Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?Who Needs Surgery?Types of SurgeriesPreparation for SurgeryDay of the SurgeryRisks and ContraindicationsRecovery
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Who Needs Surgery?
Types of Surgeries
Preparation for Surgery
Day of the Surgery
Risks and Contraindications
Recovery
The success rate of carpal tunnel surgery is estimated to be between 75% and 94%, and it’s one of the most common surgeries in the U.S.Between 31% and 40% of people with carpal tunnel syndrome get carpal tunnel surgery.
If your case of carpal tunnel syndrome is not severe, your healthcare provider may recommend starting with nonsurgical treatments such as wearing a splint on your hand and wrist at night. However, surgery is the only way to treat the median nerve issue in carpal tunnel syndrome and provide long-term symptom relief.
This article reviews the types of surgical procedures available to treat carpal tunnel syndrome and how to prepare for the surgery. It also explains the recovery process and what to expect during the operation.
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoGardinovacki/Getty Images
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See Photo
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.
The median nerve, which starts at the shoulder and extends down to the tips of the fingers, is one of the major nerves of the upper extremities. This nerve directs the contractions of muscles in the forearm and hand, as well as provides sensation to the hands and fingers.
When the median nerve is compressed in the carpal tunnel—a narrow passageway from the wrist to the hand that’s made of tendons, ligaments, and bones—symptoms of carpal tunnel syndromecan develop and, over time, becomechronic. In that case, or if it’s not treated, carpal tunnel syndrome can eventually lead to difficulties performing daily activities such as closing buttons or zippers.
Carpal tunnel symptoms in the fingers include:
Symptoms typically develop slowly. Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome include wrist injuries, thyroid gland issues,rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes.
Carpal tunnel surgery is generally indicated when you fail to respond to conservative therapies after more than six months.
Who Needs Carpal Tunnel Surgery?
A healthcare provider may recommend surgery if your carpal tunnel syndrome shows up with the following features:
By releasing the pressure on the median nerve, carpal tunnel surgery improves hand sensation and alleviates or reduces symptoms of numbness and tingling.Surgery also usually restores the functional status of the hand.
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Pre-Operative Evaluations
Before scheduling carpal tunnel surgery, theorthopedic surgeonwill perform tests to characterize the nature of your condition. This includes getting across-sectional image of the carpal tunnelwith accurate measurements—imaging is typically done with high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS).
The healthcare provider may also perform aquality of life (QoL) assessmentto establish how severely carpal tunnel syndrome has impacted your life. For example, they may ask how your symptoms affect your ability to perform activities such as writing, opening a child-proof bottle, or removing wrappings. The results can help determine the nature and severity of your condition, as well as later show how well you’ve responded to the surgery.
Other in-office tests will check for loss of sensation. Your healthcare provider may rub a filament across the hand or finger as you look away or apply two pointed objects (like the ends of a tweezer) to the skin to see if you can discern two different areas of sensation.
What to Expect When Recovering From Surgery
Types of Surgeries for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
In almost all situations, carpal tunnel surgery involves cutting (“releasing”) the transverse carpal ligament on the palm side of the hand in order to relieve pressure on themedian nervein the wrist.
One of the factors influencing response rates (as well as the risk of complications) is the choice of surgeries. Carpal tunnel surgery can be performed as anopen surgery(involving a scalpel and a larger incision of about 2 inches) or minimally invasiveendoscopic surgery(involving a narrow scope and operating equipment with a single smaller incision of about half an inch). Generally speaking, open and endoscopic carpal tunnel surgeries have similar response rates.
Regardless of the approach used, the surgery is performed on an outpatient basis—you can go home the same day. The surgery usually takes around 10 to 15 minutes to complete.
Open Release Surgery
Open release is the traditional method of carpal tunnel surgery and the gold standard procedure for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.Your surgeon will make an incision in the wrist of about 2 inches long.They will then cut the transverse carpal ligament from the outside in.
Mini-open release surgery is also possible thanks to developments in medical devices.In this type of surgery, the surgeon needs to make only about a 1/2-inch incision.
Open surgery has been associated with slightly fewer complications and may cost less, although the endoscopic approach allows for faster recovery times with less scarring.
Open release surgery is the only option in some cases with visualization difficulties or anatomical variations.
Endoscopic Release
An endoscopic release surgery is done entirely beneath the skin. Your surgeon will make a small incision of about half an inch.They will then use an endoscope (a small tube with a camera attached) to take pictures of the surgical site that are displayed on a screen. A surgeon uses these pictures along with very tiny surgical tools to perform the procedure.
In recent years, many surgeons have turned to endoscopic carpal tunnel release as an alternative to traditional open surgery, which has been shown to require shorter recovery times and allow people to return to work sooner.
This is not to suggest that endoscopic surgery is “better” than open surgery. In the end, there are pros and cons to each that need to be weighed with your healthcare provider.
Consideration also needs to be given to the skill and experience of the surgeon. Many surgeons do not perform endoscopic surgery simply because they are skilled at performing open surgery (including so-called “mini-open” releases that use the smallest possible incision).
In fact, in a questionnaire of members of the American Academy of Hand Surgeons, only 20% of respondents preferred the endoscopic release approach for carpal tunnel surgery. The top preference was mini-open release with 46% of respondents selecting that option.
How to Prepare for Carpal Tunnel Surgery
Carpal tunnel surgery is an outpatient procedure. It is considered safe but does require preparation, not only with respect to the surgery itself but the recovery phase that follows as well.
Location
Carpal tunnel surgery is performed in the operating room of a hospital or a dedicated surgical center. Some orthopedist offices are equipped with surgical facilities that can handle uncomplicated procedures.
What to Wear
Even though the surgery is limited to the wrist area, you will be asked to change into a hospital gown. Wear clothes that are loose-fitting and easy to take off and put back on. Leave any valuables at home, including jewelry and watches.
You will also be asked to remove eyeglasses, contact lenses, hearing aids, dentures, andpiercingsprior to the surgery.
Food and Drink
Do not eat or drink anything after midnight the night before the surgery. You will be allowed to take a few sips of water to take any morning medications. Within four hours of the operation, no food or liquids should be consumed, including gum or hard candy.
Medications
In advance of the surgery, you will need to stop taking certain medications that promote bleeding and slow wound healing. These include:
Surgeons will generally advise you to stop taking NSAIDs seven days before surgery and anticoagulants three to four days before surgery. You may also need to avoid taking some of these medications for up to two weeks following surgery.
Be sure your healthcare provider is aware of all medications you are taking (prescription, over-the-counter, or recreational), as well as any herbs or supplements you use.
What to Bring
To check in, you will need to bring a driver’s license (or some other form of government ID) and your insurance card. If an upfront payment ofcoinsurance or copaycosts is required, ask the office which form of payment they accept.
In addition, you will need to bring a friend or family member to drive you home. Even if local anesthesia is used, you’re unlikely to be able to drive yourself home safely with one hand.
If general anesthesia is used, avoid driving or operating heavy machinery for the first 24 to 48 hours after your procedure.
Pre-Operative Lifestyle Changes
Althoughsmokingdoes not prevent you from getting carpal tunnel surgery, it can negatively affect your recovery. Tobacco smoke causes generalized narrowing of blood vessels, restricting the amount of blood and oxygen that reaches tissues. This can slow healing and increase the risk ofscar formationand scar sensitivity.
Studies have shown that smoking not only increases the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome before surgery but also increases the rate and severity of symptoms after it.
Surgeons generally recommend stopping smoking for two weeks before and after surgery to ensure you attain the optimal benefits of a carpal tunnel surgery.
What to Expect on the Day of the Surgery
An operating nurse will accompany the surgeon. Unless local anesthesia is used, ananesthesiologistwill also be present.
Before the Surgery
After you check in and sign the necessary consent forms, you will be taken to the back to change into a hospital gown. Yourvital signs(including temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate) will be taken.
You will be given the planned form of anesthesia—local or general anesthesia, or a regional block:
You will lie facing up on the operating table with your hand placed on a raised platform called a hand table.
During the Surgery
Once the anesthesia has taken full effect, the surgery can begin. The next steps depend on the type of carpal tunnel release:
After the traverse carpal ligament is released, the wound(s) are closed with sutures and covered with adhesive bandages called Steri-strips. The hand and wrist are then splinted to immobilize them, though the fingers can remain free.
After the Surgery
Once the surgery is complete, you will be transferred to a recovery room and monitored for around an hour to allow the anesthesia to wear off (this may take longer if you had general anesthesia). Your healthcare provider will want to ensure that you can wiggle your fingers before you leave.
You will likely experience pain and discomfort in your hand or wrist following carpal tunnel surgery. Your healthcare provider may provide oral medications such asTylenol (acetaminophen)to help control it.
Once your surgeon approves it, a friend or family member can take you home.
Carpal tunnel surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the U.S.One study found that the success rate of carpal tunnel surgery for both endoscopic and open procedures is between 75% to 95%.While generally considered safe and effective, it still carries risks, some of which may make the condition worse rather than better.
The risk of complications from carpal tunnel surgery is low—less than 0.5% of cases.Possible risks and complications of carpal tunnel surgery include:
A history of an adverse reaction to anesthesia may be a contraindication to carpal tunnel surgery.
Note that carpal tunnel syndrome sometimes arises during pregnancy. Since it almost always resolves after delivery, your healthcare provider may recommend that you wait until after you give birth to see if surgery is necessary.
Beyond that, whether or not the surgery is recommended for you largely depends on the nature of your case and the extent to which carpal tunnel syndrome is affecting you.
The American College of Orthopedic Surgeons advises against pursuing carpal tunnel surgery based on a single concern, such as diminished finger dexterity. Instead, they recommend that medical history andrisk factorsbe assessed along with symptoms and test scores to make the appropriate decision.
Recovery After Surgery
Once home, you will need to limit activity for the first 24 hours. To reduce pain, elevate the hand and wrist, and apply a coveredice packevery hour for no more than 15 minutes for the first day or two. You can also take Tylenol (acetaminophen) every four to six hours to control pain. Make sure to limit your intake to no more than 3,000 to 4,000 milligrams (mg) of Tylenol per day.
Although many people can return to work within a week or two of carpal tunnel surgery, it can take three to four months before you are fully recovered and up to a year before your grip strength is fully restored.
Healing
Your sutures will likely be removed after seven to 14 days. While you heal, follow your healthcare provider’s instructions for changing your dressing.
Take care not to get the sutures wet. To help with this, when bathing or showering, you can place a plastic bag over the hand and wrist and secure it with a rubber band—not too tight. Limit showers to no more than five to seven minutes.
You may need to wear a splint or brace for a month or so after surgery until you are fully healed. During this time, it’s important to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous movements.
When to Call a Healthcare ProviderComplications from carpal tunnel surgery are uncommon but can occur. Call your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following:High fever (over 101.5 degrees F) with chillsIncreasing redness, pain, heat, or swelling at the surgical siteA foul-smelling, pus-like discharge from the wound
When to Call a Healthcare Provider
Complications from carpal tunnel surgery are uncommon but can occur. Call your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following:High fever (over 101.5 degrees F) with chillsIncreasing redness, pain, heat, or swelling at the surgical siteA foul-smelling, pus-like discharge from the wound
Complications from carpal tunnel surgery are uncommon but can occur. Call your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following:
Therapy
Your surgeon will refer you to anoccupational therapistwho can perform soft tissue massage around the site of the sutures to reduce post-operative swelling.
Physical therapycan help you better cope with recovery and return to the pre-treatment state. You can start it as soon as the sutures are removed. Yourphysical therapistcan help restore strength andrange of motionwith gentle exercises, which can also reduce scarring and scar sensitivity.
The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons recommends rehabilitation efforts for three to four weeks after the sutures are removed. After that, you can continue as maintenance therapy.
Long-Term Care
Your orthopedic surgeon will likely schedule a follow-up appointment four to six weeks after the surgery to assess your recovery. They may repeat a QoL test and other evaluations to assess your response to treatment.
It is important to keep any follow-up appointments your healthcare provider schedules. If the symptoms are fully resolved after several months, you likely won’t need ongoing medical care.
Pillar Pain and Other Complications of Carpal Tunnel Surgery
Summary
Carpal tunnel surgery is considered a safe and effective way to relieve symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome in the long term. It can be performed as an open release or an endoscopic release. The surgery takes about 10 to 15 minutes to complete and you can typically go home the same day.
As effective as carpal tunnel surgery can be, it should never be considered a “quick fix” for your condition. Even though the surgery takes only a few minutes to perform, it requires dedication and hard work for weeks and months to ensure a full and sustained recovery. Working with physical and occupational therapists can help you return to a pre-treatment state.
Preventing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome From Worsening
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Housley SB, Vakharia K, Winograd EK, Siddiqui AH.Endoscopic carpal tunnel release.World Neurosurg. 2020;139:548. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.123Liawrungrueang W, Wongsiri S, Sarasombath P.Endoscopic carpal surgery in carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review.SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231177111. doi:10.1177/20503121231177111National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and steps to take.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome.Genova A, Dix O, Saefan A, Thakur M, Hassan A.Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Review of Literature.Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7333. doi:10.7759/cureus.7333American College of Orthopedic Surgeons.Management of carpal tunnel syndrome evidence-based clinical practice guideline.Atroshi I, Larsson G-U, Ornstein E, Hofer M, Johnsson R, Ranstam J.Outcomes of endoscopic surgery compared with open surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome among employed patients: randomised controlled trial.BMJ. 2006; 332(7556): 1473. doi:10.1136/bmj.38863.632789.1FGeorgiew F, Maciejczak A, Florek J.Results of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.Comparative Study Ortop Traumatol Rehabil.2014;16(5):455-68. doi:10.5604/15093492.1128835Tran TA, Williams LM, Bui D, Anthonisen C, Poltavskiy E, Szabo RM.Prospective pilot study comparing pre- and postsurgical CTSAQ and neuro-QoL questionnaire with median nerve high-resolution ultrasound cross-sectional areas.J Hand Surg Am.2018;43(2):184.e1-184.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.08.015Hsu HY, Su FC, Kuo YL, Jou IM, Chiu HY, Kuo LC.Assessment from functional perspectives: Using sensorimotor control in the hand as an outcome indicator in the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0128420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128420National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and steps to take.Louie D, Earp B, Blazar P.Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: a critical review of the literature.Hand (N Y). 2012;7(3):242-6. doi:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-xEroğlu A, Sarı E, Topuz AK, Şimşek H, Pusat S.Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome: Evaluation and treatment of the possible causes.World J Clin Cases.2018;6(10):365-72. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i10.365Johns Hopkins Medicine.Carpal tunnel release.Hospital for Special Surgery.Carpal tunnel surgery: How it works and recovery time.University of Michigan: Michigan Health.Endoscopic carpal tunnel surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome.Shin EK.Endoscopic versus open carpal tunnel release.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2019;12(4):509-14. doi:10.1007/s12178-019-09584-0Epstein NE.When to stop anticoagulation, anti-platelet aggregates, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) prior to spine surgery.Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10:45. doi:10.25259/SNI-54-2019Dahlin E, Zimmerman M, Björkman A, Thomsen NOB, Andersson GS, Dahlin LB.Impact of smoking and preoperative electrophysiology on outcome after open carpal tunnel release.J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2017;51(5):329-35. doi:10.1080/2000656X.2016.1265531American Board of Surgery.Hand surgery.Foster BD, Sivasundaram L, Heckmann N, et al.Surgical approach and anesthetic modality for carpal tunnel release: A nationwide database study with health care cost implications.Hand (N Y). 2017;12(2):162-167. doi:10.1177/1558944716643276Chammas M, Boretto J, Burmann LM, Ramos RM, Neto FS, Silva JB.Carpal tunnel syndrome - Part II (treatment).Rev Bras Ortop. 2014;49(5):437-45. doi:10.1016/j.rboe.2014.08.002Kaiser Permanente.Pregnancy: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.Ilyas AM, Miller AJ, Graham JG, Matzon JL.Pain management after carpal tunnel release surgery: A prospective randomized double-blinded trial comparing acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and oxycodone.J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(10):913-9. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.08.011American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery.Therapeutic exercise program for carpal tunnel syndrome. In: OrthoInfo.
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Housley SB, Vakharia K, Winograd EK, Siddiqui AH.Endoscopic carpal tunnel release.World Neurosurg. 2020;139:548. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.123Liawrungrueang W, Wongsiri S, Sarasombath P.Endoscopic carpal surgery in carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review.SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231177111. doi:10.1177/20503121231177111National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and steps to take.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome.Genova A, Dix O, Saefan A, Thakur M, Hassan A.Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Review of Literature.Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7333. doi:10.7759/cureus.7333American College of Orthopedic Surgeons.Management of carpal tunnel syndrome evidence-based clinical practice guideline.Atroshi I, Larsson G-U, Ornstein E, Hofer M, Johnsson R, Ranstam J.Outcomes of endoscopic surgery compared with open surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome among employed patients: randomised controlled trial.BMJ. 2006; 332(7556): 1473. doi:10.1136/bmj.38863.632789.1FGeorgiew F, Maciejczak A, Florek J.Results of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.Comparative Study Ortop Traumatol Rehabil.2014;16(5):455-68. doi:10.5604/15093492.1128835Tran TA, Williams LM, Bui D, Anthonisen C, Poltavskiy E, Szabo RM.Prospective pilot study comparing pre- and postsurgical CTSAQ and neuro-QoL questionnaire with median nerve high-resolution ultrasound cross-sectional areas.J Hand Surg Am.2018;43(2):184.e1-184.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.08.015Hsu HY, Su FC, Kuo YL, Jou IM, Chiu HY, Kuo LC.Assessment from functional perspectives: Using sensorimotor control in the hand as an outcome indicator in the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0128420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128420National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and steps to take.Louie D, Earp B, Blazar P.Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: a critical review of the literature.Hand (N Y). 2012;7(3):242-6. doi:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-xEroğlu A, Sarı E, Topuz AK, Şimşek H, Pusat S.Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome: Evaluation and treatment of the possible causes.World J Clin Cases.2018;6(10):365-72. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i10.365Johns Hopkins Medicine.Carpal tunnel release.Hospital for Special Surgery.Carpal tunnel surgery: How it works and recovery time.University of Michigan: Michigan Health.Endoscopic carpal tunnel surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome.Shin EK.Endoscopic versus open carpal tunnel release.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2019;12(4):509-14. doi:10.1007/s12178-019-09584-0Epstein NE.When to stop anticoagulation, anti-platelet aggregates, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) prior to spine surgery.Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10:45. doi:10.25259/SNI-54-2019Dahlin E, Zimmerman M, Björkman A, Thomsen NOB, Andersson GS, Dahlin LB.Impact of smoking and preoperative electrophysiology on outcome after open carpal tunnel release.J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2017;51(5):329-35. doi:10.1080/2000656X.2016.1265531American Board of Surgery.Hand surgery.Foster BD, Sivasundaram L, Heckmann N, et al.Surgical approach and anesthetic modality for carpal tunnel release: A nationwide database study with health care cost implications.Hand (N Y). 2017;12(2):162-167. doi:10.1177/1558944716643276Chammas M, Boretto J, Burmann LM, Ramos RM, Neto FS, Silva JB.Carpal tunnel syndrome - Part II (treatment).Rev Bras Ortop. 2014;49(5):437-45. doi:10.1016/j.rboe.2014.08.002Kaiser Permanente.Pregnancy: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.Ilyas AM, Miller AJ, Graham JG, Matzon JL.Pain management after carpal tunnel release surgery: A prospective randomized double-blinded trial comparing acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and oxycodone.J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(10):913-9. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.08.011American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery.Therapeutic exercise program for carpal tunnel syndrome. In: OrthoInfo.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Housley SB, Vakharia K, Winograd EK, Siddiqui AH.Endoscopic carpal tunnel release.World Neurosurg. 2020;139:548. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.123Liawrungrueang W, Wongsiri S, Sarasombath P.Endoscopic carpal surgery in carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review.SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231177111. doi:10.1177/20503121231177111National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and steps to take.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome.Genova A, Dix O, Saefan A, Thakur M, Hassan A.Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Review of Literature.Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7333. doi:10.7759/cureus.7333American College of Orthopedic Surgeons.Management of carpal tunnel syndrome evidence-based clinical practice guideline.Atroshi I, Larsson G-U, Ornstein E, Hofer M, Johnsson R, Ranstam J.Outcomes of endoscopic surgery compared with open surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome among employed patients: randomised controlled trial.BMJ. 2006; 332(7556): 1473. doi:10.1136/bmj.38863.632789.1FGeorgiew F, Maciejczak A, Florek J.Results of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.Comparative Study Ortop Traumatol Rehabil.2014;16(5):455-68. doi:10.5604/15093492.1128835Tran TA, Williams LM, Bui D, Anthonisen C, Poltavskiy E, Szabo RM.Prospective pilot study comparing pre- and postsurgical CTSAQ and neuro-QoL questionnaire with median nerve high-resolution ultrasound cross-sectional areas.J Hand Surg Am.2018;43(2):184.e1-184.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.08.015Hsu HY, Su FC, Kuo YL, Jou IM, Chiu HY, Kuo LC.Assessment from functional perspectives: Using sensorimotor control in the hand as an outcome indicator in the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0128420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128420National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and steps to take.Louie D, Earp B, Blazar P.Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: a critical review of the literature.Hand (N Y). 2012;7(3):242-6. doi:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-xEroğlu A, Sarı E, Topuz AK, Şimşek H, Pusat S.Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome: Evaluation and treatment of the possible causes.World J Clin Cases.2018;6(10):365-72. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i10.365Johns Hopkins Medicine.Carpal tunnel release.Hospital for Special Surgery.Carpal tunnel surgery: How it works and recovery time.University of Michigan: Michigan Health.Endoscopic carpal tunnel surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome.Shin EK.Endoscopic versus open carpal tunnel release.Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2019;12(4):509-14. doi:10.1007/s12178-019-09584-0Epstein NE.When to stop anticoagulation, anti-platelet aggregates, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) prior to spine surgery.Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10:45. doi:10.25259/SNI-54-2019Dahlin E, Zimmerman M, Björkman A, Thomsen NOB, Andersson GS, Dahlin LB.Impact of smoking and preoperative electrophysiology on outcome after open carpal tunnel release.J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2017;51(5):329-35. doi:10.1080/2000656X.2016.1265531American Board of Surgery.Hand surgery.Foster BD, Sivasundaram L, Heckmann N, et al.Surgical approach and anesthetic modality for carpal tunnel release: A nationwide database study with health care cost implications.Hand (N Y). 2017;12(2):162-167. doi:10.1177/1558944716643276Chammas M, Boretto J, Burmann LM, Ramos RM, Neto FS, Silva JB.Carpal tunnel syndrome - Part II (treatment).Rev Bras Ortop. 2014;49(5):437-45. doi:10.1016/j.rboe.2014.08.002Kaiser Permanente.Pregnancy: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.Ilyas AM, Miller AJ, Graham JG, Matzon JL.Pain management after carpal tunnel release surgery: A prospective randomized double-blinded trial comparing acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and oxycodone.J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(10):913-9. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.08.011American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery.Therapeutic exercise program for carpal tunnel syndrome. In: OrthoInfo.
Housley SB, Vakharia K, Winograd EK, Siddiqui AH.Endoscopic carpal tunnel release.World Neurosurg. 2020;139:548. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.123
Liawrungrueang W, Wongsiri S, Sarasombath P.Endoscopic carpal surgery in carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review.SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231177111. doi:10.1177/20503121231177111
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and steps to take.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome.
Genova A, Dix O, Saefan A, Thakur M, Hassan A.Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Review of Literature.Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7333. doi:10.7759/cureus.7333
American College of Orthopedic Surgeons.Management of carpal tunnel syndrome evidence-based clinical practice guideline.
Atroshi I, Larsson G-U, Ornstein E, Hofer M, Johnsson R, Ranstam J.Outcomes of endoscopic surgery compared with open surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome among employed patients: randomised controlled trial.BMJ. 2006; 332(7556): 1473. doi:10.1136/bmj.38863.632789.1F
Georgiew F, Maciejczak A, Florek J.Results of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.Comparative Study Ortop Traumatol Rehabil.2014;16(5):455-68. doi:10.5604/15093492.1128835
Tran TA, Williams LM, Bui D, Anthonisen C, Poltavskiy E, Szabo RM.Prospective pilot study comparing pre- and postsurgical CTSAQ and neuro-QoL questionnaire with median nerve high-resolution ultrasound cross-sectional areas.J Hand Surg Am.2018;43(2):184.e1-184.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.08.015
Hsu HY, Su FC, Kuo YL, Jou IM, Chiu HY, Kuo LC.Assessment from functional perspectives: Using sensorimotor control in the hand as an outcome indicator in the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6):e0128420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128420
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and steps to take.
Louie D, Earp B, Blazar P.Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: a critical review of the literature.Hand (N Y). 2012;7(3):242-6. doi:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-x
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