Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat It IsCausesTreatmentsHome Remedies
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What It Is
Causes
Treatments
Home Remedies
The term “cellulite” describes pockets of fat deposits that collect just below the surface of the skin. This can cause the skin to have a dimpled or lumpy appearance.
Approximately 80% to 90% of women develop cellulite at some point afterpuberty, primarily around the hips, thighs, and buttocks, while less than 10% of men have cellulite.
Cellulite is not harmful to your health, but some people may find its appearance distressing.Most factors contributing to cellulite are not preventable. However, there are treatments that can improve its appearance.
This article explains what cellulite is, what causes it, and the available treatment options.
Datacraft Co Ltd / Getty Images
What Is Cellulite?
There are layers of fat that store energy below the surface of the skin. Strong collagen fibers andseptae(membranes) connect them to the skin. Over time, the fibers and septae stretch or break down, and the fat cells grow. The “compartments” holding the fat cells get crowded, and the fibers pull down on the skin, creating the uneven surface of cellulite.
Grades of Cellulite
Cellulite’s appearance can be classified into the following groups, or grades:
What Are the Causes of Cellulite?
While cellulite tends to increase with weight gain, it can also affect those who are thin. This is because the fat itself is not the primary cause.The main contributing factors of cellulite are things you can’t control, including skin structure, hormones, genetics, and age.
Skin Structure
In most males, the fibers are arranged beneath the skin in a cross-hatched or diagonal manner, in a smooth and continuous pattern.
In females, they tend to run vertically and perpendicular to the skin. Because of this, they tether the skin to the underlying tissue at certain points. This creates chambers of fat cells that push up on the skin while the fibers pull it downward. It’s a lot like tufted upholstery.
Males also generally have a thicker skin layer than females, which reduces the appearance of cellulite.
Hormones
Estrogen, the primary female hormone, plays a role in regulating fat. It causes fat to naturally build up in the breasts, thighs, and buttocks, especially during the reproductive years. This fat is intended as an energy source for childbearing.
You’re more likely to develop cellulite when you’re in a high-estrogen state, such as:
Not only does estrogen influence fat stores, but it also helps you maintain consistent fat levels. When estrogen declines in menopause, it can lead to weight gain, which increases the likelihood of cellulite.
In addition, lower estrogen can lead to impaired circulation (blood flow) and decreased activity in the walls of some blood vessels. It also causes the skin to lose elasticity. All of these factors are believed to contribute to cellulite.
Low Estrogen: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
Testosterone, the primary male hormone, has the opposite effect—it burns fat.The majority of males who have cellulite have abnormally low levels of testosterone or high levels of estrogen due to medical conditions, including:
Genetics
Cellulite is believed to have ageneticcomponent, and it does run in families. In fact, one of the major risk factors for cellulite is having family members who have it.
A few studies have identified genes that appear to play roles in the likelihood a person will develop cellulite. Some of these genes may influence inflammation, blood-flow regulation, estrogen receptors, and the biology of fat cells, which all are known to play roles in cellulite development.
At What Age Do You Get Cellulite?Cellulite most commonly appears in women between the ages of 20 and 30, though it can occur anytime after puberty.
At What Age Do You Get Cellulite?
Cellulite most commonly appears in women between the ages of 20 and 30, though it can occur anytime after puberty.
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors
Several factors can increase your risk of and exacerbate (worsen) cellulite. However, unlike the causes, you may be able to control some or all of them.
Things that can increase the appearance of cellulite include:
Causes of Thin Skin and How to Treat It
How Is Cellulite Treated?
Several products and procedures are touted as treatments for cellulite. Some of them work well for some people, while others are not as effective, or not effective at all.
It’s important to note that procedures that just remove fat often have no impact on cellulite. It takes specialized procedures to change its appearance.
Lotions and Creams
Topical products (applied to the skin) like creams and lotions may have some value when it comes to smoothing out the appearance of your skin, depending on their ingredients.
Ingredients believed to work include:
When you start using a new topical product, test it on a small patch of skin first to make sure you are not allergic to any of the ingredients.
Ingredient Warning: AminophyllineSome people have reported anxiety or a racing heart while using topical products that contain aminophylline.Testing on small areas is recommended with these products.If you have asthma and use an inhaler, don’t use products containing this ingredient, as the combination could result in breathing problems.
Ingredient Warning: Aminophylline
Some people have reported anxiety or a racing heart while using topical products that contain aminophylline.Testing on small areas is recommended with these products.If you have asthma and use an inhaler, don’t use products containing this ingredient, as the combination could result in breathing problems.
Some people have reported anxiety or a racing heart while using topical products that contain aminophylline.Testing on small areas is recommended with these products.
If you have asthma and use an inhaler, don’t use products containing this ingredient, as the combination could result in breathing problems.
Medical Procedures
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the following minimally invasive procedures generally have good results that last for at least several months after a single treatment.
Massage
Vacuum-assisted mechanical massage withlymphaticdrainage is a technique that may promote circulation and remove fluid build-up to temporarily improve the appearance of cellulite.
Subcision
Subcision involves a needle inserted under the skin to break up tough septae and give fat cells more space to spread out, which reduces dimpling.
Acoustic wave therapy
The waves prompt the body to promote lipolysis (the natural process of breaking down fat), increase blood flow, create new collagen, and allow for lymphatic drainage. This treatment may require seven appointments to complete.
Radiofrequency
With radiofrequency treatment, cellulite is heated with radio waves. This has a superficial and temporary effect of smoothing out bumps. The technique may also involve lasers, suction, infrared energy, and/or massage to improve results.
Laser Therapy
With a device called Cellulaze, a tiny laser fiber inserted under the skin breaks up tough septae and can thicken skin, both of which help with a smoother appearance. Results may last a year or longer.
With other brands of laser devices, results may last six months or more.
Vacuum-Assisted Precise Tissue Release
With vacuum-assisted precise tissue release, small blades are inserted to cut the septae, allowing tissues to move upward and fill out dimpled areas. A small study showed results that lasted up to three years.
Carboxytherapy:Carboxytherapy involves the injection of carbon dioxide gas underneath the skin. Carbon dioxide brings additional oxygen into the area and dilates the blood vessels where it is injected to improve the overall appearance of your skin. A small study of healthy women age 29 and older found that cellulite removal using carboxytherapy resulted in a noticeable improvement in the areas of the buttocks and thighs.
What Is CoolSculpting? And Does It Really Work?
Procedures Unlikely to Work
Several other procedures have been found ineffective or are too new to be thoroughly evaluated, including:
Spa TreatmentsSome spa treatments, such as endermologie and ionithermie cellulite reduction treatments, claim to reduce the appearance of cellulite. However, thus far, none have had enough adequate or consistent study results to be recommended.
Spa Treatments
Some spa treatments, such as endermologie and ionithermie cellulite reduction treatments, claim to reduce the appearance of cellulite. However, thus far, none have had enough adequate or consistent study results to be recommended.
Home Remedies for Treating Cellulite
Certain lifestyle modifications may be useful in helping improve the appearance of cellulite.
Weight Loss, Weight Gain
Neither losing nor gaining weight is a foolproof way of minimizing cellulite.
For many people, weight gain makes cellulite stand out more. It goes back to the growth of those fat cells and the possibility that they could start to bulge.
However, for some people, weight loss causes looser skin. This is especially true of rapid or extreme weight loss. Loose skin may make cellulite stand out even more, just as it does with loose skin from aging.
Since cellulite isn’t harmful (unless it causes emotional distress because of how it looks), it shouldn’t be the deciding factor as to whether you should lose or gain weight. However, there are a few studies that show a possible correlation between high levels of cellulite and a risk for some chronic diseases.The decision about weight should be made with your healthcare provider while considering your overall health.
Proper Nutrition
A healthy diet isn’t just about weight—it can also keep your skin and connective tissues stronger and more supple.
A healthy diet focuses on:
Eating this way can also lower inflammation and prevent water retention, which could also lessen cellulite’s appearance.Staying hydratedcan also help.
Exercise
Some studies show that aerobic exercise and endurance training such as cycling can reduce the appearance of cellulite.
Exercise helps with cellulite in a multitude of ways:
Quitting Smoking
Smoking is harmful to connective tissue, collagen, and fibers of the skin, causing the normal aging process of stiffening and contracting to go into hyperdrive. It also prematurely ages your skin.
The best way to protect your tissues (and the rest of you) from the harmful effects of tobacco is to never start smoking. If you do,kicking the habitis the best choice for your health.
Collagen Supplementation
Healthy, supple septae (membranes) don’t draw your skin and muscles together so hard that they cause the fat cells to bulge out and cause a lumpy appearance. Healthier, more youthful skin holds fatty areas tighter so cellulite doesn’t show as much.
A crucial part of healthy tissues is collagen. It’s one of two proteins that make up connective tissues and accounts for 75% of your skin’s dry weight. Research suggests thatcollagen supplementscan improve the appearance of skin and cellulite.
Over time, your body produces less collagen. Effects of reduced collagen include:
To make collagen, your body uses amino acids from protein. It also needsvitamin C, zinc, andcopper.
However, as you get older, or if you don’t get enough of these nutrients, you may benefit from adding collagen-boosting foods orsupplementsto your diet.Bone brothand pork skin are two of the best dietary sources of collagen.
Other supplements on the market that claim to reduce cellulite contain ingredients like caffeine,grape seed extract, gingko biloba, andgotu kola. Thus far, none of these supplements has been proven to reduce the appearance of cellulite.
The 7 Best Collagen Supplements
Summary
Cellulite is the fat deposits that give the skin’s surface a puckered, dimpled appearance. It most commonly occurs around the hips, thighs, and buttocks.
Most of the contributing factors for cellulite are things you can’t control, including skin structure, hormones, genetics, and age. Things you can control that may improve cellulite include eating well, exercising, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking.
21 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Gabriel A, Chan V, Caldarella M, Wayne T, O’Rorke E.Cellulite: Current understanding and treatment.Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2023 Jun 21;5:ojad050. doi:10.1093/asjof/ojad050MedlinePlus.Cellulite.Friedmann DP, Vick GL, Mishra V.Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:17-23. doi:10.2147/CCID.S95830Tokarska K, Tokarski S, Woźniacka A, Sysa-jędrzejowska A, Bogaczewicz J.Cellulite: a cosmetic or systemic issue? Contemporary views on the etiopathogenesis of cellulite.Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2018;35(5):442-446. doi:10.5114/ada.2018.77235Rudolph C, Hladik C, Hamade H, et al.Structural gender dimorphism and the biomechanics of the gluteal subcutaneous tissue: Implications for the pathophysiology of cellulite.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;143(4):1077-1086. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000005407University of Rochester Medical Center.What does estrogen have to do with belly fat?Leszko M.Cellulite in menopause.Prz Menopauzalny. 2014;13(5):298-304. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.46472Ng Tang Fui M, Prendergast LA, Dupuis P, et al.Effects of testosterone treatment on body fat and lean mass in obese men on a hypocaloric diet: a randomised controlled trial.BMC Med. 2016;14(1):153. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0700-9American Academy of Dermatology Association.Cellulite treatments: what really works?Sadick N.Treatment for cellulite.Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;5(1):68-72. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.09.002Krueger N, Mai SV, Luebberding S, Sadick NS.Cryolipolysis for noninvasive body contouring: clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014 Jun 26;7:201-5. doi:10.2147/CCID.S44371Pianez LR, Custódio FS, Guidi RM, de Freitas JN, Sant’Ana E.Effectiveness of carboxytherapy in the treatment of cellulite in healthy women: a pilot study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.2016;9:183-190. doi:10.2147/CCID.S102503Sami K, Elshahat A, Moussa M, Abbas A, Mahmoud A.Image analyzer study of the skin in patients with morbid obesity and massive weight loss.Eplasty. 2015;15:e4.Michalak M, Pierzak M, Kręcisz B, Suliga E.Bioactive compounds for skin health: a review.Nutrients. 2021;13(1):203. doi:10.3390/nu13010203American Academy of Dermatology Association.When It comes to skin health, does diet make a difference?Ricker MA, Haas WC.Anti-inflammatory diet in clinical practice: a review.Nutr Clin Pract. 2017;32(3):318-325. doi:10.1177/0884533617700353Troia S, Moreira AM, Pisco D, et al.Effect of shock wave therapy associated with aerobic exercise on cellulite: a randomized controlled trial.J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;10.1111/jocd.13791. doi:10.1111/jocd.13791Yazdanparast T, Hassanzadeh H, Nasrollahi SA, et al.Cigarettes smoking and skin: a comparison study of the biophysical properties of skin in smokers and non-smokers.Tanaffos. 2019;18(2):163-168.Schunck M, Zague V, Oesser S, Proksch E.Dietary supplementation with specific collagen peptides has a body mass index-dependent beneficial effect on cellulite morphology.J Med Food. 2015;18(12):1340-1348. doi:10.1089/jmf.2015.0022Khatri M, Naughton RJ, Clifford T, Harper LD, Corr L.The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on body composition, collagen synthesis, and recovery from joint injury and exercise: a systematic review.Amino Acids. 2021;53(10):1493-1506. doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03072-xHarvard TH Chan School of Public Health.Collagen.Additional ReadingAmerican Academy of Dermatology Association.Cellulite treatments: what really works?Friedmann DP, Vick GL, Mishra V.Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:17-23. doi:10.2147/CCID.S95830
21 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Gabriel A, Chan V, Caldarella M, Wayne T, O’Rorke E.Cellulite: Current understanding and treatment.Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2023 Jun 21;5:ojad050. doi:10.1093/asjof/ojad050MedlinePlus.Cellulite.Friedmann DP, Vick GL, Mishra V.Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:17-23. doi:10.2147/CCID.S95830Tokarska K, Tokarski S, Woźniacka A, Sysa-jędrzejowska A, Bogaczewicz J.Cellulite: a cosmetic or systemic issue? Contemporary views on the etiopathogenesis of cellulite.Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2018;35(5):442-446. doi:10.5114/ada.2018.77235Rudolph C, Hladik C, Hamade H, et al.Structural gender dimorphism and the biomechanics of the gluteal subcutaneous tissue: Implications for the pathophysiology of cellulite.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;143(4):1077-1086. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000005407University of Rochester Medical Center.What does estrogen have to do with belly fat?Leszko M.Cellulite in menopause.Prz Menopauzalny. 2014;13(5):298-304. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.46472Ng Tang Fui M, Prendergast LA, Dupuis P, et al.Effects of testosterone treatment on body fat and lean mass in obese men on a hypocaloric diet: a randomised controlled trial.BMC Med. 2016;14(1):153. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0700-9American Academy of Dermatology Association.Cellulite treatments: what really works?Sadick N.Treatment for cellulite.Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;5(1):68-72. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.09.002Krueger N, Mai SV, Luebberding S, Sadick NS.Cryolipolysis for noninvasive body contouring: clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014 Jun 26;7:201-5. doi:10.2147/CCID.S44371Pianez LR, Custódio FS, Guidi RM, de Freitas JN, Sant’Ana E.Effectiveness of carboxytherapy in the treatment of cellulite in healthy women: a pilot study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.2016;9:183-190. doi:10.2147/CCID.S102503Sami K, Elshahat A, Moussa M, Abbas A, Mahmoud A.Image analyzer study of the skin in patients with morbid obesity and massive weight loss.Eplasty. 2015;15:e4.Michalak M, Pierzak M, Kręcisz B, Suliga E.Bioactive compounds for skin health: a review.Nutrients. 2021;13(1):203. doi:10.3390/nu13010203American Academy of Dermatology Association.When It comes to skin health, does diet make a difference?Ricker MA, Haas WC.Anti-inflammatory diet in clinical practice: a review.Nutr Clin Pract. 2017;32(3):318-325. doi:10.1177/0884533617700353Troia S, Moreira AM, Pisco D, et al.Effect of shock wave therapy associated with aerobic exercise on cellulite: a randomized controlled trial.J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;10.1111/jocd.13791. doi:10.1111/jocd.13791Yazdanparast T, Hassanzadeh H, Nasrollahi SA, et al.Cigarettes smoking and skin: a comparison study of the biophysical properties of skin in smokers and non-smokers.Tanaffos. 2019;18(2):163-168.Schunck M, Zague V, Oesser S, Proksch E.Dietary supplementation with specific collagen peptides has a body mass index-dependent beneficial effect on cellulite morphology.J Med Food. 2015;18(12):1340-1348. doi:10.1089/jmf.2015.0022Khatri M, Naughton RJ, Clifford T, Harper LD, Corr L.The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on body composition, collagen synthesis, and recovery from joint injury and exercise: a systematic review.Amino Acids. 2021;53(10):1493-1506. doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03072-xHarvard TH Chan School of Public Health.Collagen.Additional ReadingAmerican Academy of Dermatology Association.Cellulite treatments: what really works?Friedmann DP, Vick GL, Mishra V.Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:17-23. doi:10.2147/CCID.S95830
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Gabriel A, Chan V, Caldarella M, Wayne T, O’Rorke E.Cellulite: Current understanding and treatment.Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2023 Jun 21;5:ojad050. doi:10.1093/asjof/ojad050MedlinePlus.Cellulite.Friedmann DP, Vick GL, Mishra V.Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:17-23. doi:10.2147/CCID.S95830Tokarska K, Tokarski S, Woźniacka A, Sysa-jędrzejowska A, Bogaczewicz J.Cellulite: a cosmetic or systemic issue? Contemporary views on the etiopathogenesis of cellulite.Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2018;35(5):442-446. doi:10.5114/ada.2018.77235Rudolph C, Hladik C, Hamade H, et al.Structural gender dimorphism and the biomechanics of the gluteal subcutaneous tissue: Implications for the pathophysiology of cellulite.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;143(4):1077-1086. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000005407University of Rochester Medical Center.What does estrogen have to do with belly fat?Leszko M.Cellulite in menopause.Prz Menopauzalny. 2014;13(5):298-304. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.46472Ng Tang Fui M, Prendergast LA, Dupuis P, et al.Effects of testosterone treatment on body fat and lean mass in obese men on a hypocaloric diet: a randomised controlled trial.BMC Med. 2016;14(1):153. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0700-9American Academy of Dermatology Association.Cellulite treatments: what really works?Sadick N.Treatment for cellulite.Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;5(1):68-72. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.09.002Krueger N, Mai SV, Luebberding S, Sadick NS.Cryolipolysis for noninvasive body contouring: clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014 Jun 26;7:201-5. doi:10.2147/CCID.S44371Pianez LR, Custódio FS, Guidi RM, de Freitas JN, Sant’Ana E.Effectiveness of carboxytherapy in the treatment of cellulite in healthy women: a pilot study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.2016;9:183-190. doi:10.2147/CCID.S102503Sami K, Elshahat A, Moussa M, Abbas A, Mahmoud A.Image analyzer study of the skin in patients with morbid obesity and massive weight loss.Eplasty. 2015;15:e4.Michalak M, Pierzak M, Kręcisz B, Suliga E.Bioactive compounds for skin health: a review.Nutrients. 2021;13(1):203. doi:10.3390/nu13010203American Academy of Dermatology Association.When It comes to skin health, does diet make a difference?Ricker MA, Haas WC.Anti-inflammatory diet in clinical practice: a review.Nutr Clin Pract. 2017;32(3):318-325. doi:10.1177/0884533617700353Troia S, Moreira AM, Pisco D, et al.Effect of shock wave therapy associated with aerobic exercise on cellulite: a randomized controlled trial.J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;10.1111/jocd.13791. doi:10.1111/jocd.13791Yazdanparast T, Hassanzadeh H, Nasrollahi SA, et al.Cigarettes smoking and skin: a comparison study of the biophysical properties of skin in smokers and non-smokers.Tanaffos. 2019;18(2):163-168.Schunck M, Zague V, Oesser S, Proksch E.Dietary supplementation with specific collagen peptides has a body mass index-dependent beneficial effect on cellulite morphology.J Med Food. 2015;18(12):1340-1348. doi:10.1089/jmf.2015.0022Khatri M, Naughton RJ, Clifford T, Harper LD, Corr L.The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on body composition, collagen synthesis, and recovery from joint injury and exercise: a systematic review.Amino Acids. 2021;53(10):1493-1506. doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03072-xHarvard TH Chan School of Public Health.Collagen.
Gabriel A, Chan V, Caldarella M, Wayne T, O’Rorke E.Cellulite: Current understanding and treatment.Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 2023 Jun 21;5:ojad050. doi:10.1093/asjof/ojad050
MedlinePlus.Cellulite.
Friedmann DP, Vick GL, Mishra V.Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:17-23. doi:10.2147/CCID.S95830
Tokarska K, Tokarski S, Woźniacka A, Sysa-jędrzejowska A, Bogaczewicz J.Cellulite: a cosmetic or systemic issue? Contemporary views on the etiopathogenesis of cellulite.Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2018;35(5):442-446. doi:10.5114/ada.2018.77235
Rudolph C, Hladik C, Hamade H, et al.Structural gender dimorphism and the biomechanics of the gluteal subcutaneous tissue: Implications for the pathophysiology of cellulite.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;143(4):1077-1086. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000005407
University of Rochester Medical Center.What does estrogen have to do with belly fat?
Leszko M.Cellulite in menopause.Prz Menopauzalny. 2014;13(5):298-304. doi:10.5114/pm.2014.46472
Ng Tang Fui M, Prendergast LA, Dupuis P, et al.Effects of testosterone treatment on body fat and lean mass in obese men on a hypocaloric diet: a randomised controlled trial.BMC Med. 2016;14(1):153. doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0700-9
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Cellulite treatments: what really works?
Sadick N.Treatment for cellulite.Int J Womens Dermatol. 2018;5(1):68-72. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.09.002
Krueger N, Mai SV, Luebberding S, Sadick NS.Cryolipolysis for noninvasive body contouring: clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014 Jun 26;7:201-5. doi:10.2147/CCID.S44371
Pianez LR, Custódio FS, Guidi RM, de Freitas JN, Sant’Ana E.Effectiveness of carboxytherapy in the treatment of cellulite in healthy women: a pilot study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.2016;9:183-190. doi:10.2147/CCID.S102503
Sami K, Elshahat A, Moussa M, Abbas A, Mahmoud A.Image analyzer study of the skin in patients with morbid obesity and massive weight loss.Eplasty. 2015;15:e4.
Michalak M, Pierzak M, Kręcisz B, Suliga E.Bioactive compounds for skin health: a review.Nutrients. 2021;13(1):203. doi:10.3390/nu13010203
American Academy of Dermatology Association.When It comes to skin health, does diet make a difference?
Ricker MA, Haas WC.Anti-inflammatory diet in clinical practice: a review.Nutr Clin Pract. 2017;32(3):318-325. doi:10.1177/0884533617700353
Troia S, Moreira AM, Pisco D, et al.Effect of shock wave therapy associated with aerobic exercise on cellulite: a randomized controlled trial.J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;10.1111/jocd.13791. doi:10.1111/jocd.13791
Yazdanparast T, Hassanzadeh H, Nasrollahi SA, et al.Cigarettes smoking and skin: a comparison study of the biophysical properties of skin in smokers and non-smokers.Tanaffos. 2019;18(2):163-168.
Schunck M, Zague V, Oesser S, Proksch E.Dietary supplementation with specific collagen peptides has a body mass index-dependent beneficial effect on cellulite morphology.J Med Food. 2015;18(12):1340-1348. doi:10.1089/jmf.2015.0022
Khatri M, Naughton RJ, Clifford T, Harper LD, Corr L.The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on body composition, collagen synthesis, and recovery from joint injury and exercise: a systematic review.Amino Acids. 2021;53(10):1493-1506. doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03072-x
Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health.Collagen.
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Cellulite treatments: what really works?Friedmann DP, Vick GL, Mishra V.Cellulite: a review with a focus on subcision.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:17-23. doi:10.2147/CCID.S95830
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