on the severity of symptoms and the underlying cause.—MARY CHOY, PHARMD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
The best treatment for overactive bladder includes behavioral therapy (bladder training, pelvic exercises, and fluid management), which may be combined with medications. A personalized approach and the specifics of a treatment plan will vary depending on the severity of symptoms and the underlying cause.
—MARY CHOY, PHARMD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
Anticholinergic Medications
As a class, anticholinergic medicines are known for causing some serious side effects, such as the following:
These side effects are more common in older adults.Taking more than one medicine with anticholinergic action, such as some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and allergy medicines, can intensify them.For this reason, older people should only take medicines in this class when the benefits outweigh the risks.
For mild anticholinergic side effects, consider strategies likeincreasing your fiber intakeor addingMiraLAXfor constipation.For dry eyes, you can use lubricating eye drops.
If you are experiencing severe side effects from your medicine, discuss other options with your healthcare provider. Your doctor may lower your dose, switch to another medicine, or try alternative treatments. Because of the high incidence of this class of medication’s side effects, many healthcare providers are turning away from it in favor of other treatments.
Beta-3 adrenergic agonistswork to relax bladder muscles and increase bladder capacity, offering an alternative treatment option for OAB.
They are as effective as anticholinergic medications in treating the symptoms of OAB but with fewer side effects.
There are two drugs currently available in this class:
Some antidepressants may reduce OAB symptoms in people who also have depression, though the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this use.
Antidepressants that have been studied for OAB include:
Remember that significant side effects are also associated with these medicines.
Cymbalta can cause drowsiness, high blood pressure, and a fast heart rate.Tofranil is associated withmania, heart abnormalities, andsun sensitivity.
Both medicines carry a black-box warning due to an increased risk ofsuicidal ideationin children, adolescents, and young adults.
Cymbalta RecallStarting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer.If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetinecan be dangerous.The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released inOctoberandDecember.
Cymbalta Recall
Starting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer.If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetinecan be dangerous.The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released inOctoberandDecember.
Starting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer.If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetinecan be dangerous.
The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released inOctoberandDecember.
Estrogenis a hormonal option for controlling OAB symptoms in females after menopause.
Some prescription products include:
Estrogen increases the strength and flexibility of pelvic floor muscles to help control incontinence— but keep in mind that current guidelines do not recommend it.
Precautions to note if you’re considering an estrogen product: estrogen can increase the risk ofstrokeorblood clotsand may also increase the risk ofendometrial cancer.
As always, discuss the pros and cons of hormone therapy with your healthcare provider before starting treatment.
Botox (botulinum toxin A) can be injected into the bladder wall to relax or paralyze the detrusor muscle.It is FDA-approved for OAB.
The ideal dose of Botox for OAB is 100 units. Higher doses work better but can often causeurinary retentionor the inability to urinate.Other side effects include UTIs, pain when urinating, and muscle weakness.Up to 45% of people who get Botox injections for OAB reported difficulties urinating after the procedure.
A few important things to remember: Botox injections wear off over time and must be repeated every six to nine months.And if you decide to go this route, you may have to use acatheterto release extra urine if it builds up.
Alternative Treatment Approaches
Other alternative treatments are generally recommended only after other therapies have failed.
These more invasive strategies include:
Some people prefer natural remedies for OAB—but note that natural does not always mean safe. These treatments aren’t generally studied like prescription medications, so we know less about their benefits and risks.
Natural treatments for OAB include the following:
Overall, there’s not much evidence that these treatments are effective. More research is necessary before they can be routinely recommended.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements like prescription drugs. This means some supplement products may not contain what the label says.Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN or RD), or pharmacist.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements like prescription drugs. This means some supplement products may not contain what the label says.
Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN or RD), or pharmacist.
Though the exact cause of OAB is unknown, there are several theories. Some involve dysfunction of body parts like the detrusor (bladdermuscle) or theurethra.
Other theories focus on imbalances in theautonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions like breathing and heart rate.
Older age is recognized as a risk factor for developing OAB. In the United States, over one in four males and almost half of females over age 40 have symptoms of OAB.
Other possible risk factors for OAB include the following:
When to Speak to Your Healthcare Provider
If you are experiencing symptoms of OAB, seeking guidance from healthcare providers likeurologistsorprimary care physiciansis key. These providers can diagnose and recommend therapies or medications that help.
Before starting or discontinuing any OAB medication, take the time to discuss potential risks, benefits, and alternatives to optimize your therapy. Pharmacists are great resources for treatment recommendations, screening for drug interactions, and helping you keep up with your medications.
Summary
When it comes to OAB, there are lots of treatment options available. Before adding medications, the latest recommendations call for lifestyle modifications and behavioral interventions.
The medications most commonly taken for OAB are prescription anticholinergics or beta-3 adrenergic agonists.Anticholinergics, in particular, are associated with some significant side effects, including dry mouth, constipation, and cognitive impairment.
If these medicines don’t help or side effects make them a poor choice for you, alternative medications include antidepressants, estrogen, and Botox. Procedures like posterior tibial nerve stimulation or sacral neuromodulation are options as well. There are notable precautions to keep in mind for whichever option you choose.
Your healthcare provider or pharmacist can help you decide which intervention or medication may be best for you. If you experience side effects or feel your treatment isn’t working, ask your healthcare provider which alternatives can help.
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L et al:Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline Amendment (2019).J Urol.2019; 202: 558.Araklitis G, Baines G, da Silva AS, et al.Recent advances in managing overactive bladder.F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1125. Published 2020 Sep 11. doi:10.12688/f1000research.26607.1Scarneciu I, Lupu S, Bratu OG, et al.Overactive bladder: a review and update.Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(6):1444. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10879Olivera CK, Meriwether K, El-Nashar S, et al.Nonantimuscarinic treatment for overactive bladder: a systematic review.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(1):34-57. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.156Fontaine C, Papworth E, Pascoe J, et al.Update on the management of overactive bladder.Ther Adv Urol. 2021;13:17562872211039034. Published 2021 Aug 31. doi:10.1177/17562872211039034Leron E, Weintraub AY, Mastrolia SA, et al.Overactive bladder syndrome: evaluation and management.Curr Urol. 2018;11(3):117-125. doi:10.1159/000447205Krhut J, Skugarevská B, Míka D, et al.Clinical utility of β3-adrenoreceptor agonists for the treatment of overactive bladder: a review of the evidence and current recommendations.Res Rep Urol. 2022;14:167-175. Published 2022 Apr 26. doi:10.2147/RRU.S309144Paton DM.Vibegron: a β3-adrenergic agonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.Drugs Today (Barc). 2021;57(8):507-517. doi:10.1358/dot.2021.57.8.3293588Wang SM, Lee HK, Kweon YS, et al.Overactive bladder successfully treated with duloxetine in a female adolescent.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(2):212-214. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.2.212Baruch Y, Torella M, De Bastiani S, et al.Pre- versus post-menopausal onset of overactive bladder and the response to vaginal estrogen therapy: a prospective study.Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(2):245. Published 2023 Jan 27. doi:10.3390/medicina59020245Stoniute A, Madhuvrata P, Still M, et al.Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;5(5):CD003781. Published 2023 May 9. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003781.pub3López-Álvarez J, Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones J, Agüera-Ortiz L.Anticholinergic drugs in geriatric psychopharmacology.Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1309. Published 2019 Dec 6. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01309U.S. Food and Drug Administration.OXYTROL® (oxybutynin transdermal system) prescribing information.Stroup TS, Gray N.Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications.World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):341-356. doi:10.1002/wps.20567Dmochowski RR, Newman DK, Rovner ES, et al.Patient and clinician challenges with anticholinergic step therapy in the treatment of overactive bladder: a narrative review.Adv Ther. 2023;40(11):4741-4757. doi:10.1007/s12325-023-02625-8Bragg R, Hebel D, Vouri SM, et al.Mirabegron: a beta-3 agonist for overactive bladder.Consult Pharm. 2014;29(12):823-837. doi:10.4140/TCP.n.2014.823Frankel J, Staskin D, Varano S, et al.An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of vibegron in the treatment of overactive bladder.Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2022;18:171-182. Published 2022 Mar 3. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S310371U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Imipramine hydrochloride prescribing information.Rodrigues-Amorim D, Olivares JM, Spuch C, et al.A systematic review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of duloxetine.Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:554899. Published 2020 Oct 23. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.554899U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Cymbalta (duloxetine hydrochloride) delayed-release capsules prescribing information.Food and Drug Administration.What to Know and Do About Possible Nitrosamines in Your Medication.Thomas-White K, Taege S, Limeira R, et al.Vaginal estrogen therapy is associated with increasedLactobacillusin the urine of postmenopausal women with overactive bladder symptoms.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(5):727.e1-727.e11. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.006Chughtai B, Kavaler E, Lee R, et al.Use of herbal supplements for overactive bladder.Rev Urol. 2013;15(3):93-96.Markland AD, Vaughan CP, Huang AJ, et al.Effect of vitamin D supplementation on overactive bladder and urinary incontinence symptoms in older men: ancillary findings from a randomized trial.J Urol. 2023;209(1):243-252. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000002942Hargreaves E, Baker K, Barry G, et al.Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;9(9):CD013519. Published 2022 Sep 23. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013519.pub2
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L et al:Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline Amendment (2019).J Urol.2019; 202: 558.Araklitis G, Baines G, da Silva AS, et al.Recent advances in managing overactive bladder.F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1125. Published 2020 Sep 11. doi:10.12688/f1000research.26607.1Scarneciu I, Lupu S, Bratu OG, et al.Overactive bladder: a review and update.Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(6):1444. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10879Olivera CK, Meriwether K, El-Nashar S, et al.Nonantimuscarinic treatment for overactive bladder: a systematic review.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(1):34-57. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.156Fontaine C, Papworth E, Pascoe J, et al.Update on the management of overactive bladder.Ther Adv Urol. 2021;13:17562872211039034. Published 2021 Aug 31. doi:10.1177/17562872211039034Leron E, Weintraub AY, Mastrolia SA, et al.Overactive bladder syndrome: evaluation and management.Curr Urol. 2018;11(3):117-125. doi:10.1159/000447205Krhut J, Skugarevská B, Míka D, et al.Clinical utility of β3-adrenoreceptor agonists for the treatment of overactive bladder: a review of the evidence and current recommendations.Res Rep Urol. 2022;14:167-175. Published 2022 Apr 26. doi:10.2147/RRU.S309144Paton DM.Vibegron: a β3-adrenergic agonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.Drugs Today (Barc). 2021;57(8):507-517. doi:10.1358/dot.2021.57.8.3293588Wang SM, Lee HK, Kweon YS, et al.Overactive bladder successfully treated with duloxetine in a female adolescent.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(2):212-214. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.2.212Baruch Y, Torella M, De Bastiani S, et al.Pre- versus post-menopausal onset of overactive bladder and the response to vaginal estrogen therapy: a prospective study.Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(2):245. Published 2023 Jan 27. doi:10.3390/medicina59020245Stoniute A, Madhuvrata P, Still M, et al.Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;5(5):CD003781. Published 2023 May 9. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003781.pub3López-Álvarez J, Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones J, Agüera-Ortiz L.Anticholinergic drugs in geriatric psychopharmacology.Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1309. Published 2019 Dec 6. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01309U.S. Food and Drug Administration.OXYTROL® (oxybutynin transdermal system) prescribing information.Stroup TS, Gray N.Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications.World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):341-356. doi:10.1002/wps.20567Dmochowski RR, Newman DK, Rovner ES, et al.Patient and clinician challenges with anticholinergic step therapy in the treatment of overactive bladder: a narrative review.Adv Ther. 2023;40(11):4741-4757. doi:10.1007/s12325-023-02625-8Bragg R, Hebel D, Vouri SM, et al.Mirabegron: a beta-3 agonist for overactive bladder.Consult Pharm. 2014;29(12):823-837. doi:10.4140/TCP.n.2014.823Frankel J, Staskin D, Varano S, et al.An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of vibegron in the treatment of overactive bladder.Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2022;18:171-182. Published 2022 Mar 3. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S310371U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Imipramine hydrochloride prescribing information.Rodrigues-Amorim D, Olivares JM, Spuch C, et al.A systematic review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of duloxetine.Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:554899. Published 2020 Oct 23. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.554899U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Cymbalta (duloxetine hydrochloride) delayed-release capsules prescribing information.Food and Drug Administration.What to Know and Do About Possible Nitrosamines in Your Medication.Thomas-White K, Taege S, Limeira R, et al.Vaginal estrogen therapy is associated with increasedLactobacillusin the urine of postmenopausal women with overactive bladder symptoms.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(5):727.e1-727.e11. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.006Chughtai B, Kavaler E, Lee R, et al.Use of herbal supplements for overactive bladder.Rev Urol. 2013;15(3):93-96.Markland AD, Vaughan CP, Huang AJ, et al.Effect of vitamin D supplementation on overactive bladder and urinary incontinence symptoms in older men: ancillary findings from a randomized trial.J Urol. 2023;209(1):243-252. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000002942Hargreaves E, Baker K, Barry G, et al.Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;9(9):CD013519. Published 2022 Sep 23. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013519.pub2
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L et al:Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline Amendment (2019).J Urol.2019; 202: 558.Araklitis G, Baines G, da Silva AS, et al.Recent advances in managing overactive bladder.F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1125. Published 2020 Sep 11. doi:10.12688/f1000research.26607.1Scarneciu I, Lupu S, Bratu OG, et al.Overactive bladder: a review and update.Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(6):1444. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10879Olivera CK, Meriwether K, El-Nashar S, et al.Nonantimuscarinic treatment for overactive bladder: a systematic review.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(1):34-57. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.156Fontaine C, Papworth E, Pascoe J, et al.Update on the management of overactive bladder.Ther Adv Urol. 2021;13:17562872211039034. Published 2021 Aug 31. doi:10.1177/17562872211039034Leron E, Weintraub AY, Mastrolia SA, et al.Overactive bladder syndrome: evaluation and management.Curr Urol. 2018;11(3):117-125. doi:10.1159/000447205Krhut J, Skugarevská B, Míka D, et al.Clinical utility of β3-adrenoreceptor agonists for the treatment of overactive bladder: a review of the evidence and current recommendations.Res Rep Urol. 2022;14:167-175. Published 2022 Apr 26. doi:10.2147/RRU.S309144Paton DM.Vibegron: a β3-adrenergic agonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.Drugs Today (Barc). 2021;57(8):507-517. doi:10.1358/dot.2021.57.8.3293588Wang SM, Lee HK, Kweon YS, et al.Overactive bladder successfully treated with duloxetine in a female adolescent.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(2):212-214. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.2.212Baruch Y, Torella M, De Bastiani S, et al.Pre- versus post-menopausal onset of overactive bladder and the response to vaginal estrogen therapy: a prospective study.Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(2):245. Published 2023 Jan 27. doi:10.3390/medicina59020245Stoniute A, Madhuvrata P, Still M, et al.Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;5(5):CD003781. Published 2023 May 9. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003781.pub3López-Álvarez J, Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones J, Agüera-Ortiz L.Anticholinergic drugs in geriatric psychopharmacology.Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1309. Published 2019 Dec 6. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01309U.S. Food and Drug Administration.OXYTROL® (oxybutynin transdermal system) prescribing information.Stroup TS, Gray N.Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications.World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):341-356. doi:10.1002/wps.20567Dmochowski RR, Newman DK, Rovner ES, et al.Patient and clinician challenges with anticholinergic step therapy in the treatment of overactive bladder: a narrative review.Adv Ther. 2023;40(11):4741-4757. doi:10.1007/s12325-023-02625-8Bragg R, Hebel D, Vouri SM, et al.Mirabegron: a beta-3 agonist for overactive bladder.Consult Pharm. 2014;29(12):823-837. doi:10.4140/TCP.n.2014.823Frankel J, Staskin D, Varano S, et al.An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of vibegron in the treatment of overactive bladder.Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2022;18:171-182. Published 2022 Mar 3. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S310371U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Imipramine hydrochloride prescribing information.Rodrigues-Amorim D, Olivares JM, Spuch C, et al.A systematic review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of duloxetine.Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:554899. Published 2020 Oct 23. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.554899U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Cymbalta (duloxetine hydrochloride) delayed-release capsules prescribing information.Food and Drug Administration.What to Know and Do About Possible Nitrosamines in Your Medication.Thomas-White K, Taege S, Limeira R, et al.Vaginal estrogen therapy is associated with increasedLactobacillusin the urine of postmenopausal women with overactive bladder symptoms.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(5):727.e1-727.e11. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.006Chughtai B, Kavaler E, Lee R, et al.Use of herbal supplements for overactive bladder.Rev Urol. 2013;15(3):93-96.Markland AD, Vaughan CP, Huang AJ, et al.Effect of vitamin D supplementation on overactive bladder and urinary incontinence symptoms in older men: ancillary findings from a randomized trial.J Urol. 2023;209(1):243-252. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000002942Hargreaves E, Baker K, Barry G, et al.Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;9(9):CD013519. Published 2022 Sep 23. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013519.pub2
Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L et al:Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU Guideline Amendment (2019).J Urol.2019; 202: 558.
Araklitis G, Baines G, da Silva AS, et al.Recent advances in managing overactive bladder.F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1125. Published 2020 Sep 11. doi:10.12688/f1000research.26607.1
Scarneciu I, Lupu S, Bratu OG, et al.Overactive bladder: a review and update.Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(6):1444. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10879
Olivera CK, Meriwether K, El-Nashar S, et al.Nonantimuscarinic treatment for overactive bladder: a systematic review.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(1):34-57. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.156
Fontaine C, Papworth E, Pascoe J, et al.Update on the management of overactive bladder.Ther Adv Urol. 2021;13:17562872211039034. Published 2021 Aug 31. doi:10.1177/17562872211039034
Leron E, Weintraub AY, Mastrolia SA, et al.Overactive bladder syndrome: evaluation and management.Curr Urol. 2018;11(3):117-125. doi:10.1159/000447205
Krhut J, Skugarevská B, Míka D, et al.Clinical utility of β3-adrenoreceptor agonists for the treatment of overactive bladder: a review of the evidence and current recommendations.Res Rep Urol. 2022;14:167-175. Published 2022 Apr 26. doi:10.2147/RRU.S309144
Paton DM.Vibegron: a β3-adrenergic agonist for the treatment of overactive bladder.Drugs Today (Barc). 2021;57(8):507-517. doi:10.1358/dot.2021.57.8.3293588
Wang SM, Lee HK, Kweon YS, et al.Overactive bladder successfully treated with duloxetine in a female adolescent.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2015;13(2):212-214. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.2.212
Baruch Y, Torella M, De Bastiani S, et al.Pre- versus post-menopausal onset of overactive bladder and the response to vaginal estrogen therapy: a prospective study.Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(2):245. Published 2023 Jan 27. doi:10.3390/medicina59020245
Stoniute A, Madhuvrata P, Still M, et al.Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;5(5):CD003781. Published 2023 May 9. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003781.pub3
López-Álvarez J, Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones J, Agüera-Ortiz L.Anticholinergic drugs in geriatric psychopharmacology.Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1309. Published 2019 Dec 6. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01309
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.OXYTROL® (oxybutynin transdermal system) prescribing information.
Stroup TS, Gray N.Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications.World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):341-356. doi:10.1002/wps.20567
Dmochowski RR, Newman DK, Rovner ES, et al.Patient and clinician challenges with anticholinergic step therapy in the treatment of overactive bladder: a narrative review.Adv Ther. 2023;40(11):4741-4757. doi:10.1007/s12325-023-02625-8
Bragg R, Hebel D, Vouri SM, et al.Mirabegron: a beta-3 agonist for overactive bladder.Consult Pharm. 2014;29(12):823-837. doi:10.4140/TCP.n.2014.823
Frankel J, Staskin D, Varano S, et al.An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of vibegron in the treatment of overactive bladder.Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2022;18:171-182. Published 2022 Mar 3. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S310371
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Imipramine hydrochloride prescribing information.
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