Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsEmergency SymptomsHow to Tell What’s DangerousIn PregnancyWhen AnxiousAfter ConsultLiving WithAddressing Anxiety
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Emergency Symptoms
How to Tell What’s Dangerous
In Pregnancy
When Anxious
After Consult
Living With
Addressing Anxiety
Heart palpitations are the perception or awareness of one’s heartbeat, which people often describe as a racing, pounding, skipping, fluttering, or flopping sensation within the chest. Understandably, palpitations can elicit fear and anxiety and be an unpleasant experience.
Though palpitations are common, and many are not dangerous, new or changing heart palpitations warrant medical evaluation. This evaluation aims to rule out life-threatening arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms) or other health conditions that require monitoring or treatment.
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When Heart Palpitations Are an Emergency
Certain accompanying symptoms or scenarios suggest a serious or potentially dangerous cause behind a person’sheart palpitations.
Call 911 or go to your nearest emergency roomif you have the following:
Why Do I Get Heart Palpitations at Night?
How to Tell What’s Dangerous
Heart palpitations have several possible causes, andarrhythmiasare the most frequent.Most arrhythmias are not serious, but some, namelyventricular tachycardia, are life-threatening.
Anelectrocardiogram (ECG), medical history, physical exam, and various diagnostic tests can help healthcare providers distinguish between worrisome and benign (harmless) palpitations.
Step 1: Electrocardiogram
If a person is experiencing palpitations, an ECG (a tool for recording the heart’s electrical activity) will be performed immediately in an emergency room, hospital setting, or medical facility. The purpose of the ECG is to try to “capture” the arrhythmia if one is present.
What Happens During an ECG?Twelve electrodes (sticky patches attached to a recording machine via wires) are placed on the chest, arms, and legs. The electrical signals within the heart are measured and translated onto paper as a pattern of wavy lines.Healthcare providers recognize arrhythmias as abnormalities within these wavy lines.
What Happens During an ECG?
Twelve electrodes (sticky patches attached to a recording machine via wires) are placed on the chest, arms, and legs. The electrical signals within the heart are measured and translated onto paper as a pattern of wavy lines.Healthcare providers recognize arrhythmias as abnormalities within these wavy lines.
Twelve electrodes (sticky patches attached to a recording machine via wires) are placed on the chest, arms, and legs. The electrical signals within the heart are measured and translated onto paper as a pattern of wavy lines.
Healthcare providers recognize arrhythmias as abnormalities within these wavy lines.
Common arrhythmias associated with palpitations include:
Premature Atrial Contractions and Premature Ventricular Contractions
Premature atrial contractions (PACs)andpremature ventricular contractions (PVCs)are extra beats arising from either the heart’supper chambers (atria) or lower chambers (ventricles).
The extra beat manifests just before a normal heartbeat, often causing a sensation of a “skipped beat” or fluttering within the chest.
PACs and PVCs are usually harmless but can sometimes indicate underlying heart disease.
Specifically, PVCs can predictheart failureand causecardiomyopathy(enlarged heart). PACs can predictatrial fibrillationandstroke(see below).
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is common and originates within the atria, causing them to “quiver” or fibrillate.
There are different types of AFib, some intermittent or episodic and others more persistent or lifelong.
Commonly reported triggers ofparoxysmal (intermittent) AFibinclude alcohol, caffeine, exercise, and lack of sleep.Anxiety has also been cited as a potential trigger.
AFib itself is not dangerous but can cause debilitating symptoms, including palpitations, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and fatigue.
There are also complications associated with AFib, likestroke, resulting from blood clots that form in the atria and travel to the brain.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), similar to AFib, originates in the atria.
Common types of SVT are:
SVT is rarely life-threatening, but episodes can be disruptive and very unpleasant. In addition to palpitations in the chest and sometimes neck, SVT may cause sweating, lightheadedness, and dizziness. In some cases, people report shortness of breath (dyspnea) or chest discomfort.
Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia, called V-tach, originates within the ventricles, causing them to pump blood (contract) rapidly.
There are two types of V-tach:
V-tach usually arises from an underlying structural heart problem, such ascoronary heart diseaseor heart failure. It may be an early or late complication of aheart attack.
6 Pre-Heart Attack Warning Signs a Month Before
What if the ECG Is Normal?In cases when the ECG is normal but an arrhythmia is still suspected, anambulatory ECG monitoring device(e.g., aHolter monitor) can “capture” and diagnose the arrhythmia.These devices are worn on the body and record heart rhythms over a long period (days to weeks) while a person goes about their typical day.
What if the ECG Is Normal?
In cases when the ECG is normal but an arrhythmia is still suspected, anambulatory ECG monitoring device(e.g., aHolter monitor) can “capture” and diagnose the arrhythmia.These devices are worn on the body and record heart rhythms over a long period (days to weeks) while a person goes about their typical day.
In cases when the ECG is normal but an arrhythmia is still suspected, anambulatory ECG monitoring device(e.g., aHolter monitor) can “capture” and diagnose the arrhythmia.
These devices are worn on the body and record heart rhythms over a long period (days to weeks) while a person goes about their typical day.
Step 2: Medical History
A focused medical history is performed after (or even during) an ECG. It can provide insight into the cause of the palpitations, including whether they are potentially dangerous.
For example, palpitations that last for a second and are described as an “instant flip-flopping” or a “skipped beat” suggest PACs or PVCs. In contrast, those that last minutes or longer are more consistent with arrhythmias originating in the atria or ventricles (e.g., AFib or V-tach).
Likewise, relief of the palpitations through theValsalva maneuver(a breathing technique) suggests SVT.
Furthermore, if a person’s ECG is normal, worrisome features about a person’s palpitations can be obtained during the medical history.
Features that necessitate further investigation, such as ambulatory ECG monitoring or hospitalization for close monitoring, include:
Such causes include:
Lastly,sinus tachycardiais a common cause of palpitations. It’s a normal heart rhythm that causes a fast heartbeat, specifically one greater than 100 beats per minute (bpm).
Sinus tachycardia is a normal response to many of the above scenarios, including fever, exercise, emotional stress, caffeine consumption, or low blood pressure from dehydration or anemia.
When the stressful (or other) situation resolves, sinus tachycardia—and thus a person’s palpitation—should resolve.
Step 3: Physical Exam
During the physical exam, a provider listens to the heart and recordsvital signs(temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate).
In cases of PACs or PVCs, the extra beats may not be captured on ECG but can be heard after listening to the heart for several minutes.
Mitral valve prolapse is also often heard on the physical exam because it causes a classicmurmur.
Moreover, examining a person’s body can provide clues about non-heart-related causes. For instance, a person with hyperthyroidism and new palpitations may have warm, sweaty skin, whereas someone with anemia may appear pale or have cool hands and feet.
Step 4: Diagnostic Tests
Various blood and imaging tests are also often ordered when evaluating palpitations. These include:
Concerning Heart Palpitations in Pregnancy
Palpitations in pregnancyare common and may result from several factors, including hormonal changes and anatomical stresses due to the growing uterus.
Most concerning, though, is the fact that pregnancy increases the risk for arrhythmias, including dangerous ones like V-tach.
Factors that increase the risk for arrhythmias during pregnancy include:
Overall, while most palpitations in pregnancy are due to the body’s natural changes, they can be due to arrhythmias or conditions like anemia or thyroid dysfunction, which require treatment.
See your provider for an evaluation if you are pregnant and experiencing any palpitations.
Seek Emergency Medical AttentionCall 911 or go to your nearest emergency room if you are pregnant and experiencing palpitations along with:Chest painTrouble breathingDizziness or lightheadedness
Seek Emergency Medical Attention
Call 911 or go to your nearest emergency room if you are pregnant and experiencing palpitations along with:Chest painTrouble breathingDizziness or lightheadedness
Call 911 or go to your nearest emergency room if you are pregnant and experiencing palpitations along with:
Unsure and Anxious About Heart Palpitations
Heart palpitations can be nerve-racking, even disabling, in both individuals diagnosed with an underlying condition or those with a clean bill of health.
If you are diagnosed with a root cause for your palpitations, following through with your healthcare team’s treatment plan is crucial.
If you are healthy and experiencing stress or anxiety about your palpitations, consider seeing apsychiatrist(a doctor specializing in mental health disorders). Your palpitations may be triggering or stemming from an anxiety disorder likepanic disorder.
Anxiety disorders can be effectively treated with a combination ofcognitive-behavioral therapyand a type of medication called aselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
In some cases, namely panic disorder, a beta-blocker calledInderal (propanolol)may be prescribed.
Heart Palpitations From Anxiety: How Do You Stop Them?
Heart Palpitations That Continue After a Provider Consult
If your heart palpitations continue after you undergo the above steps—ECG, medical history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests—your provider may recommend ambulatory ECG monitoring or, possibly, a referral to a cardiologist (if they haven’t already).
In some cases, if your palpitations are poorly tolerated, you may be referred to anelectrophysiologist(a doctor who specializes in treating heart rhythm disturbances).
If the ambulatory ECG monitor shows no arrhythmia and an exhaustive evaluation of other causes is unrevealing, your provider will likely offer reassurance.
That said, it’s important to monitor your palpitations for a change in pattern (e.g., becoming more intense or occurring more often). Also, remain cognizant of any new symptoms associated with your palpitations.
These may be signs that something different, possibly serious, is occurring in the body, warranting additional evaluation.
How to Slow Nonthreatening Heart Palpitations
Depending on the possible trigger or underlying cause, nonthreatening palpitations usually resolve with various strategies or therapies.
Examples include:
How to Quell Anxiety
It’s normal to feel anxious about palpitations even after initiating a treatment plan or strategies to calm them.
Consider these tips if you or a loved one is coping with this symptom:
10 Breathing Exercises for Anxiety Relief
Summary
Heart palpitations refer to the feeling of the heart’s activity, often reported as a skipping, fluttering, or pounding sensation within the chest.
Though palpitations are an unpleasant or unsettling symptom for many, they are usually not dangerous unless they are due to a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) like ventricular tachycardia.
Due to the risk of palpitations stemming from a dangerous arrhythmia or other serious condition that requires treatment (e.g., anemia or an overactive thyroid gland), anyone with palpitations warrants a medical evaluation.
This evaluation consists of an electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure the heart’s electrical activity, a medical history, a physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Thompson AD, Shea MJ.Palpitations. InMerck Manual Professional Version. Merck & Co., Inc. 2024.Clementy N, Fourquet A, Andre C, et al.Benefits of an early management of palpitations.Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(28):e11466. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011466Måneheim A, Engström G, Juhlin T, et al.Elevated premature ventricular complex counts on 24-hour electrocardiogram predict incident atrial fibrillation and heart failure—a prospective population-based cohort study.Heart Rhythm O2. 2022;3(4):344-350. doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.008Groh CA, Faulkner M, Getabecha S, et al.Patient-reported triggers of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(7):996-1002. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.027Severino P, Mariani MV, Maraone A, et al.Triggers for atrial fibrillation: the role of anxiety.Cardiol Res Pract. 2019;2019:1208505. doi:10.1155/2019/1208505Salih M, Abdel-Hafez O, Ibrahim R, Nair R.Atrial fibrillation in the elderly population: challenges and management considerations.J Arrhythm. 2021;37(4):912-921. doi:10.1002/joa3.12580January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al.2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation.Circulation.2019;140(2). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665Kotadia ID, Williams SE, O’Neill M.Supraventricular tachycardia: an overview of diagnosis and management.Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(1):43-47. doi:10.7861/clinmed.cme.20.1.3Cronin EM, Bogun FM, Maury P, et al.2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias.Heart Rhythm.2020;17(1):e2-e154. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.03.002Crawford MH, Sabanayagam A, Aras M, Sanchez JM.Ventricular tachycardia.Quick Dx & Rx: Cardiology. McGraw Hill; 2018Francisco-Pascual J, Cantalapiedra-Romero J, Pérez-Rodon J, et al.Cardiac monitoring for patients with palpitations.World J Cardiol. 2021;13(11):608-627. doi:10.4330/wjc.v13.i11.608Zimetbaum PJ.Evaluation of palpitations in adults. In: UpToDate, Aronson MD (Ed), Wolters Kluwer.Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman SV.Palpitations: evaluation in the primary care setting.Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(12):784-789.Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, et al.2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia.Circulation. 2016;133(14):e506-e574. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000311American Heart Association.Problem: mitral valve prolapse.Senarath S, Nanayakkara P, Beale AL, et al.Diagnosis and management of arrhythmias in pregnancy.Europace. 2022;24(7):1041-1051. doi:10.1093/europace/euab297Tamirisa KP, Elkayam U, Briller JE, et al.Arrhythmias in pregnancy.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2022;8(1):120-135. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2021.10.004Roy-Byrne PP, Craske M.Panic disorder in adults: treatment overview. In: UpToDate, Stein MB (Ed), Wolters Kluwer.Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, van der Heijden GJMG, et al.Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis.J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(2):128-39. doi:10.1177/0269881115612236American Heart Association.Prevention and treatment of arrhythmia.British Heart Foundation.Palpitations.Marcus GM.Evaluation and management of premature ventricular complexes.Circulation. 2020;141(17):1404-1418. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042434
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Thompson AD, Shea MJ.Palpitations. InMerck Manual Professional Version. Merck & Co., Inc. 2024.Clementy N, Fourquet A, Andre C, et al.Benefits of an early management of palpitations.Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(28):e11466. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011466Måneheim A, Engström G, Juhlin T, et al.Elevated premature ventricular complex counts on 24-hour electrocardiogram predict incident atrial fibrillation and heart failure—a prospective population-based cohort study.Heart Rhythm O2. 2022;3(4):344-350. doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.008Groh CA, Faulkner M, Getabecha S, et al.Patient-reported triggers of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(7):996-1002. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.027Severino P, Mariani MV, Maraone A, et al.Triggers for atrial fibrillation: the role of anxiety.Cardiol Res Pract. 2019;2019:1208505. doi:10.1155/2019/1208505Salih M, Abdel-Hafez O, Ibrahim R, Nair R.Atrial fibrillation in the elderly population: challenges and management considerations.J Arrhythm. 2021;37(4):912-921. doi:10.1002/joa3.12580January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al.2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation.Circulation.2019;140(2). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665Kotadia ID, Williams SE, O’Neill M.Supraventricular tachycardia: an overview of diagnosis and management.Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(1):43-47. doi:10.7861/clinmed.cme.20.1.3Cronin EM, Bogun FM, Maury P, et al.2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias.Heart Rhythm.2020;17(1):e2-e154. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.03.002Crawford MH, Sabanayagam A, Aras M, Sanchez JM.Ventricular tachycardia.Quick Dx & Rx: Cardiology. McGraw Hill; 2018Francisco-Pascual J, Cantalapiedra-Romero J, Pérez-Rodon J, et al.Cardiac monitoring for patients with palpitations.World J Cardiol. 2021;13(11):608-627. doi:10.4330/wjc.v13.i11.608Zimetbaum PJ.Evaluation of palpitations in adults. In: UpToDate, Aronson MD (Ed), Wolters Kluwer.Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman SV.Palpitations: evaluation in the primary care setting.Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(12):784-789.Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, et al.2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia.Circulation. 2016;133(14):e506-e574. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000311American Heart Association.Problem: mitral valve prolapse.Senarath S, Nanayakkara P, Beale AL, et al.Diagnosis and management of arrhythmias in pregnancy.Europace. 2022;24(7):1041-1051. doi:10.1093/europace/euab297Tamirisa KP, Elkayam U, Briller JE, et al.Arrhythmias in pregnancy.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2022;8(1):120-135. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2021.10.004Roy-Byrne PP, Craske M.Panic disorder in adults: treatment overview. In: UpToDate, Stein MB (Ed), Wolters Kluwer.Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, van der Heijden GJMG, et al.Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis.J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(2):128-39. doi:10.1177/0269881115612236American Heart Association.Prevention and treatment of arrhythmia.British Heart Foundation.Palpitations.Marcus GM.Evaluation and management of premature ventricular complexes.Circulation. 2020;141(17):1404-1418. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042434
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Thompson AD, Shea MJ.Palpitations. InMerck Manual Professional Version. Merck & Co., Inc. 2024.Clementy N, Fourquet A, Andre C, et al.Benefits of an early management of palpitations.Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(28):e11466. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011466Måneheim A, Engström G, Juhlin T, et al.Elevated premature ventricular complex counts on 24-hour electrocardiogram predict incident atrial fibrillation and heart failure—a prospective population-based cohort study.Heart Rhythm O2. 2022;3(4):344-350. doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.008Groh CA, Faulkner M, Getabecha S, et al.Patient-reported triggers of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(7):996-1002. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.027Severino P, Mariani MV, Maraone A, et al.Triggers for atrial fibrillation: the role of anxiety.Cardiol Res Pract. 2019;2019:1208505. doi:10.1155/2019/1208505Salih M, Abdel-Hafez O, Ibrahim R, Nair R.Atrial fibrillation in the elderly population: challenges and management considerations.J Arrhythm. 2021;37(4):912-921. doi:10.1002/joa3.12580January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al.2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation.Circulation.2019;140(2). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665Kotadia ID, Williams SE, O’Neill M.Supraventricular tachycardia: an overview of diagnosis and management.Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(1):43-47. doi:10.7861/clinmed.cme.20.1.3Cronin EM, Bogun FM, Maury P, et al.2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias.Heart Rhythm.2020;17(1):e2-e154. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.03.002Crawford MH, Sabanayagam A, Aras M, Sanchez JM.Ventricular tachycardia.Quick Dx & Rx: Cardiology. McGraw Hill; 2018Francisco-Pascual J, Cantalapiedra-Romero J, Pérez-Rodon J, et al.Cardiac monitoring for patients with palpitations.World J Cardiol. 2021;13(11):608-627. doi:10.4330/wjc.v13.i11.608Zimetbaum PJ.Evaluation of palpitations in adults. In: UpToDate, Aronson MD (Ed), Wolters Kluwer.Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman SV.Palpitations: evaluation in the primary care setting.Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(12):784-789.Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, et al.2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia.Circulation. 2016;133(14):e506-e574. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000311American Heart Association.Problem: mitral valve prolapse.Senarath S, Nanayakkara P, Beale AL, et al.Diagnosis and management of arrhythmias in pregnancy.Europace. 2022;24(7):1041-1051. doi:10.1093/europace/euab297Tamirisa KP, Elkayam U, Briller JE, et al.Arrhythmias in pregnancy.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2022;8(1):120-135. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2021.10.004Roy-Byrne PP, Craske M.Panic disorder in adults: treatment overview. In: UpToDate, Stein MB (Ed), Wolters Kluwer.Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, van der Heijden GJMG, et al.Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis.J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(2):128-39. doi:10.1177/0269881115612236American Heart Association.Prevention and treatment of arrhythmia.British Heart Foundation.Palpitations.Marcus GM.Evaluation and management of premature ventricular complexes.Circulation. 2020;141(17):1404-1418. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042434
Thompson AD, Shea MJ.Palpitations. InMerck Manual Professional Version. Merck & Co., Inc. 2024.
Clementy N, Fourquet A, Andre C, et al.Benefits of an early management of palpitations.Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(28):e11466. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011466
Måneheim A, Engström G, Juhlin T, et al.Elevated premature ventricular complex counts on 24-hour electrocardiogram predict incident atrial fibrillation and heart failure—a prospective population-based cohort study.Heart Rhythm O2. 2022;3(4):344-350. doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.008
Groh CA, Faulkner M, Getabecha S, et al.Patient-reported triggers of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.Heart Rhythm. 2019;16(7):996-1002. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.027
Severino P, Mariani MV, Maraone A, et al.Triggers for atrial fibrillation: the role of anxiety.Cardiol Res Pract. 2019;2019:1208505. doi:10.1155/2019/1208505
Salih M, Abdel-Hafez O, Ibrahim R, Nair R.Atrial fibrillation in the elderly population: challenges and management considerations.J Arrhythm. 2021;37(4):912-921. doi:10.1002/joa3.12580
January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al.2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation.Circulation.2019;140(2). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665
Kotadia ID, Williams SE, O’Neill M.Supraventricular tachycardia: an overview of diagnosis and management.Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(1):43-47. doi:10.7861/clinmed.cme.20.1.3
Cronin EM, Bogun FM, Maury P, et al.2019 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias.Heart Rhythm.2020;17(1):e2-e154. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.03.002
Crawford MH, Sabanayagam A, Aras M, Sanchez JM.Ventricular tachycardia.Quick Dx & Rx: Cardiology. McGraw Hill; 2018
Francisco-Pascual J, Cantalapiedra-Romero J, Pérez-Rodon J, et al.Cardiac monitoring for patients with palpitations.World J Cardiol. 2021;13(11):608-627. doi:10.4330/wjc.v13.i11.608
Zimetbaum PJ.Evaluation of palpitations in adults. In: UpToDate, Aronson MD (Ed), Wolters Kluwer.
Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman SV.Palpitations: evaluation in the primary care setting.Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(12):784-789.
Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, et al.2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia.Circulation. 2016;133(14):e506-e574. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000311
American Heart Association.Problem: mitral valve prolapse.
Senarath S, Nanayakkara P, Beale AL, et al.Diagnosis and management of arrhythmias in pregnancy.Europace. 2022;24(7):1041-1051. doi:10.1093/europace/euab297
Tamirisa KP, Elkayam U, Briller JE, et al.Arrhythmias in pregnancy.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2022;8(1):120-135. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2021.10.004
Roy-Byrne PP, Craske M.Panic disorder in adults: treatment overview. In: UpToDate, Stein MB (Ed), Wolters Kluwer.
Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, van der Heijden GJMG, et al.Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis.J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(2):128-39. doi:10.1177/0269881115612236
American Heart Association.Prevention and treatment of arrhythmia.
British Heart Foundation.Palpitations.
Marcus GM.Evaluation and management of premature ventricular complexes.Circulation. 2020;141(17):1404-1418. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042434
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