Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsIs One Better or Worse?Potential EffectsMedical ConditionsAdult CircumcisionFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Is One Better or Worse?
Potential Effects
Medical Conditions
Adult Circumcision
Frequently Asked Questions
Being circumcised (“cut”) means that the foreskin of apenishas been surgically removed, while being uncircumcised (“uncut”) means that the foreskin is retained.
Historically in the United States, around 64% of male babies have undergone circumcision for preventive health reasons and/or cultural or religious reasons. Even so, the rate ofmale circumcisionhas been on the decline in recent years as some people—including some health experts—question whether the procedure is medically necessary.
Cavan Images / Getty Images
According to the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), around 30% of all males across the world—representing a total of roughly 670 million people—are circumcised.
This article looks at the various reasons why parents choose for their babies to be circumcised or uncircumcised. It also describes the pros and cons of male circumcision as well as the various medical concerns that may arise if you have a cut or uncut penis.
A Note on Gender and Sex TerminologyVerywell Health acknowledges thatsex and gender are related concepts, but they are not the same.Sex refers to biology: chromosomal makeup, hormones, and anatomy. People are most often assigned male or female at birth based on their external anatomy; some people do not fit into that sex binary and are intersex.Gender describes a person’s internal sense of self as a woman, man, nonbinary person, or another gender, and the associated social and cultural ideas about roles, behaviors, expressions, and characteristics.Research studies sometimes don’t use the terminology in this way. For example, terms that describe gender (“woman,” “man”) may be used when terms for sex (“female,” “male”) are more appropriate.To reflect our sources accurately, this article uses terms like “female,” “male,” “woman,” and “man” as the sources use them.
A Note on Gender and Sex Terminology
Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and gender are related concepts, but they are not the same.Sex refers to biology: chromosomal makeup, hormones, and anatomy. People are most often assigned male or female at birth based on their external anatomy; some people do not fit into that sex binary and are intersex.Gender describes a person’s internal sense of self as a woman, man, nonbinary person, or another gender, and the associated social and cultural ideas about roles, behaviors, expressions, and characteristics.Research studies sometimes don’t use the terminology in this way. For example, terms that describe gender (“woman,” “man”) may be used when terms for sex (“female,” “male”) are more appropriate.To reflect our sources accurately, this article uses terms like “female,” “male,” “woman,” and “man” as the sources use them.
Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and gender are related concepts, but they are not the same.
Research studies sometimes don’t use the terminology in this way. For example, terms that describe gender (“woman,” “man”) may be used when terms for sex (“female,” “male”) are more appropriate.
To reflect our sources accurately, this article uses terms like “female,” “male,” “woman,” and “man” as the sources use them.
Is It “Bad” to Be Uncircumcised or Circumcised?
People often have strong opinions when faced with the issue of male circumcision.
On the one hand, some people consider it “unhealthy” not to undergo circumcision and regard an uncut penis as unattractive. On the other hand, some regard the procedure as outdated and even barbaric, or suggest that circumcision will undermine the sexual function of the penis.
None of these assumptions are inherently true. If anything, the heated debate can make it all the more difficult to discuss why both may be reasonable options.
How Male Circumcision Is Performed
In the United States, male circumcision is typically performed soon after birth but can also be performed later in life. The procedure is typically performed in a hospital but, for religious or cultural reasons, may be performed on newborns in a nonmedical setting.
Male circumcision involves the removal of the foreskin, the double layer of skin that covers the head (glans) of the penis. It is a relatively simple procedure in which the newborn’s foreskin is stretched with forceps and the skin is snipped away with either scissors or a special cutting tool.
To avoid pain, alocal anestheticor a topical pain-numbing cream may be used. While not everyone uses an anesthetic for neonatal (newborn) circumcision, both the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend it to reduce pain.
Healing generally takes around a week, although it can take longer for adults.
Circumcision: Everything You Need To Know
Reasons Parents Choose One or the Other
There are many reasons a parent may choose to pursue or avoid circumcision for their child. It is ultimately an elective procedure that is not medically indicated unless the foreskin poses health concerns.
Among the reasons parents may opt to have their child circumcised include:
Among the reasons parents may opt to leave a child uncircumcised include:
What to Know About Being Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised
Effects of Being Circumcised vs. Uncircumcised
Some people argue that male circumcision can negatively impact the sensitivity and sexual function of the penis and that the possible risks outweigh any perceived benefits.
In the past, the AAP largely agreed with the position, stating in the 1970s that there was “no medical indication for routine circumcision of the newborn.“Since then, an increased understanding of disease transmission has led to a revision of the AAP stance.
Expert ConsensusIn its most recent (2012) technical report and policy statement, the AAP found that the “health benefits of circumcision in newborn boys outweigh the risks.” But, the AAP also concluded the benefits are not great enough to recommend circumcision for all newborns.
Expert Consensus
In its most recent (2012) technical report and policy statement, the AAP found that the “health benefits of circumcision in newborn boys outweigh the risks.” But, the AAP also concluded the benefits are not great enough to recommend circumcision for all newborns.
To this end, there are certain factors that may help inform whether circumcision or noncircumcision is the right option for you or your child.
Appearance
With an uncircumcised penis, the foreskin will cover the glans like a hood whenever the penis is soft (flaccid). The foreskin is typically retractable and can be pulled back during urination to prevent splashing. During anerection, the foreskin will automatically retract and expose the head of the penis.
After circumcision, the removal of the foreskin will leave the glans permanently exposed. This can make urination easier and prevent the buildup of skin cells and oils known assmegma, which has a soft, cheesy consistency and unpleasant odor. The texture of the skin may also change.
Sensation
Removing the foreskin can alter these features, but it doesn’t necessarily reduce sexual pleasure or the sensation of the penis itself.
While research has been conflicting (in part because penis sensitivity and pleasure are largely subjective), a comprehensive review of studies published inSexual Medicinein 2020 concluded that male circumcision does not inherently reduce penis sensitivity.
Sexual Performance
The current body of evidence has also shown that male circumcision does not affect sexual function compared to uncircumcised males. With that said, there is evidence that circumcision may affectejaculation(the emission of sperm and semen from the penis).
Premature Ejaculation RiskA 2021 review of studies published in theInternational Journal of Impotence Researchsuggests that circumcised men may be at greater risk ofpremature ejaculation (PE)than uncircumcised men.
Premature Ejaculation Risk
A 2021 review of studies published in theInternational Journal of Impotence Researchsuggests that circumcised men may be at greater risk ofpremature ejaculation (PE)than uncircumcised men.
The condition, in whichorgasm and ejaculationoccur right before or just after starting sex, is one of the most common sexual problems in males affecting up to 30% at some point in their life.
Even so, the evidence remains mixed, with some studies suggesting a twofold increased risk of PE in circumcised men, while others show no difference in the risk at all.
Fertility
There is no evidence that getting circumcised increases the risk ofinfertility(the inability to achieve pregnancy).
In fact, circumcision mayreducethe risk of certain infections that can damage the male reproductive tract and lead to infertility. This includes HPV, asexually transmitted infection (STI)that some researchers believe is linked to idiopathic (unexplained) male infertility.
Studies suggest that the risk of HPV is 4 times greater in uncircumcised males compared to uncircumcised males.Chronic HPV infection may, in turn, cause urethral inflammation that can potentially reduce thequality of sperm.
How Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Affects Males
Hygiene
Parents who opt to leave a child uncircumcised will usually teach them how to clean under the foreskin. In the end, having an uncircumcised penis does not mean that you are any less hygienic than someone who is circumcised.
With that said, having a foreskin may increase your risk of certain infections if cleanliness is not maintained. This is because the skin under the foreskin is warm and moist, providing the ideal environment for bacteria or fungus (particularly if smegma is allowed to accumulate).
A bacterial or fungal infection under the foreskin can lead to a number of inflammatory conditions, such as:
If a bacterial infection spreads into the urethra, it can lead to aurinary tract infection (UTI).
Causes and Symptoms of UTIs in Males
Penile Medical Conditions
While some people may suggest that one is “better” or “worse” than the other, circumcised and uncircumcised penises are both vulnerable to medical conditions, some of which may be serious.
Circumcised
Possible complications include:
Uncircumcised
There are a number of conditions that uncircumcised males are vulnerable to. In addition to an increased risk of infection, a foreskin will sometimes not retract as it’s supposed to, leading to aggravating and potentially serious conditions known as:
A foreskin can also increase the risk of getting certain sexually transmitted infections, albeit in slightly different ways, including:
Penile Cancer RiskSome studies suggest that having a foreskin may also increase the risk ofpenile cancer, a disease linked to chronic HPV infection. Even so, the evidence remains inconclusive, and removing a foreskin during adulthood is unlikely to reduce the risk.
Penile Cancer Risk
Some studies suggest that having a foreskin may also increase the risk ofpenile cancer, a disease linked to chronic HPV infection. Even so, the evidence remains inconclusive, and removing a foreskin during adulthood is unlikely to reduce the risk.
What Are the Signs of Penile Cancer?
Circumcision as an Adult
Although circumcision is most commonly performed in newborns, there are occasions when it is medically indicated in adults, such as for phimosis or paraphimosis. Others may opt to be circumcised if they experience pain during sex or if faced with recurrent balanitis or UTIs.
Others still may schedule revision surgery to correct a botched circumcision or decide to pursue circumcision for cosmetic, religious, or relationship reasons.
Whatever the reason, the procedure is largely the same as it is in babies, albeit with a few alterations, as follows:
As long as there are no immediate complications, most people can return home on the day of the surgery. Recovery time can take anywhere from two to three weeks.
Summary
Neither circumcision nor the lack of circumcision is “bad” or “good.” Each poses certain health benefits and risks.
Uncircumcised penises are vulnerable to infection and conditions like balanitis, phimosis, and paraphimosis. Having a foreskin may also increase the risk of getting sexually transmitted infections like HIV, HPV, and genital herpes.
While circumcision is relatively safe, there may be a risk of infection and other post-op complications. With that said, circumcision is generally not associated with the loss of sensitivity, sexual function, or fertility.
Frequently Asked QuestionsHaving a circumcised or uncircumcised penis has no inherent impact on your ability to achieve or sustain erections.With that said, a condition called phimosis—in which the foreskin does not retract over the head of the penis as it’s meant to—can cause painful erections and interfere with your ability to maintain erections.People will tell you different things about how their penis feels before and after circumcision. Some report greater sensitivity, while others report less or no change in sensitivity. The answers tend to be subjective. But, on its own, circumcision is not associated with a loss of sensitivity or sexual pleasure.Being circumcised or uncircumcised is neither “good” nor “bad.” The decision may be based on religious or cultural concerns or the perceived health benefits or risks. With that said, having an uncircumcised penis does not mean you are either unhygienic or at inherent risk of disease. The decision to have or not have a circumcision is ultimately a personal one.
Having a circumcised or uncircumcised penis has no inherent impact on your ability to achieve or sustain erections.With that said, a condition called phimosis—in which the foreskin does not retract over the head of the penis as it’s meant to—can cause painful erections and interfere with your ability to maintain erections.
People will tell you different things about how their penis feels before and after circumcision. Some report greater sensitivity, while others report less or no change in sensitivity. The answers tend to be subjective. But, on its own, circumcision is not associated with a loss of sensitivity or sexual pleasure.
Being circumcised or uncircumcised is neither “good” nor “bad.” The decision may be based on religious or cultural concerns or the perceived health benefits or risks. With that said, having an uncircumcised penis does not mean you are either unhygienic or at inherent risk of disease. The decision to have or not have a circumcision is ultimately a personal one.
23 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Center for Health Statistics.Trends in circumcision for male newborns in U.S. hospitals: 1979–2010.United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.Male circumcision: context, criteria and culture (part 1).American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Newborn male circumcision.Morris BJ, Krieger JN, Klausner JD.CDC’s male circumcision recommendations represent a key public health measure.Glob Health Sci Practice. 2017;5(1):15-27. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00390MedlinePlus.Circumcison.Allan, JA.The foreskin aesthetic or ugliness reconsidered.Men Masculinities, 2020;23(3-4)558–578. doi:10.1177/1097184X17753038University of California San Francisco.The circumcision decision.Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity.Medically unnecessary genital cutting and the rights of the child: moving toward consensus.Am J Bioethics.2019;10:1643945. doi:10.1080/15265161.2019.1643945Jacobson DL, Balmert LC, Holl J, et al.Nationwide circumcision trends: 2003 to 2016.J Urol. 2021;205(1):257-263. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001316Task Force on Circumcision, Blank S, Brady M, Buerk E, et al.Circumcision policy statement.Pediatrics. 2012:130(3):585-586. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1989 Copy editor: note that although 2012, this is the most recent statement.Morris BJ, Krieger JN.The contrasting evidence concerning the effect of male circumcision on sexual function, sensation, and pleasure: a systematic review.Sex Med.2020;8(4):577–598. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2020.08.011Marco BB, Garcia Heil JL.Circumcision in childhood and male sexual function: a blessing or a curse?Int J Impot Res.2021;33(2):139–148. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00354-yParnham A,, Serefoglu EC.Classification and definition of premature ejaculation.Transl Androl Urol.2016;5(4):416–423. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.05.16Punjani N, Basourakos SP, Nang QG, et al.Genitourinary infections related to circumcision and the potential impact on male infertility.World J Mens Health.2022;40(2):179–190. doi:10.5534/wjmh.210043Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Banerjee J, et al.Does male circumcision reduce women’s risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and associated conditions?Front Public Health.2019;7:4. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00004Morris BJ, Krieger JN.Penile inflammatory skin disorders and the preventive role of circumcision.Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:32. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_377_16Ince B, Dadac M, Altuntas Z, Bilgen F.Rarely seen complications of circumcision, and their management.Turk J Urol.2016;42(1):12–15. doi:10.5152/tud.2016.78972Prodger JL, Kaul R.The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field.AIDS Res Ther.2017;14:49. doi:10.1186/s12981-017-0167-6Onywera H, Williamson AL, Pnotmarenko J, Meiring TL.The penile microbiota in uncircumcised and circumcised men: relationships with HIV and human papillomavirus infections and cervicovaginal microbiota.Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:383. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00383Siev M, Keheila M, Motamedinia P, Smith A.Indications for adult circumcision: a contemporary analysis.Can J Urol. 2016;23(2):8204-8208.Abdulwahab-Ahmed A, Mungadi IA.Techniques of male circumcision.J Surg Tech Case Rep.2013;5(1):1–7. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.118588Alberta Health Services (Canada).Adult circumcision: what to expect at home.Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Krieger JN.Prevalence of phimosis in males of all ages: systematic review.Urology. 2020;135:124-32. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.003
23 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Center for Health Statistics.Trends in circumcision for male newborns in U.S. hospitals: 1979–2010.United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.Male circumcision: context, criteria and culture (part 1).American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Newborn male circumcision.Morris BJ, Krieger JN, Klausner JD.CDC’s male circumcision recommendations represent a key public health measure.Glob Health Sci Practice. 2017;5(1):15-27. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00390MedlinePlus.Circumcison.Allan, JA.The foreskin aesthetic or ugliness reconsidered.Men Masculinities, 2020;23(3-4)558–578. doi:10.1177/1097184X17753038University of California San Francisco.The circumcision decision.Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity.Medically unnecessary genital cutting and the rights of the child: moving toward consensus.Am J Bioethics.2019;10:1643945. doi:10.1080/15265161.2019.1643945Jacobson DL, Balmert LC, Holl J, et al.Nationwide circumcision trends: 2003 to 2016.J Urol. 2021;205(1):257-263. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001316Task Force on Circumcision, Blank S, Brady M, Buerk E, et al.Circumcision policy statement.Pediatrics. 2012:130(3):585-586. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1989 Copy editor: note that although 2012, this is the most recent statement.Morris BJ, Krieger JN.The contrasting evidence concerning the effect of male circumcision on sexual function, sensation, and pleasure: a systematic review.Sex Med.2020;8(4):577–598. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2020.08.011Marco BB, Garcia Heil JL.Circumcision in childhood and male sexual function: a blessing or a curse?Int J Impot Res.2021;33(2):139–148. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00354-yParnham A,, Serefoglu EC.Classification and definition of premature ejaculation.Transl Androl Urol.2016;5(4):416–423. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.05.16Punjani N, Basourakos SP, Nang QG, et al.Genitourinary infections related to circumcision and the potential impact on male infertility.World J Mens Health.2022;40(2):179–190. doi:10.5534/wjmh.210043Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Banerjee J, et al.Does male circumcision reduce women’s risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and associated conditions?Front Public Health.2019;7:4. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00004Morris BJ, Krieger JN.Penile inflammatory skin disorders and the preventive role of circumcision.Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:32. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_377_16Ince B, Dadac M, Altuntas Z, Bilgen F.Rarely seen complications of circumcision, and their management.Turk J Urol.2016;42(1):12–15. doi:10.5152/tud.2016.78972Prodger JL, Kaul R.The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field.AIDS Res Ther.2017;14:49. doi:10.1186/s12981-017-0167-6Onywera H, Williamson AL, Pnotmarenko J, Meiring TL.The penile microbiota in uncircumcised and circumcised men: relationships with HIV and human papillomavirus infections and cervicovaginal microbiota.Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:383. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00383Siev M, Keheila M, Motamedinia P, Smith A.Indications for adult circumcision: a contemporary analysis.Can J Urol. 2016;23(2):8204-8208.Abdulwahab-Ahmed A, Mungadi IA.Techniques of male circumcision.J Surg Tech Case Rep.2013;5(1):1–7. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.118588Alberta Health Services (Canada).Adult circumcision: what to expect at home.Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Krieger JN.Prevalence of phimosis in males of all ages: systematic review.Urology. 2020;135:124-32. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.003
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Center for Health Statistics.Trends in circumcision for male newborns in U.S. hospitals: 1979–2010.United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.Male circumcision: context, criteria and culture (part 1).American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Newborn male circumcision.Morris BJ, Krieger JN, Klausner JD.CDC’s male circumcision recommendations represent a key public health measure.Glob Health Sci Practice. 2017;5(1):15-27. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00390MedlinePlus.Circumcison.Allan, JA.The foreskin aesthetic or ugliness reconsidered.Men Masculinities, 2020;23(3-4)558–578. doi:10.1177/1097184X17753038University of California San Francisco.The circumcision decision.Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity.Medically unnecessary genital cutting and the rights of the child: moving toward consensus.Am J Bioethics.2019;10:1643945. doi:10.1080/15265161.2019.1643945Jacobson DL, Balmert LC, Holl J, et al.Nationwide circumcision trends: 2003 to 2016.J Urol. 2021;205(1):257-263. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001316Task Force on Circumcision, Blank S, Brady M, Buerk E, et al.Circumcision policy statement.Pediatrics. 2012:130(3):585-586. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1989 Copy editor: note that although 2012, this is the most recent statement.Morris BJ, Krieger JN.The contrasting evidence concerning the effect of male circumcision on sexual function, sensation, and pleasure: a systematic review.Sex Med.2020;8(4):577–598. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2020.08.011Marco BB, Garcia Heil JL.Circumcision in childhood and male sexual function: a blessing or a curse?Int J Impot Res.2021;33(2):139–148. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00354-yParnham A,, Serefoglu EC.Classification and definition of premature ejaculation.Transl Androl Urol.2016;5(4):416–423. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.05.16Punjani N, Basourakos SP, Nang QG, et al.Genitourinary infections related to circumcision and the potential impact on male infertility.World J Mens Health.2022;40(2):179–190. doi:10.5534/wjmh.210043Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Banerjee J, et al.Does male circumcision reduce women’s risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and associated conditions?Front Public Health.2019;7:4. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00004Morris BJ, Krieger JN.Penile inflammatory skin disorders and the preventive role of circumcision.Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:32. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_377_16Ince B, Dadac M, Altuntas Z, Bilgen F.Rarely seen complications of circumcision, and their management.Turk J Urol.2016;42(1):12–15. doi:10.5152/tud.2016.78972Prodger JL, Kaul R.The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field.AIDS Res Ther.2017;14:49. doi:10.1186/s12981-017-0167-6Onywera H, Williamson AL, Pnotmarenko J, Meiring TL.The penile microbiota in uncircumcised and circumcised men: relationships with HIV and human papillomavirus infections and cervicovaginal microbiota.Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:383. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00383Siev M, Keheila M, Motamedinia P, Smith A.Indications for adult circumcision: a contemporary analysis.Can J Urol. 2016;23(2):8204-8208.Abdulwahab-Ahmed A, Mungadi IA.Techniques of male circumcision.J Surg Tech Case Rep.2013;5(1):1–7. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.118588Alberta Health Services (Canada).Adult circumcision: what to expect at home.Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Krieger JN.Prevalence of phimosis in males of all ages: systematic review.Urology. 2020;135:124-32. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.003
National Center for Health Statistics.Trends in circumcision for male newborns in U.S. hospitals: 1979–2010.
United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.Male circumcision: context, criteria and culture (part 1).
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.Newborn male circumcision.
Morris BJ, Krieger JN, Klausner JD.CDC’s male circumcision recommendations represent a key public health measure.Glob Health Sci Practice. 2017;5(1):15-27. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00390
MedlinePlus.Circumcison.
Allan, JA.The foreskin aesthetic or ugliness reconsidered.Men Masculinities, 2020;23(3-4)558–578. doi:10.1177/1097184X17753038
University of California San Francisco.The circumcision decision.
Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity.Medically unnecessary genital cutting and the rights of the child: moving toward consensus.Am J Bioethics.2019;10:1643945. doi:10.1080/15265161.2019.1643945
Jacobson DL, Balmert LC, Holl J, et al.Nationwide circumcision trends: 2003 to 2016.J Urol. 2021;205(1):257-263. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
Task Force on Circumcision, Blank S, Brady M, Buerk E, et al.Circumcision policy statement.Pediatrics. 2012:130(3):585-586. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1989 Copy editor: note that although 2012, this is the most recent statement.
Morris BJ, Krieger JN.The contrasting evidence concerning the effect of male circumcision on sexual function, sensation, and pleasure: a systematic review.Sex Med.2020;8(4):577–598. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2020.08.011
Marco BB, Garcia Heil JL.Circumcision in childhood and male sexual function: a blessing or a curse?Int J Impot Res.2021;33(2):139–148. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00354-y
Parnham A,, Serefoglu EC.Classification and definition of premature ejaculation.Transl Androl Urol.2016;5(4):416–423. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.05.16
Punjani N, Basourakos SP, Nang QG, et al.Genitourinary infections related to circumcision and the potential impact on male infertility.World J Mens Health.2022;40(2):179–190. doi:10.5534/wjmh.210043
Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Banerjee J, et al.Does male circumcision reduce women’s risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and associated conditions?Front Public Health.2019;7:4. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00004
Morris BJ, Krieger JN.Penile inflammatory skin disorders and the preventive role of circumcision.Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:32. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_377_16
Ince B, Dadac M, Altuntas Z, Bilgen F.Rarely seen complications of circumcision, and their management.Turk J Urol.2016;42(1):12–15. doi:10.5152/tud.2016.78972
Prodger JL, Kaul R.The biology of how circumcision reduces HIV susceptibility: broader implications for the prevention field.AIDS Res Ther.2017;14:49. doi:10.1186/s12981-017-0167-6
Onywera H, Williamson AL, Pnotmarenko J, Meiring TL.The penile microbiota in uncircumcised and circumcised men: relationships with HIV and human papillomavirus infections and cervicovaginal microbiota.Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:383. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00383
Siev M, Keheila M, Motamedinia P, Smith A.Indications for adult circumcision: a contemporary analysis.Can J Urol. 2016;23(2):8204-8208.
Abdulwahab-Ahmed A, Mungadi IA.Techniques of male circumcision.J Surg Tech Case Rep.2013;5(1):1–7. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.118588
Alberta Health Services (Canada).Adult circumcision: what to expect at home.
Morris BJ, Matthews JG, Krieger JN.Prevalence of phimosis in males of all ages: systematic review.Urology. 2020;135:124-32. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.003
Meet Our Medical Expert Board
Share Feedback
Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
Was this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
What is your feedback?
