Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsMedications ListHow to Choose the Right OneMedication AlternativesIntegrative Approach
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Medications List
How to Choose the Right One
Medication Alternatives
Integrative Approach
There are many medication options to treatosteoporosis, a disease that weakens bones and makes them brittle and prone to breaking. Bisphosphonates are the most common medications used for osteoporosis. However, other types of medications are available, too.
When choosing the right medicine, several factors must be considered, including menopausal status, disease severity, and the drug’s cost, risks, and delivery method—injection, oral, or intravenous (IV) infusion.
This article reviews the factors that go into choosing an osteoporosis drug. A list of osteoporosis medications, including their mode of action and side effects, is also provided.
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List of Osteoporosis Medications
Medications used to treat osteoporosis include:
Here is a list of osteoporosis medications, including their mode of action and how they are taken. A summary chart that includes the drugs' common and serious side effects is also provided.
Bisphosphonates
Bisphosphonatesare the most commonly used drugs to treat osteoporosis.
Options include:
For oral bisphosphonates, the pill must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach with 4 ounces (half a cup) of water. You then need to sit or stand upright for 30 minutes before eating. The purpose is to avoid irritating theesophagus(the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach).
Individuals who cannot follow these instructions or those with esophageal disorders should not take an oral bisphosphonate.
Bisphosphonates are generally taken for three to five years. Taking one for seven years or more may rarely increase the risk of an unusual bone break in the thigh bone (atypicalfemur fracture).
Also, some people worry about developing a complication calledosteonecrosis(death of a portion of bone) of the jaw with bisphosphonates. This risk is minimal and more common in individuals taking a bisphosphonate as part of their cancer treatment, not for osteoporosis.
For patients at low to moderate risk of fracture, your healthcare provider may recommend a two- to three-year “drug holiday” from bisphosphonate after three to five years of treatment. That’s because bisphosphonates are retained in the bones for an extended period after at least a year of treatment. Your healthcare provider will take into account factors like your risk of fracture, your risk of falling, and certain characteristics such as skeletal size.
TerminologyVerywell Health prefers to use inclusive terminology. But when citing health authorities or research, the terms for gender and sex from those sources are used. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for drug indications often use binary gender terms.In this article, “female” refers to people assigned female at birth, and “male” refers to people assigned male at birth. Talk to a healthcare provider to determine whether screening or a medication is indicated for you.
Terminology
Verywell Health prefers to use inclusive terminology. But when citing health authorities or research, the terms for gender and sex from those sources are used. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for drug indications often use binary gender terms.In this article, “female” refers to people assigned female at birth, and “male” refers to people assigned male at birth. Talk to a healthcare provider to determine whether screening or a medication is indicated for you.
Verywell Health prefers to use inclusive terminology. But when citing health authorities or research, the terms for gender and sex from those sources are used. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for drug indications often use binary gender terms.
In this article, “female” refers to people assigned female at birth, and “male” refers to people assigned male at birth. Talk to a healthcare provider to determine whether screening or a medication is indicated for you.
Prolia (Denosumab)
Prolia (denosumab) is used in postmenopausal females at high risk for fracture or who have not responded to or tolerated other osteoporosis drugs.
High risk for fracture is generally defined as someone with a history of osteoporotic fracture or multiple risk factors for fracture.
Prolia can cause or worsen low calcium levels in the blood (hypocalcemia), so this abnormality must be corrected before starting Prolia (if present).
In addition, stopping Prolia is associated with rapid bone loss. As a result, a drug holiday (taking time off from using the drug) is not advised for people taking Prolia. If the drug needs to be stopped, a bisphosphonate is usually prescribed to preserve bone density.
Evista (Raloxifene)
Evista (raloxifene) is a type of drug called a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).
What Is a SERM?A SERM is an estrogen-like medication that mimics estrogen in some parts of the body and blocks the effects of estrogen in other parts.
What Is a SERM?
A SERM is an estrogen-like medication that mimics estrogen in some parts of the body and blocks the effects of estrogen in other parts.
Evista can slow down bone loss in postmenopausal females and is taken as a pill once a day.
Evista increases the risk of death due to stroke in postmenopausal females with (or those at risk for) stroke.It also increases the risk of blood clots in your legs (deep vein thrombosis), lungs (pulmonary embolism), and eyes. As such, females at risk for stroke or blood clots should not take this medication.
Parathyroid Hormone/Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Forteo(teriparatide) or Tymlos (abaloparatide) are approved for postmenopausal females at high risk for fracture.
Forteo is also FDA-approved for males at high risk for fractures and for treating osteoporosis in people of any sex associated with long-term steroid therapy (taking 5 milligrams or more of prednisone daily).
Forteo and Tymlos are used for up to two years. This restriction is due to the possible risk of developingosteosarcoma(a type of bone cancer). Keep in mind, though, that osteosarcoma has only been seen in studies of animals, not humans.
Evenity (Romosozumab)
The osteoporosis medication Evenity (romosozumab) was FDA-approved in 2019 to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal females at high risk of breaking a bone.A healthcare provider gives Evenity as a monthly injection underneath the skin.
Also, Evenity may increase the risk ofheart attackandstroke, although it’s unclear why. Until more is known, the drug should not be given to people with a history of or an increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Summary of Osteoporosis MedicationsDeliveryDosingCommon Side EffectsSerious Side EffectsOral or Injected Bisphosphonate (e.g., Fosamax, Actonel, Boniva)Pill or injectionDaily, weekly, monthly, or every 3 months (injection)Back pain, joint/arm/leg pain, nausea,heartburn, stomach painSevere esophageal inflammation, severe muscle/joint/bone pain, low blood calcium levels, jaw osteonecrosis, atypical femoral fractureReclast (zoledronic acid)InfusionYearlyFever, muscle/joint aches,headache, arm/leg painLow blood calcium levels, jaw osteonecrosis, atypical femoral fracture, severe muscle/joint/bone painProlia (denosumab)InjectionEvery 6 monthsBack pain, arm/leg pain, muscle/joint pain,high cholesterol,bladder infectionLow blood calcium levels, jaw osteonecrosis, atypical femur fractures, serious infectionsEvista (raloxifene)PillDailyHot flashes, leg cramps, leg swelling, flu-like symptoms, joint stiffness, sweatingIncreased risk for blood clots and death due to stroke in patients with (or at risk for) strokeForteo (teriparatide)InjectionDailyJoint stiffness, pain, nausea,high calcium levelsOsteosarcoma (in animal studies)Tymlos (abaloparatide)InjectionDailyCalcium in the urine, dizziness, nausea, headache, palpitations, unusual tiredness, stomach painOsteosarcoma (in animal studies)Evenity (romosozumab)InjectionMonthlyJoint stiffness, headacheLow blood calcium levels, jaw osteonecrosis, atypical femur fractures, may increase risk of heart attack and strokeSourceWhich Osteoporosis Medication Is Safest?Osteoporosis drugs have different risks and side effects profiles. Generally speaking, a bisphosphonate, like Fosamax or Actonel, is the first choice when choosing a medication for osteoporosis.How to Choose the Right Osteoporosis MedicationOsteoporosis causes no symptoms, including pain (unless a fracture is present). Despite being a “silent” disease, medication may be necessary to reduce your fracture risk. Fractures can be devastating and are associated with a poor quality of life.As you discuss osteoporosis treatment with your healthcare provider, the following factors will be taken into account.Menopause, Gender, and AgePostmenopausal femalesare at high risk for developing osteoporosis and bone fractures because they have lowestrogenlevels.In addition to menopause and declining estrogen levels, bones naturally weaken and thin with advancing age. As such, medication may be advised to treat postmenopausal females and males aged 50 years or older with osteoporosis.Overall, patient sex and age both influence the choice of therapy. This is because some osteoporosis drugs are FDA-approved for both older males and postmenopausal females. Other osteoporosis medications are only approved for postmenopausal females. Likewise, some osteoporosis medications are better for younger postmenopausal females and others for older ones.Extent of Bone LossThe extent of your bone loss is reflected in yourT score.TheT scoreis a number that compares your bone’s quality with that of an average young person with healthy bones. Individuals with normal bone density have a T score between plus 1 and minus 1, whereas individuals with osteoporosis have a T score of minus 2.5 or less.Since osteoporosis medications work in distinct ways and have varying levels of effectiveness, the severity of your osteoporosis impacts your choice of therapy.Side Effects and Personal PreferencesOsteoporosis medications have unique side effect profiles and contraindications (reasons not to take the drug). You may not be able to tolerate certain drugs, or they may be unsafe for you to take.Moreover, osteoporosis medications differ in their delivery method and dosing schedules. You may prefer, for example, a pill vs. a shot or a monthly vs. daily medication.Cost and Insurance CoverageInsurance companies usually cover osteoporosis medication, but how much depends on your insurance type and co-pay. If you have Medicare, the cost of prescription drugs can be lowered through a benefit calledMedicare Part D.If you are considering an osteoporosis medication, check the medication or your insurance company’s website to find out if it’s covered. Your healthcare provider can also refer you to a social worker or billing specialist for assistance.Length of Time on Medication and MonitoringWhen taking an osteoporosis medication, your healthcare provider will monitor you periodically to see how well it works and evaluate for any adverse reactions.Some individuals may need to change their drug, perhaps because they continue to lose bone or develop an intolerable side effect. Also, some medications can only be used for a certain length of time due to safety concerns or reduced benefits with long-term use.The degree of monitoring required and the time you can take a drug can ultimately affect your choice.Medication AlternativesThere is limited scientific evidence supporting the benefits of alternative treatments for osteoporosis, including takingtraditional Chinese medicine herbsor engaging in practices like yoga andacupuncture.That said, these therapies may be reasonable to incorporate into your osteoporosis treatment plan, mainly if they help you feel better. Before starting any new treatment, always discuss it first with a healthcare provider to ensure the therapy is safe and proper for your care.What to Know Before Your First Hot Yoga ClassAn Integrative Approach to Osteoporosis TreatmentOsteoporosis cannot be fully cured or reversed, but there are things you can do to slow bone loss and help rebuild bone tissue.Take an integrative approach, which includes healthy lifestyle behaviors and, sometimes, medication.Healthy lifestyle behaviors include:Eat a well-balanced diet plentiful in fruit and vegetables that include calcium, vitamin D, and protein.Supplements, especially vitamin D, may be needed.Participate inregular exercise. Include weight-bearing exercises (e.g., walking or playing tennis) and resistance exercises (e.g., lifting weights).Avoid secondhand smoke, and quit smoking if you do.Drink alcohol in moderation, which means no more than one drink a day for females and no more than two daily drinks for males.Engage in fall-prevention strategies (e.g., declutter, remove rugs, improve room lighting, wear supportive shoes).Weight-Bearing Exercises and Their Health BenefitsSummaryOsteoporosis is associated with bone thinning and weakening, which makes bones prone to breaking. Treatment with medication is sometimes recommended to prevent bone breaks.Several drugs are available, including bisphosphonates, estrogen-like medications, and parathyroid hormone. These drugs vary in their modes of action, delivery method, dosing schedule, and side effects. Such factors must be carefully considered when deciding on the right therapy for you.
Which Osteoporosis Medication Is Safest?Osteoporosis drugs have different risks and side effects profiles. Generally speaking, a bisphosphonate, like Fosamax or Actonel, is the first choice when choosing a medication for osteoporosis.
Which Osteoporosis Medication Is Safest?
Osteoporosis drugs have different risks and side effects profiles. Generally speaking, a bisphosphonate, like Fosamax or Actonel, is the first choice when choosing a medication for osteoporosis.
How to Choose the Right Osteoporosis Medication
Osteoporosis causes no symptoms, including pain (unless a fracture is present). Despite being a “silent” disease, medication may be necessary to reduce your fracture risk. Fractures can be devastating and are associated with a poor quality of life.
As you discuss osteoporosis treatment with your healthcare provider, the following factors will be taken into account.
Menopause, Gender, and Age
Postmenopausal femalesare at high risk for developing osteoporosis and bone fractures because they have lowestrogenlevels.
In addition to menopause and declining estrogen levels, bones naturally weaken and thin with advancing age. As such, medication may be advised to treat postmenopausal females and males aged 50 years or older with osteoporosis.
Overall, patient sex and age both influence the choice of therapy. This is because some osteoporosis drugs are FDA-approved for both older males and postmenopausal females. Other osteoporosis medications are only approved for postmenopausal females. Likewise, some osteoporosis medications are better for younger postmenopausal females and others for older ones.
Extent of Bone Loss
The extent of your bone loss is reflected in yourT score.
TheT scoreis a number that compares your bone’s quality with that of an average young person with healthy bones. Individuals with normal bone density have a T score between plus 1 and minus 1, whereas individuals with osteoporosis have a T score of minus 2.5 or less.
Since osteoporosis medications work in distinct ways and have varying levels of effectiveness, the severity of your osteoporosis impacts your choice of therapy.
Side Effects and Personal Preferences
Osteoporosis medications have unique side effect profiles and contraindications (reasons not to take the drug). You may not be able to tolerate certain drugs, or they may be unsafe for you to take.
Moreover, osteoporosis medications differ in their delivery method and dosing schedules. You may prefer, for example, a pill vs. a shot or a monthly vs. daily medication.
Cost and Insurance Coverage
Insurance companies usually cover osteoporosis medication, but how much depends on your insurance type and co-pay. If you have Medicare, the cost of prescription drugs can be lowered through a benefit calledMedicare Part D.
If you are considering an osteoporosis medication, check the medication or your insurance company’s website to find out if it’s covered. Your healthcare provider can also refer you to a social worker or billing specialist for assistance.
Length of Time on Medication and Monitoring
When taking an osteoporosis medication, your healthcare provider will monitor you periodically to see how well it works and evaluate for any adverse reactions.
Some individuals may need to change their drug, perhaps because they continue to lose bone or develop an intolerable side effect. Also, some medications can only be used for a certain length of time due to safety concerns or reduced benefits with long-term use.
The degree of monitoring required and the time you can take a drug can ultimately affect your choice.
There is limited scientific evidence supporting the benefits of alternative treatments for osteoporosis, including takingtraditional Chinese medicine herbsor engaging in practices like yoga andacupuncture.
That said, these therapies may be reasonable to incorporate into your osteoporosis treatment plan, mainly if they help you feel better. Before starting any new treatment, always discuss it first with a healthcare provider to ensure the therapy is safe and proper for your care.
What to Know Before Your First Hot Yoga Class
An Integrative Approach to Osteoporosis Treatment
Osteoporosis cannot be fully cured or reversed, but there are things you can do to slow bone loss and help rebuild bone tissue.
Take an integrative approach, which includes healthy lifestyle behaviors and, sometimes, medication.
Healthy lifestyle behaviors include:
Weight-Bearing Exercises and Their Health Benefits
Summary
Osteoporosis is associated with bone thinning and weakening, which makes bones prone to breaking. Treatment with medication is sometimes recommended to prevent bone breaks.
Several drugs are available, including bisphosphonates, estrogen-like medications, and parathyroid hormone. These drugs vary in their modes of action, delivery method, dosing schedule, and side effects. Such factors must be carefully considered when deciding on the right therapy for you.
13 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049-2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-yAdler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, et al.Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(1):16-35. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2708Hayes KN, Winter EM, Cadarette SM, Burden AM.Duration of bisphosphonate drug holidays in osteoporosis patients: A narrative review of the evidence and considerations for decision-making.Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(5):1140. doi:10.3390/jcm10051140Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al.Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension.J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):190-198. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3337Food and Drug Administration.Evista labeling.Food and Drug Administration.Highlights of prescribing information: Forteo (teriparatide injection).Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves new treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture.Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, et al.Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis.N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1417-1427. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1708322Gold T, Williams SA, Weiss RJ, et al.Impact of fractures on quality of life in patients with osteoporosis: a US cross-sectional survey.J Drug Assess. 2019;8(1):175-183. doi:10.1080/21556660.2019.1677674Ji MX, Yu Q. Primary osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2015;1(1):9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cdtm.2015.02.006Sözen T, Özışık L, Başaran NÇ.An overview and management of osteoporosis.Eur J Rheumatol. 2017;4(1):46-56. doi:10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048Hejazi ZA, Namjooyan F, Khanifar M.Complementary and alternative medicine for osteoporosis.Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41(3 Suppl):S27.National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center:Osteoporosis overview.
13 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049-2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-yAdler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, et al.Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(1):16-35. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2708Hayes KN, Winter EM, Cadarette SM, Burden AM.Duration of bisphosphonate drug holidays in osteoporosis patients: A narrative review of the evidence and considerations for decision-making.Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(5):1140. doi:10.3390/jcm10051140Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al.Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension.J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):190-198. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3337Food and Drug Administration.Evista labeling.Food and Drug Administration.Highlights of prescribing information: Forteo (teriparatide injection).Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves new treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture.Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, et al.Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis.N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1417-1427. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1708322Gold T, Williams SA, Weiss RJ, et al.Impact of fractures on quality of life in patients with osteoporosis: a US cross-sectional survey.J Drug Assess. 2019;8(1):175-183. doi:10.1080/21556660.2019.1677674Ji MX, Yu Q. Primary osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2015;1(1):9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cdtm.2015.02.006Sözen T, Özışık L, Başaran NÇ.An overview and management of osteoporosis.Eur J Rheumatol. 2017;4(1):46-56. doi:10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048Hejazi ZA, Namjooyan F, Khanifar M.Complementary and alternative medicine for osteoporosis.Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41(3 Suppl):S27.National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center:Osteoporosis overview.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049-2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-yAdler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, et al.Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(1):16-35. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2708Hayes KN, Winter EM, Cadarette SM, Burden AM.Duration of bisphosphonate drug holidays in osteoporosis patients: A narrative review of the evidence and considerations for decision-making.Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(5):1140. doi:10.3390/jcm10051140Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al.Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension.J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):190-198. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3337Food and Drug Administration.Evista labeling.Food and Drug Administration.Highlights of prescribing information: Forteo (teriparatide injection).Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves new treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture.Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, et al.Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis.N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1417-1427. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1708322Gold T, Williams SA, Weiss RJ, et al.Impact of fractures on quality of life in patients with osteoporosis: a US cross-sectional survey.J Drug Assess. 2019;8(1):175-183. doi:10.1080/21556660.2019.1677674Ji MX, Yu Q. Primary osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2015;1(1):9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cdtm.2015.02.006Sözen T, Özışık L, Başaran NÇ.An overview and management of osteoporosis.Eur J Rheumatol. 2017;4(1):46-56. doi:10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048Hejazi ZA, Namjooyan F, Khanifar M.Complementary and alternative medicine for osteoporosis.Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41(3 Suppl):S27.National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center:Osteoporosis overview.
LeBoff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al.The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049-2102. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-y
Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, et al.Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(1):16-35. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2708
Hayes KN, Winter EM, Cadarette SM, Burden AM.Duration of bisphosphonate drug holidays in osteoporosis patients: A narrative review of the evidence and considerations for decision-making.Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021;10(5):1140. doi:10.3390/jcm10051140
Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al.Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled FREEDOM trial and its extension.J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):190-198. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3337
Food and Drug Administration.Evista labeling.
Food and Drug Administration.Highlights of prescribing information: Forteo (teriparatide injection).
Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves new treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture.
Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, et al.Romosozumab or alendronate for fracture prevention in women with osteoporosis.N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1417-1427. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1708322
Gold T, Williams SA, Weiss RJ, et al.Impact of fractures on quality of life in patients with osteoporosis: a US cross-sectional survey.J Drug Assess. 2019;8(1):175-183. doi:10.1080/21556660.2019.1677674
Ji MX, Yu Q. Primary osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2015;1(1):9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cdtm.2015.02.006
Sözen T, Özışık L, Başaran NÇ.An overview and management of osteoporosis.Eur J Rheumatol. 2017;4(1):46-56. doi:10.5152/eurjrheum.2016.048
Hejazi ZA, Namjooyan F, Khanifar M.Complementary and alternative medicine for osteoporosis.Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41(3 Suppl):S27.
National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center:Osteoporosis overview.
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