Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsPurposeUsesContraindicationsProcedure StepsEffectivenessSide Effects & RisksCostFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Purpose
Uses
Contraindications
Procedure Steps
Effectiveness
Side Effects & Risks
Cost
Frequently Asked Questions
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), or plasma exchange therapy, is a procedure in which the plasma in your blood is removed and replaced with another fluid, similar to what happens in kidney dialysis. Therapeutic plasma exchange is also called plasmapheresis and apheresis.
Plasma exchange therapy is used to treat several neurological diseases, includingmultiple sclerosis (MS). Therapeutic plasma exchange is a fairly painless procedure.
This article covers exactly what therapeutic plasma exchange entails. You will also learn which conditions plasma exchange therapy can be used for, as well as what to expect if you have this treatment done.
Purpose of Plasma Exchange Therapy
During therapeutic plasma exchange, a machine removes blood from your body and then separates theplasma—the liquid portion—from your red and white blood cells. The plasma is then discarded and replaced with a different type of fluid, usually donor plasma and/or albumin solution, before being returned along with the cells back to your body.
The goal of plasma exchange therapy is to remove harmful substances that are circulating in your plasma.
In the case of MS, these are thought to be antibodies against the protein that makes upmyelin.
Uses for Therapeutic Plasma Exchange
It’s also sometimes used for people who are unable to receive high doses of corticosteroids.
While MS treatment is the most common use, plasma exchange therapy is also used in cases of solid organ transplant rejection and for a variety of other, rarer diseases and conditions. Some examples include:
How Is MS Treated?
Plasma Exchange in COVID-19
In 2020, the FDA announced an investigational treatment for COVID-19 using therapeutic plasma exchange.Working under the assumption that people who have recovered from COVID-19 now have antibodies to the SARS-Cov-2 virus in their blood, researchers are interested in using those antibodies as a treatment for those who are sick.
In clinical trials, antibody-rich plasma will be collected from blood samples of recovered COVID-19 patients and transferred to critically ill COVID-19 patients. Mount Sinai Health System in New York City will be the first in the U.S. to experiment with therapeutic plasma exchange for this purpose.It is one of the hospitals that are part of the National COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Project.
The FDA is allowing any healthcare provider treating serious cases of COVID-19 to use single-patient emergency Investigational New Drug Applications (eINDs) to request plasma for their patients.
Convalescent Plasma May Help Prevent COVID Hospitalization
Who Should Not Have This Treatment
Plasma exchange therapy may not be appropriate for some people with certain conditions or allergies, including:
The Plasma Exchange Therapy Procedure
Verywell / Emily Roberts
Here’s an overview of what happens during therapeutic plasma exchange:
All of these steps happen automatically and continuously through IV-type needles/catheters. In some cases, this is done through one needle and the separation and remixing are done in small batches.
The whole procedure takes between two and three hours to complete.
Although there isn’t a specific recommended number of plasma exchange therapy procedures, most people receive somewhere between three and seven treatments, depending on individual needs.
How Effective Is Plasma Exchange Therapy?
The treatment guidelines from the ASFA, which include extensive literature reviews, report that five to seven plasma exchange therapy treatments benefit approximately 50% of patients with an MS relapse that doesn’t respond to steroid treatment.The researchers also found that the earlier patients were treated with therapeutic plasma exchange, ideally within 14 to 20 days of their symptoms first appearing, the better their outcome was.
One 2017 study looked at 37 patients who were treated with therapeutic plasma exchange because their MS relapses had been unresponsive to corticosteroids.The researchers wanted to see if the plasma exchange therapy helped these patients again become responsive to corticosteroids, so during the first relapse the patients had post-plasma exchange therapy, they were all treated with steroids once again.
With the steroid treatment, 10 of the patients showed marked improvement, 24 showed moderate improvement, and there was no effect in three. The researchers concluded that corticosteroids might still be the first-line therapy in subsequent relapses after therapeutic plasma exchange.
Plasma Exchange Therapy for TTP
Half of the patients (18) had a significant improvement in their Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) a year after therapeutic plasma exchange, while 16 remained stable, and two deteriorated further. Prior to plasma exchange therapy, 16 patients with active primary progressive MS had reported a total of 16 relapses the year before. A year after therapeutic plasma exchange, the total number of relapses decreased to two.
The study also found that the improvement rate was greater in patients with active primary progressive MS (71%) than in those with secondary progressive MS (43%). These results indicate that therapeutic plasma exchange may indeed be a beneficial second-line option for some patients with progressive MS who don’t respond to steroids.
How Is Disability Determined If You Have MS?
Side Effects and Risks of Plasma Exchange Therapy
The possible side effects of therapeutic plasma exchange include:
These depend on a number of factors such as your general health, the number of therapeutic plasma exchange procedures you have, and the type of replacement fluid that’s used.
Side effects of plasma exchange therapy are more common whendonor plasmais used as the replacement fluid.
Complications
Infectionsfrom therapeutic plasma exchange are a potential risk, but also rare, thanks to new technology and sterile replacement fluid.
Blood clotsare another rare serious complication of therapeutic plasma exchange. Your healthcare provider may prescribe ablood thinnercalled an anticoagulant before your procedure to reduce this risk. Examples include warfarin, Pradaxa (dabigatran), Xarelto (rivaroxaban), Eliquis (apixaban), and Savaysa (edoxaban).
Other potential risks of therapeutic plasma exchange include:
Very rarely, plasma exchange therapy can lead to death, but this occurs in only 0.03% to 0.05% of cases. The majority of deaths result from respiratory or cardiac complications.
What Are Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections?
Cost of Plasma Exchange Therapy
Prices for therapeutic plasma exchange vary depending on where you live, where you have the procedure done, and whether or not your insurance covers the procedure. Plasma exchange therapy treatment is usually somewhere in the ballpark of $1200 per procedure when albumin is the replacement fluid that’s used.
If your healthcare provider deems it necessary for you to have plasma exchange therapy, your insurance will likely cover it, though you may needpre-approvalor a letter from your healthcare provider. Contact your insurance provider for more information.
Summary
Therapeutic plasma exchange is generally a safe and well-tolerated procedure. Still, it is not without potential side effects and risks that are worth knowing about.
Be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about any concerns or questions you may have regarding all of your treatment options and whether therapeutic plasma exchange might be an appropriate choice for you. You can use our Doctor Discussion Guide below to help you start that conversation.
Multiple Sclerosis Doctor Discussion GuideGet our printable guide for your next doctor’s appointment to help you ask the right questions.Download PDFEmail AddressSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
Get our printable guide for your next doctor’s appointment to help you ask the right questions.
Download PDF
Email AddressSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
Sign Up
Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.
There was an error. Please try again.
Frequently Asked QuestionsConvalescent plasma—when antibody-rich plasma is taken from someone who had COVID-19 and got better and is given to someone who currently has COVID-19—has been explored since the early days of the pandemic. However, the research has been mixed about how well plasma exchange therapy works and whether it’s worth the possible risks for people with COVID-19.Learn MoreCOVID-19 Treatment OptionsPlasma exchange therapy is similar to dialysis, but it’s not the same treatment. Dialysis does the work of the kidneys, removing waste from the blood and your body.Therapeutic plasma exchange separates the plasma from the rest of the blood, but it doesn’t remove anything else.Learn MoreWhat Happens During Dialysis?
Convalescent plasma—when antibody-rich plasma is taken from someone who had COVID-19 and got better and is given to someone who currently has COVID-19—has been explored since the early days of the pandemic. However, the research has been mixed about how well plasma exchange therapy works and whether it’s worth the possible risks for people with COVID-19.Learn MoreCOVID-19 Treatment Options
Convalescent plasma—when antibody-rich plasma is taken from someone who had COVID-19 and got better and is given to someone who currently has COVID-19—has been explored since the early days of the pandemic. However, the research has been mixed about how well plasma exchange therapy works and whether it’s worth the possible risks for people with COVID-19.
Learn MoreCOVID-19 Treatment Options
Plasma exchange therapy is similar to dialysis, but it’s not the same treatment. Dialysis does the work of the kidneys, removing waste from the blood and your body.Therapeutic plasma exchange separates the plasma from the rest of the blood, but it doesn’t remove anything else.Learn MoreWhat Happens During Dialysis?
Plasma exchange therapy is similar to dialysis, but it’s not the same treatment. Dialysis does the work of the kidneys, removing waste from the blood and your body.Therapeutic plasma exchange separates the plasma from the rest of the blood, but it doesn’t remove anything else.
Learn MoreWhat Happens During Dialysis?
18 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bobati SS.Therapeutic plasma exchange - an emerging treatment modality in patients with neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.JCDR. 2017. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27073.10480Ehler J, Koball S, Sauer M, et al.Response to therapeutic plasma exchange as a rescue treatment in clinically isolated syndromes and acute worsening of multiple sclerosis: A retrospective analysis of 90 patients.PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0134583. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134583Bunganic R, Blahutova S, Revendova K, et al.Therapeutic plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis patients with an aggressive relapse: An observational analysis in a high-volume center.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):18374. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23356-wLipphardt M, Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ.Plasma exchange or immunoadsorption in demyelinating diseases: A meta-analysis.JCM. 2020;9(5):1597. doi:10.3390/jcm9051597U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: Daily roundup, March 24, 2020.Mount Sinai.Mount Sinai to begin the transfer of COVID-19 antibodies into critically ill patients.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Recommendations for investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma.Bobati SS, Naik KR.Therapeutic plasma exchange - An emerging treatment modality in patients with neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(8):EC35-EC37. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27073.10480Szczepiorkowski ZM, Winters JL, Bandarenko N, et al.Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice—Evidence-based approach from the Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for Apheresis.J Clin Apher. 2010;25:83-177. doi:10.1002/jca.20240Ehler J, Blechinger S, Rommer PS, et al.Treatment of the first acute relapse following therapeutic plasma exchange in formerly glucocorticosteroid-unresponsive multiple sclerosis patients-A multicenter study to evaluate glucocorticosteroid responsiveness.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8). doi:10.3390/ijms18081749Petrou P, Ben-Hur T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Abramsky O, Karussis D.Clinical efficacy of plasma-exchange in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis and NMO-spectrum disease.J Mult Scler (Foster City). 2016;03(03). doi:10.4172/2376-0389.1000181Shemin D, Briggs D, Greenan M.Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: A prospective study of 1,727 procedures.J Clin Apher. 2007;22(5):270-6. doi:10.1002/jca.20143Lu J, Zhang L, Xia C, Tao Y.Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: A retrospective study of 1201 procedures in 435 children.Medicine. 2019;98(50):e18308. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000018308Szczeklik W, Wawrzycka K, Włudarczyk A, et al.Complications in patients treated with plasmapheresis in the intensive care unit.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther.2013;45(1):7-13. doi:10.5603/AIT.2013.0002Harris ES, Meiselman HJ, Moriarty PM, Metzger A, Malkovsky M.Therapeutic plasma exchange for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: A comprehensive review and analysis.Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders. 2018;3(2):132-152. doi:10.1177/2397198318758606Bégin P, Callum J, Jamula E, et al.Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An open-label, randomized controlled trial.Nat Med,2021;27(11):2012-2024. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01488-2National Kidney Foundation.Dialysis.National Cancer Institute.Plasmapheresis.Additional ReadingKaplan AA, Fridey JL.Therapeutic apheresis (plasma exchange or cytapheresis): Complications. UpToDate.Olek MJ, Howard J.Treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in adults. UpToDate.Panayiota P, Ben-Hur T, Adi Vaknin D, Oded A, Dimitrios K.Clinical efficacy of plasma-exchange in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis and NMO-spectrum disease.J Mult Scler (Foster City). 2016;03(03). 2016;3:181. doi:10.4172/2376-0389.1000181Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, et al.Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice–evidence‐based approach from the writing committee of the American society for apheresis: The seventh special issue.Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 2016;31(3):149–62. doi:10.1002/jca.21470
18 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bobati SS.Therapeutic plasma exchange - an emerging treatment modality in patients with neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.JCDR. 2017. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27073.10480Ehler J, Koball S, Sauer M, et al.Response to therapeutic plasma exchange as a rescue treatment in clinically isolated syndromes and acute worsening of multiple sclerosis: A retrospective analysis of 90 patients.PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0134583. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134583Bunganic R, Blahutova S, Revendova K, et al.Therapeutic plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis patients with an aggressive relapse: An observational analysis in a high-volume center.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):18374. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23356-wLipphardt M, Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ.Plasma exchange or immunoadsorption in demyelinating diseases: A meta-analysis.JCM. 2020;9(5):1597. doi:10.3390/jcm9051597U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: Daily roundup, March 24, 2020.Mount Sinai.Mount Sinai to begin the transfer of COVID-19 antibodies into critically ill patients.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Recommendations for investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma.Bobati SS, Naik KR.Therapeutic plasma exchange - An emerging treatment modality in patients with neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(8):EC35-EC37. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27073.10480Szczepiorkowski ZM, Winters JL, Bandarenko N, et al.Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice—Evidence-based approach from the Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for Apheresis.J Clin Apher. 2010;25:83-177. doi:10.1002/jca.20240Ehler J, Blechinger S, Rommer PS, et al.Treatment of the first acute relapse following therapeutic plasma exchange in formerly glucocorticosteroid-unresponsive multiple sclerosis patients-A multicenter study to evaluate glucocorticosteroid responsiveness.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8). doi:10.3390/ijms18081749Petrou P, Ben-Hur T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Abramsky O, Karussis D.Clinical efficacy of plasma-exchange in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis and NMO-spectrum disease.J Mult Scler (Foster City). 2016;03(03). doi:10.4172/2376-0389.1000181Shemin D, Briggs D, Greenan M.Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: A prospective study of 1,727 procedures.J Clin Apher. 2007;22(5):270-6. doi:10.1002/jca.20143Lu J, Zhang L, Xia C, Tao Y.Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: A retrospective study of 1201 procedures in 435 children.Medicine. 2019;98(50):e18308. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000018308Szczeklik W, Wawrzycka K, Włudarczyk A, et al.Complications in patients treated with plasmapheresis in the intensive care unit.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther.2013;45(1):7-13. doi:10.5603/AIT.2013.0002Harris ES, Meiselman HJ, Moriarty PM, Metzger A, Malkovsky M.Therapeutic plasma exchange for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: A comprehensive review and analysis.Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders. 2018;3(2):132-152. doi:10.1177/2397198318758606Bégin P, Callum J, Jamula E, et al.Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An open-label, randomized controlled trial.Nat Med,2021;27(11):2012-2024. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01488-2National Kidney Foundation.Dialysis.National Cancer Institute.Plasmapheresis.Additional ReadingKaplan AA, Fridey JL.Therapeutic apheresis (plasma exchange or cytapheresis): Complications. UpToDate.Olek MJ, Howard J.Treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in adults. UpToDate.Panayiota P, Ben-Hur T, Adi Vaknin D, Oded A, Dimitrios K.Clinical efficacy of plasma-exchange in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis and NMO-spectrum disease.J Mult Scler (Foster City). 2016;03(03). 2016;3:181. doi:10.4172/2376-0389.1000181Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, et al.Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice–evidence‐based approach from the writing committee of the American society for apheresis: The seventh special issue.Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 2016;31(3):149–62. doi:10.1002/jca.21470
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Bobati SS.Therapeutic plasma exchange - an emerging treatment modality in patients with neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.JCDR. 2017. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27073.10480Ehler J, Koball S, Sauer M, et al.Response to therapeutic plasma exchange as a rescue treatment in clinically isolated syndromes and acute worsening of multiple sclerosis: A retrospective analysis of 90 patients.PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0134583. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134583Bunganic R, Blahutova S, Revendova K, et al.Therapeutic plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis patients with an aggressive relapse: An observational analysis in a high-volume center.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):18374. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23356-wLipphardt M, Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ.Plasma exchange or immunoadsorption in demyelinating diseases: A meta-analysis.JCM. 2020;9(5):1597. doi:10.3390/jcm9051597U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: Daily roundup, March 24, 2020.Mount Sinai.Mount Sinai to begin the transfer of COVID-19 antibodies into critically ill patients.U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Recommendations for investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma.Bobati SS, Naik KR.Therapeutic plasma exchange - An emerging treatment modality in patients with neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(8):EC35-EC37. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27073.10480Szczepiorkowski ZM, Winters JL, Bandarenko N, et al.Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice—Evidence-based approach from the Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for Apheresis.J Clin Apher. 2010;25:83-177. doi:10.1002/jca.20240Ehler J, Blechinger S, Rommer PS, et al.Treatment of the first acute relapse following therapeutic plasma exchange in formerly glucocorticosteroid-unresponsive multiple sclerosis patients-A multicenter study to evaluate glucocorticosteroid responsiveness.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8). doi:10.3390/ijms18081749Petrou P, Ben-Hur T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Abramsky O, Karussis D.Clinical efficacy of plasma-exchange in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis and NMO-spectrum disease.J Mult Scler (Foster City). 2016;03(03). doi:10.4172/2376-0389.1000181Shemin D, Briggs D, Greenan M.Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: A prospective study of 1,727 procedures.J Clin Apher. 2007;22(5):270-6. doi:10.1002/jca.20143Lu J, Zhang L, Xia C, Tao Y.Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: A retrospective study of 1201 procedures in 435 children.Medicine. 2019;98(50):e18308. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000018308Szczeklik W, Wawrzycka K, Włudarczyk A, et al.Complications in patients treated with plasmapheresis in the intensive care unit.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther.2013;45(1):7-13. doi:10.5603/AIT.2013.0002Harris ES, Meiselman HJ, Moriarty PM, Metzger A, Malkovsky M.Therapeutic plasma exchange for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: A comprehensive review and analysis.Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders. 2018;3(2):132-152. doi:10.1177/2397198318758606Bégin P, Callum J, Jamula E, et al.Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An open-label, randomized controlled trial.Nat Med,2021;27(11):2012-2024. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01488-2National Kidney Foundation.Dialysis.National Cancer Institute.Plasmapheresis.
Bobati SS.Therapeutic plasma exchange - an emerging treatment modality in patients with neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.JCDR. 2017. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27073.10480
Ehler J, Koball S, Sauer M, et al.Response to therapeutic plasma exchange as a rescue treatment in clinically isolated syndromes and acute worsening of multiple sclerosis: A retrospective analysis of 90 patients.PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0134583. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134583
Bunganic R, Blahutova S, Revendova K, et al.Therapeutic plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis patients with an aggressive relapse: An observational analysis in a high-volume center.Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):18374. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23356-w
Lipphardt M, Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ.Plasma exchange or immunoadsorption in demyelinating diseases: A meta-analysis.JCM. 2020;9(5):1597. doi:10.3390/jcm9051597
U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: Daily roundup, March 24, 2020.
Mount Sinai.Mount Sinai to begin the transfer of COVID-19 antibodies into critically ill patients.
U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Recommendations for investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma.
Bobati SS, Naik KR.Therapeutic plasma exchange - An emerging treatment modality in patients with neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(8):EC35-EC37. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27073.10480
Szczepiorkowski ZM, Winters JL, Bandarenko N, et al.Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice—Evidence-based approach from the Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for Apheresis.J Clin Apher. 2010;25:83-177. doi:10.1002/jca.20240
Ehler J, Blechinger S, Rommer PS, et al.Treatment of the first acute relapse following therapeutic plasma exchange in formerly glucocorticosteroid-unresponsive multiple sclerosis patients-A multicenter study to evaluate glucocorticosteroid responsiveness.Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8). doi:10.3390/ijms18081749
Petrou P, Ben-Hur T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Abramsky O, Karussis D.Clinical efficacy of plasma-exchange in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis and NMO-spectrum disease.J Mult Scler (Foster City). 2016;03(03). doi:10.4172/2376-0389.1000181
Shemin D, Briggs D, Greenan M.Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: A prospective study of 1,727 procedures.J Clin Apher. 2007;22(5):270-6. doi:10.1002/jca.20143
Lu J, Zhang L, Xia C, Tao Y.Complications of therapeutic plasma exchange: A retrospective study of 1201 procedures in 435 children.Medicine. 2019;98(50):e18308. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000018308
Szczeklik W, Wawrzycka K, Włudarczyk A, et al.Complications in patients treated with plasmapheresis in the intensive care unit.Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther.2013;45(1):7-13. doi:10.5603/AIT.2013.0002
Harris ES, Meiselman HJ, Moriarty PM, Metzger A, Malkovsky M.Therapeutic plasma exchange for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: A comprehensive review and analysis.Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders. 2018;3(2):132-152. doi:10.1177/2397198318758606
Bégin P, Callum J, Jamula E, et al.Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An open-label, randomized controlled trial.Nat Med,2021;27(11):2012-2024. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01488-2
National Kidney Foundation.Dialysis.
National Cancer Institute.Plasmapheresis.
Kaplan AA, Fridey JL.Therapeutic apheresis (plasma exchange or cytapheresis): Complications. UpToDate.Olek MJ, Howard J.Treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in adults. UpToDate.Panayiota P, Ben-Hur T, Adi Vaknin D, Oded A, Dimitrios K.Clinical efficacy of plasma-exchange in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis and NMO-spectrum disease.J Mult Scler (Foster City). 2016;03(03). 2016;3:181. doi:10.4172/2376-0389.1000181Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, et al.Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice–evidence‐based approach from the writing committee of the American society for apheresis: The seventh special issue.Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 2016;31(3):149–62. doi:10.1002/jca.21470
Kaplan AA, Fridey JL.Therapeutic apheresis (plasma exchange or cytapheresis): Complications. UpToDate.
Olek MJ, Howard J.Treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in adults. UpToDate.
Panayiota P, Ben-Hur T, Adi Vaknin D, Oded A, Dimitrios K.Clinical efficacy of plasma-exchange in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis and NMO-spectrum disease.J Mult Scler (Foster City). 2016;03(03). 2016;3:181. doi:10.4172/2376-0389.1000181
Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, et al.Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice–evidence‐based approach from the writing committee of the American society for apheresis: The seventh special issue.Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 2016;31(3):149–62. doi:10.1002/jca.21470
Meet Our Medical Expert Board
Share Feedback
Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
Was this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
What is your feedback?
