Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsRiskHeart & Lung ChangesImmune System ChangesComplicationsTreatmentHow to Stay SafeFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Risk
Heart & Lung Changes
Immune System Changes
Complications
Treatment
How to Stay Safe
Frequently Asked Questions
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Pregnancy and COVID-19 Risk
Research suggests that pregnancy does not increase the risk of contracting the virus causing COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).However, it confirms that having COVID-19 while pregnant slightly increases the risk ofsevere infection, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and the need for mechanical ventilation (breathing machine).
In addition to available research on COVID-19, scientists and healthcare providers also look to other, similar diseases to understand how illness affects pregnancy. For example, the original severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) show that people are more vulnerable to viral respiratory infections while pregnant.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes White Blood Cells
Changes to the Heart and Lungs During Pregnancy
The way the bodypumps and carries bloodand oxygen to the rest of the body changes slightly during pregnancy, when oxygen need and usage are greater. The heart rate goes up to meet the body’s demand for more oxygen.
Additionally, the following changes in the respiratory (breathing) system affect how the pregnant body produces and exchanges oxygen:
Why Pregnancy Changes Increase the Risk of Severe Illness With COVID-19
When to Go to the Hospital for Rapid Heart Rate
Changes in the Immune System During Pregnancy
Additional risk factors for experiencing severe illness with COVID-19 while pregnant include:
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Pregnancy COVID-19 StatisticsThe United States documented 198,598 pregnant people with COVID-19 from January 22, 2020, to April 11, 2022. Hospitalization data were available for 160,857 cases. The following information is from that data:31,959 pregnant people were hospitalized.700 were admitted to the ICU (ICU data were only available for 18,764 of those patients).287 of those pregnant patients died.Another sample of research studies showed the following statistics:90% of pregnant people recover from COVID19 without hospitalization.9.9% of pregnant people with COVID-19 got pneumonia (6.5% in the nonpregnant group).11.3 % had a severe illness.13% were admitted to ICU (6.9% in the nonpregnant group).1.6% of pregnant people with COVID-19 received mechanical ventilation.0.8% of pregnant people with COVID-19 died.
Pregnancy COVID-19 Statistics
The United States documented 198,598 pregnant people with COVID-19 from January 22, 2020, to April 11, 2022. Hospitalization data were available for 160,857 cases. The following information is from that data:31,959 pregnant people were hospitalized.700 were admitted to the ICU (ICU data were only available for 18,764 of those patients).287 of those pregnant patients died.Another sample of research studies showed the following statistics:90% of pregnant people recover from COVID19 without hospitalization.9.9% of pregnant people with COVID-19 got pneumonia (6.5% in the nonpregnant group).11.3 % had a severe illness.13% were admitted to ICU (6.9% in the nonpregnant group).1.6% of pregnant people with COVID-19 received mechanical ventilation.0.8% of pregnant people with COVID-19 died.
The United States documented 198,598 pregnant people with COVID-19 from January 22, 2020, to April 11, 2022. Hospitalization data were available for 160,857 cases. The following information is from that data:
Another sample of research studies showed the following statistics:
Complications of Pregnancy and COVID-19
In most but not all studies, pregnant people with COVID-19 have an increased risk of pregnancy complications, such as preterm delivery (less than 37 weeks). One study showed an 8.8% rate of preterm delivery with COVID-19 compared to 5.5% without it.
There is also a 62% higher chance of developingpreeclampsiawith COVID-19. The risk of complications is higher when the virus causing COVID-19 is contracted after 26 weeks of pregnancy and with critical illness from COVID-19.
Research does not show an increased risk of miscarriage orcongenital anomalies(health conditions present at birth). As many as 95% of the newborns remain uninfected and in good condition at birth.
Does COVID-19 Increase the Risk of Having a Stillborn Infant?Much of the research on this is from the time of the delta variant (July through September of 2021, beforeomicron). Early findings show the delta variant causes a 2.7% risk of having astillborninfant compared to the 0.63% in the non-COVID-19 group.This was especially true for pregnant parents with multiple preexisting health conditions, multiple babies (twins, triplets, etc.), or severe illnesses.
Does COVID-19 Increase the Risk of Having a Stillborn Infant?
Much of the research on this is from the time of the delta variant (July through September of 2021, beforeomicron). Early findings show the delta variant causes a 2.7% risk of having astillborninfant compared to the 0.63% in the non-COVID-19 group.This was especially true for pregnant parents with multiple preexisting health conditions, multiple babies (twins, triplets, etc.), or severe illnesses.
Much of the research on this is from the time of the delta variant (July through September of 2021, beforeomicron). Early findings show the delta variant causes a 2.7% risk of having astillborninfant compared to the 0.63% in the non-COVID-19 group.
This was especially true for pregnant parents with multiple preexisting health conditions, multiple babies (twins, triplets, etc.), or severe illnesses.
Symptoms of COVID-19tend to be the same in pregnant and nonpregnant individuals. However, some symptoms overlap with typical pregnancy symptoms, including:
It’s also worth noting that early symptoms can be similar to other respiratory infections, includinginfluenza,adenovirus, respiratorysyncytialvirus (RSV), andpneumonia.
The following are signs and symptoms of COVID-19 and pregnancy complications such asHELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome, preeclampsia, andeclampsia:
Acute hypertension (sudden high blood pressure) and uterine bleeding are examples of symptoms of pregnancy complications rather than COVID-19. This, along with diagnostic tests, can help healthcare providers distinguish between the two.
Pregnancy Risk for People With Long COVID
Thelong-term consequences of COVID-19during pregnancy are still being researched.On November 2, 2021, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced that it was conducting a four-year study for 1,500 patients and their children.
Pregnancy Treatments and COVID-19
Treatment of COVID-19during pregnancy is similar to non-pregnancy treatment. Mild COVID-19 usually requires rest, hydration, and infection prevention for your loved ones.
If you develop worsening symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, coughing up blood, dehydration, dizziness, or confusion, treatment might include:
While treatment is similar to treating nonpregnant people with COVID-19, the following interventions are specific to pregnancy:
A pregnant person, even with mild COVID-19, qualifies for antiviral treatment since pregnancy is considered high risk. Therefore, treatment with antivirals, such as Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir), Veklury (remdesivir), orhigh-titerconvalescent plasma(plasma from patients who have recovered from COVID-19 that contains a high level of neutralizing antibodies) may be considered.
Handwashing
Try towash your handsbefore eating, preparing food, or touching your face. It’s also best to wash them after using the restroom, leaving a public place, coughing, and changing diapers.
Avoid Exposure
Avoiding Unnecessary Exposure From Healthcare AppointmentsWhile it’s important to decrease your risk of exposure to COVID-19, it is also vital to receive prenatal care during pregnancy. Many healthcare providers use the following methods to keep patients from coming to a healthcare facility too often:Telehealthvisits and helplines: The use of technology for providers to meet with patients may be appropriate when a physical examination or labs are unnecessary.Grouping care: This often includes grouping laboratory or imaging tests with in-person appointments.Home monitoring:When appropriate, some patients may need to self-monitor and report their blood pressure, glucose, and urine protein.
Avoiding Unnecessary Exposure From Healthcare Appointments
While it’s important to decrease your risk of exposure to COVID-19, it is also vital to receive prenatal care during pregnancy. Many healthcare providers use the following methods to keep patients from coming to a healthcare facility too often:Telehealthvisits and helplines: The use of technology for providers to meet with patients may be appropriate when a physical examination or labs are unnecessary.Grouping care: This often includes grouping laboratory or imaging tests with in-person appointments.Home monitoring:When appropriate, some patients may need to self-monitor and report their blood pressure, glucose, and urine protein.
While it’s important to decrease your risk of exposure to COVID-19, it is also vital to receive prenatal care during pregnancy. Many healthcare providers use the following methods to keep patients from coming to a healthcare facility too often:
Testing and Vaccination
You and your loved ones can test often, using an over-the-counter (OTC)rapid self-test. A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test is preferred when you have symptoms, known exposure, or a positive rapid test.
Which Test Should You Use After Exposure to COVID?
Telehealth PCR TestsCheck online for PCR tests offered through telehealth visits. If you do have symptoms or test positive, notify your healthcare provider.
Telehealth PCR Tests
Check online for PCR tests offered through telehealth visits. If you do have symptoms or test positive, notify your healthcare provider.
How To Form a Pandemic Pod
Experts recommend theCOVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Research shows it is safe and effective in preventing severe illness and life-threatening complications.
One study showed that taking two doses of the vaccine during pregnancy reduces COVID-19 hospitalizations for babies less than 6 months old. This is important because newborns and infants are at the highest risk of complications.
COVID Vaccine During Pregnancy Protects Babies, Study Shows
Summary
While pregnancy does not increase the risk of developing COVID-19, having COVID-19 during pregnancy increases the risk of severe illness and life-threatening complications. The increased risk is due to changes in the hearts, lungs, and immune system during pregnancy.
Treatment for COVID-19 is similar to treating nonpregnant people, with a few exceptions. For pregnant people, treatment includes using the ACOG algorithm, maternal and fetal monitoring, medication safety, team-based delivery planning, and abdominal shielding with imaging studies that use radiation.
Prevention of COVID-19 includes handwashing, avoiding exposure, testing, and vaccination.
A Word From Verywell
Making a decision about pregnancy or becoming pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic can be overwhelming. For those who are pregnant or may become pregnant, follow guidelines from health officials to decrease your risk of getting COVID-19. Experts recommend vaccination for those who are pregnant. Research shows it is safe and effective in preventing severe illness and life-threatening complications.
Frequently Asked QuestionsYes, the COVID-19 vaccination is recommended during pregnancy. Research shows it is safe and effective in preventing severe illness and life-threatening complications.Yes, COVID-19 can be more dangerous for pregnant women, especially those who are unvaccinated. This is due to changes in the lungs, heart, and immune system during pregnancy.Pregnant people, especially those who are unvaccinated, have a higher risk of severe disease, complications, and delivering before full term.
Yes, the COVID-19 vaccination is recommended during pregnancy. Research shows it is safe and effective in preventing severe illness and life-threatening complications.
Yes, COVID-19 can be more dangerous for pregnant women, especially those who are unvaccinated. This is due to changes in the lungs, heart, and immune system during pregnancy.
Pregnant people, especially those who are unvaccinated, have a higher risk of severe disease, complications, and delivering before full term.
The information in this article is current as of the date listed. As new research becomes available, we’ll update this article. For the latest on COVID-19, visit ourcoronavirus news page.
18 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.UpToDate.COVID19: Overview of pregnancy issues.Celewicz A, Celewicz M, Michalczyk M, et. al.Pregnancy as a risk factor of severe COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021;22;10(22):5458. doi: 10.3390/jcm10225458Mily S, Akter K, Jabin N, et al.COVID-19 infection in pregnancy: A review.Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2022;9(9):4536-4540. doi: 10.2174/187152652266622010511135Malinowski A, Noureldin A, Othman M.COVID-19 susceptibility in pregnancy: Immune/inflammatory considerations, the role of placental ACE-2 and research considerations.Reproductive Biology. 2020; 20(4): 568-572. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.005Fenizia C, Cetin I, Mileto D, et al.Pregnant women develop a specific immunological long-lived memory against SARS-COV-2.Front Immunol. 2022;13:827889. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827889Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID data tracker.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pregnant people: An increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19.Madaan, Sparsh, Dhruv et.al.HELLP Syndrome and COVID-19; association or accident: A case series.Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2022;11(2). doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1136_21National Institutes of Health (NIH).NIH to study long-term effects of COVID-19 in pregnancy.Groff D, Sun A, Ssentongo A, et al.Short-term and long-term rates of postacute sequelae of sars-cov-2 infection: A systematic review.JAMA Netw Open.2021;4(10):e2128568. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).Outpatient assessment and management for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID19).National Institute of Health (NIH).COVID19 Treatment guidelines.National Institute of Health (NIH).COVID19 treatment guidelines: Special considerations in pregnancy.UpToDate.COVID-19: Management in hospitalized adults.Sahin D, Tanacan A, Erol S, et al.Management of pregnant women with COVID-19: A tertiary pandemic center experience on 1416 cases.Journal of Medical Virology. 2021;94(3):1074-1084. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27423Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID-19: Protect yourself.Rawal S, Tackett R, Stone R, Young H.COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people in the United States: a systematic review.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;4(4):100616. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100616Halasa N, Olson S, Staat M, et al.Effectiveness of maternal vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy against COVID-19–associated hospitalization in infants aged <6 months — 17 states, July 2021–January 2022.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(7):264-270. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e3Additional ReadingCelewicz A, Celewicz M, Michalczyk M, et. al.Pregnancy as a risk factor of severe COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021;22;10(22):5458. doi: 10.3390/jcm10225458Malinowski A, Noureldin A, Othman M.COVID-19 susceptibility in pregnancy: Immune/inflammatory considerations, the role of placental ACE-2 and research considerations.Reproductive Biology. 2020; 20(4): 568-572. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.005UpToDate.COVID19: Overview of pregnancy issues.
18 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.UpToDate.COVID19: Overview of pregnancy issues.Celewicz A, Celewicz M, Michalczyk M, et. al.Pregnancy as a risk factor of severe COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021;22;10(22):5458. doi: 10.3390/jcm10225458Mily S, Akter K, Jabin N, et al.COVID-19 infection in pregnancy: A review.Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2022;9(9):4536-4540. doi: 10.2174/187152652266622010511135Malinowski A, Noureldin A, Othman M.COVID-19 susceptibility in pregnancy: Immune/inflammatory considerations, the role of placental ACE-2 and research considerations.Reproductive Biology. 2020; 20(4): 568-572. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.005Fenizia C, Cetin I, Mileto D, et al.Pregnant women develop a specific immunological long-lived memory against SARS-COV-2.Front Immunol. 2022;13:827889. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827889Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID data tracker.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pregnant people: An increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19.Madaan, Sparsh, Dhruv et.al.HELLP Syndrome and COVID-19; association or accident: A case series.Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2022;11(2). doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1136_21National Institutes of Health (NIH).NIH to study long-term effects of COVID-19 in pregnancy.Groff D, Sun A, Ssentongo A, et al.Short-term and long-term rates of postacute sequelae of sars-cov-2 infection: A systematic review.JAMA Netw Open.2021;4(10):e2128568. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).Outpatient assessment and management for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID19).National Institute of Health (NIH).COVID19 Treatment guidelines.National Institute of Health (NIH).COVID19 treatment guidelines: Special considerations in pregnancy.UpToDate.COVID-19: Management in hospitalized adults.Sahin D, Tanacan A, Erol S, et al.Management of pregnant women with COVID-19: A tertiary pandemic center experience on 1416 cases.Journal of Medical Virology. 2021;94(3):1074-1084. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27423Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID-19: Protect yourself.Rawal S, Tackett R, Stone R, Young H.COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people in the United States: a systematic review.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;4(4):100616. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100616Halasa N, Olson S, Staat M, et al.Effectiveness of maternal vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy against COVID-19–associated hospitalization in infants aged <6 months — 17 states, July 2021–January 2022.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(7):264-270. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e3Additional ReadingCelewicz A, Celewicz M, Michalczyk M, et. al.Pregnancy as a risk factor of severe COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021;22;10(22):5458. doi: 10.3390/jcm10225458Malinowski A, Noureldin A, Othman M.COVID-19 susceptibility in pregnancy: Immune/inflammatory considerations, the role of placental ACE-2 and research considerations.Reproductive Biology. 2020; 20(4): 568-572. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.005UpToDate.COVID19: Overview of pregnancy issues.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
UpToDate.COVID19: Overview of pregnancy issues.Celewicz A, Celewicz M, Michalczyk M, et. al.Pregnancy as a risk factor of severe COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021;22;10(22):5458. doi: 10.3390/jcm10225458Mily S, Akter K, Jabin N, et al.COVID-19 infection in pregnancy: A review.Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2022;9(9):4536-4540. doi: 10.2174/187152652266622010511135Malinowski A, Noureldin A, Othman M.COVID-19 susceptibility in pregnancy: Immune/inflammatory considerations, the role of placental ACE-2 and research considerations.Reproductive Biology. 2020; 20(4): 568-572. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.005Fenizia C, Cetin I, Mileto D, et al.Pregnant women develop a specific immunological long-lived memory against SARS-COV-2.Front Immunol. 2022;13:827889. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827889Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID data tracker.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pregnant people: An increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19.Madaan, Sparsh, Dhruv et.al.HELLP Syndrome and COVID-19; association or accident: A case series.Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2022;11(2). doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1136_21National Institutes of Health (NIH).NIH to study long-term effects of COVID-19 in pregnancy.Groff D, Sun A, Ssentongo A, et al.Short-term and long-term rates of postacute sequelae of sars-cov-2 infection: A systematic review.JAMA Netw Open.2021;4(10):e2128568. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).Outpatient assessment and management for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID19).National Institute of Health (NIH).COVID19 Treatment guidelines.National Institute of Health (NIH).COVID19 treatment guidelines: Special considerations in pregnancy.UpToDate.COVID-19: Management in hospitalized adults.Sahin D, Tanacan A, Erol S, et al.Management of pregnant women with COVID-19: A tertiary pandemic center experience on 1416 cases.Journal of Medical Virology. 2021;94(3):1074-1084. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27423Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID-19: Protect yourself.Rawal S, Tackett R, Stone R, Young H.COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people in the United States: a systematic review.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;4(4):100616. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100616Halasa N, Olson S, Staat M, et al.Effectiveness of maternal vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy against COVID-19–associated hospitalization in infants aged <6 months — 17 states, July 2021–January 2022.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(7):264-270. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e3
UpToDate.COVID19: Overview of pregnancy issues.
Celewicz A, Celewicz M, Michalczyk M, et. al.Pregnancy as a risk factor of severe COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021;22;10(22):5458. doi: 10.3390/jcm10225458
Mily S, Akter K, Jabin N, et al.COVID-19 infection in pregnancy: A review.Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2022;9(9):4536-4540. doi: 10.2174/187152652266622010511135
Malinowski A, Noureldin A, Othman M.COVID-19 susceptibility in pregnancy: Immune/inflammatory considerations, the role of placental ACE-2 and research considerations.Reproductive Biology. 2020; 20(4): 568-572. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.005
Fenizia C, Cetin I, Mileto D, et al.Pregnant women develop a specific immunological long-lived memory against SARS-COV-2.Front Immunol. 2022;13:827889. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827889
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID data tracker.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Pregnant people: An increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19.
Madaan, Sparsh, Dhruv et.al.HELLP Syndrome and COVID-19; association or accident: A case series.Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2022;11(2). doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1136_21
National Institutes of Health (NIH).NIH to study long-term effects of COVID-19 in pregnancy.
Groff D, Sun A, Ssentongo A, et al.Short-term and long-term rates of postacute sequelae of sars-cov-2 infection: A systematic review.JAMA Netw Open.2021;4(10):e2128568. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).Outpatient assessment and management for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID19).
National Institute of Health (NIH).COVID19 Treatment guidelines.
National Institute of Health (NIH).COVID19 treatment guidelines: Special considerations in pregnancy.
UpToDate.COVID-19: Management in hospitalized adults.
Sahin D, Tanacan A, Erol S, et al.Management of pregnant women with COVID-19: A tertiary pandemic center experience on 1416 cases.Journal of Medical Virology. 2021;94(3):1074-1084. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27423
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.COVID-19: Protect yourself.
Rawal S, Tackett R, Stone R, Young H.COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people in the United States: a systematic review.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;4(4):100616. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100616
Halasa N, Olson S, Staat M, et al.Effectiveness of maternal vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy against COVID-19–associated hospitalization in infants aged <6 months — 17 states, July 2021–January 2022.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(7):264-270. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e3
Celewicz A, Celewicz M, Michalczyk M, et. al.Pregnancy as a risk factor of severe COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021;22;10(22):5458. doi: 10.3390/jcm10225458Malinowski A, Noureldin A, Othman M.COVID-19 susceptibility in pregnancy: Immune/inflammatory considerations, the role of placental ACE-2 and research considerations.Reproductive Biology. 2020; 20(4): 568-572. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.005UpToDate.COVID19: Overview of pregnancy issues.
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