Where Does Lung Cancer Spread?

Where does lung cancer spread to first in the body and how can you know if your cancer has metastasized? Learn about lung cancer metastases and treatment options.

January 17, 2025 · 15 min · 3149 words · Tamara Taylor

Table of Contents

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsHow Cancer SpreadsWhere Does Lung Cancer Spread?How Quickly Does Lung Cancer Spread?How Is Metastatic Lung Cancer Treated?Can Metastatic Lung Cancer Be Cured?

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Table of Contents

How Cancer Spreads

Where Does Lung Cancer Spread?

How Quickly Does Lung Cancer Spread?

How Is Metastatic Lung Cancer Treated?

Can Metastatic Lung Cancer Be Cured?

One of the biggest concerns among people withlung canceris that the cancer may spread to other parts of the body. This is known asmetastasis(pluralmetastases) and occurs in around 40% of newlydiagnosedpeople.Although this can occur in any part of the body, there are several sites where it is more common.

Verywell / JR Bee

Sites of lung cancer metastases

The article details the five sites where lung cancer most commonly spreads as well as the symptoms it can cause in each location. It also details what can be done to treat it and offers insights into theprognosis(likely outcome) of metastatic lung cancer.

How Does Lung Cancer Spread?

Lung cancer spreads whencancer cellsbreak off from theprimary (original) tumorand travel through the bloodstream orlymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that collects, carries, and filters substances from the body, including cancer cells.

The most common areas for lung cancer to spread are:

Less commonly, lung cancer can spread to the stomach, intestines, pancreas, eyes, skin, kidneys, or breast.

Differentstages of the diseaseindicate how much the cancer has grown and spread. Local spread is known asstage 2. Metastasis occurs when cancer spreads to distant sites. Unlike early-stage cancer that may be cured, metastatic cancer (also known asstage 4 cancer) cannot and is instead managed.

Lymph Nodes

Most lung cancersfirst spread tolymph nodeswithin the lung or around the major airways.Lymph nodes are tiny organs clustered throughout the body that trap and filter foreign substances.

If left untreated, the cancer can spread to distant lymph nodes and other sites in the body. It is at this stage (calledstage 4 NSCLCorextensive-stage SCLC) that you may notice a hardened lump in the neck or armpit where a lymph node has cancer cells.

Recap

What Happens When Lung Cancer Spreads to Lymph Nodes?

Bone

One of the more serious complications of NSCLC is lung cancer metastases to bones. Roughly30% to 40% of people withadvanced lung cancerwill develop this.

Pain is the most common symptom. The pain often starts gradually, feeling more like a muscle pull or strain, before turning severe. More severe symptoms may include:

The primary goal of treatment is to reduce pain and prevent fractures. Options include pain medications, radiation, surgery, and drugs used to slow the breakdown of bone.

RecapBone metastases most often affect the spine, pelvis, thigh bone, upper arm bone, and bones of the hands or feet. Pain and bone fractures are common with advanced disease.

Bone metastases most often affect the spine, pelvis, thigh bone, upper arm bone, and bones of the hands or feet. Pain and bone fractures are common with advanced disease.

When Lung Cancer Spreads to Bone

Brain

Lung cancer is the most common cancer that spreads to the brain. In fact, as many as 40% of people with lung cancer will developbrain metastasesat some point. This can occur with both NSCLC and SCLC but is known to develop rapidly with SCLC.

As many as 44% of people will have no symptoms at all when lung cancer has spread to the brain. Others may experience:

The treatment is primarilypalliative, meaning that the goal is to control symptoms rather than cure the disease. This may involve pain medications, anti-seizure drugs, radiation to shrink tumors, or steroids to decrease brain swelling.

If there are few metastases, surgery or a form of radiation calledstereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)may be used. For people at risk of brain metastases, another type of radiation calledprophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI)may be used to prevent this from occurring.

RecapLung cancer is the most common cancer that spreads to the brain. While brain metastasis can cause seizures, vision loss, confusion, or weakness on one side of the body, only around four of every 10 people will have symptoms.

Lung cancer is the most common cancer that spreads to the brain. While brain metastasis can cause seizures, vision loss, confusion, or weakness on one side of the body, only around four of every 10 people will have symptoms.

Liver

Lung cancer that has spread to the liver is common and can affect anywhere from 30% to 50% of people with advanced-stage disease.

Many people with liver metastases will have no symptoms, but those who do may experience:

Chemotherapy is usually recommended to treat both the primary tumor and cancer cells in the liver. This sometimes involvestransarterial chemoembolization, a procedure in which a tube called a catheter delivers chemotherapy drugs directly to the liver.

In rare cases, if only a single tumor or a few tumors are found, they may be removed with surgery.

Lung Cancer Liver Metastasis

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal glandsare organs on the top of the kidneys that produce hormones. Lung cancer that spreads to the adrenal glands does not usually cause symptoms and is most often discovered during the routinestaging of cancer.

Treatment with chemotherapy is useful in extending survival. In cases where the lung tumor can be resected (removed), the affected adrenal gland may be removed as well.

When Lung Cancer Spreads to the Adrenal Glands

Every cancer is different, so there isn’t one answer to this question.

The type of cancer also plays a role in how quickly lung cancer can spread. For example, small cell lung cancer can spread very early regardless of its size, while squamous cell carcinomas of the lung spread when they are larger.

The speed at which lung cancer spreads also depends on whether a tumor has specific mutations that help them spread.

Treatment will depend on the patient’s individual circumstances, such as age, overall health, and where in the body the cancer has spread. The goal of treatment is to slow or stop the tumor’s growth and alleviate symptoms.

Treatment plans typically involve a combination of the following:

At this stage, surgery may not be an option if the cancer is too widespread. Patients will typically receive palliative care.

In most cases, metastatic lung cancer is not curable. Some research has shown that certain people with a single metastasis can be cured with surgery, but the cure rate is low and more research is needed.

This doesn’t mean your chances of survival are necessarily low, however. NCI statistics are based onallpeople with stage 4 lung cancer, some of whom may be older, less healthy, or have different types of cancer than you. Other issues factor into your individual odds of survival, not least of which is yourperformance status(a measurement of your ability to perform everyday tasks).

There are also drugs called checkpoint inhibitors, which include Keytruda (pembrolizumab) and Opdivo (nivolumab), that have greatly improved survival times in people with metastatic lung cancer.

Summary

Even so, there are drugs and treatments that can manage metastatic lung cancer and control symptoms. Although the prognosis of stage 4 lung cancer is generally poor, some people live for many years due to advances in treatment.

22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Zappa C, Mousa SA.Non-small cell lung cancer: current treatment and future advances.Transl Lung Cancer Res.2016;5(3):288-300. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2016.06.07Milovanovic IS, Stjepanovic M, Mitrovic D.Distribution patterns of the metastases of the lung carcinoma in relation to histological type of the primary tumor: an autopsy study.Ann Thorac Med.2017 Jul-Sep;12(3):191–8. doi:10.4103/atm.ATM_276_16Song SH, Oh YJ, Kim YN, Song HH, Ha CW.Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with simultaneous metastases to peritoneum and skeletal muscle.Thorac Cancer. 2014;5(1):101-3. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12034American Cancer Society.Non-small cell lung cancer stages.Bao F, Yuan P, Yuan X, Lv X, Wang Z, Hu J.Predictive risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with small size non-small cell lung cancer.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(12):1697-703. doi:10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2014.11.05Shen-Tu Y, Mao F, Pan Y, et al.Lymph node dissection and survival in patients with early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer: A 10-year cohort study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(43):e8356. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000008356Roato I.Bone metastases: when and how lung cancer interacts with bone.World J Clin Oncol.2014;5(2):149-55. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.149Ali A, Goffin J, Arnold A, Ellis P.Survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after a diagnosis of brain metastases.Curr Oncol. 2013;20(4):e300-6. doi:10.3747%2Fco.20.1481Komatsu T, Kunieda E, Oizumi Y, Tamai Y, Akiba T.Clinical characteristics of brain metastases from lung cancer according to histological type: pretreatment evaluation and survival following whole-brain radiotherapy.Mol Clin Oncol.2013;1(4):692-8. doi:10.3892/mco.2013.130Schroeder T, Bittrich P, Noebel C, et al.Efficiency of dexamethasone for treatment of vasogenic edema in brain metastasis patients: a radiographic approach.Front Oncol. 2019;9:695. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00695Ding LY, Liu KJ, Jiang ZL, Wu HY, Wu SX.Targeted therapy of multiple liver metastases after resected solitary gastric metastasis and primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma.Oncotarget.2016 Dec 27;7(52):87479–84. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13114Ren Y, Dai C, Zheng H, et al.Prognostic effect of liver metastasis in lung cancer patients with distant metastasis.Oncotarget.2016 Aug 16;7(33):53245–53. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.10644Wáng YX, De baere T, Idée JM, Ballet S.Transcatheter embolization therapy in liver cancer: an update of clinical evidences.Chin J Cancer Res.2015;27(2):96-121. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.03.03Oshiro Y, Takeda Y, Hirano S, Ito H, Aruga T.Role of radiotherapy for local control of asymptomatic adrenal metastasis from lung cancer.Am J Clin Oncol. 2011;34(3):249-53. doi:10.1097/coc.0b013e3181dbb727Bazhenova L, Newton P, Mason J, Bethel K, Nieva J, Kuhn P.Adrenal metastases in lung cancer: clinical implications of a mathematical model.J Thorac Oncol.2014;9(4):442-6. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000133Harris K, Khachaturova I, Azab B, et al.Small cell lung cancer doubling time and its effect on clinical presentation: a concise review.Clin Med Insights Oncol.2012;6:199–203. doi:10.4137/CMO.S9633Moffitt Cancer Center.How is metastatic lung cancer treated?City of Hope.Stage 4 lung cancer.Thippeswamy R, Noronha V, Krishna V, et al.Stage IV lung cancer: Is cure possible?Indian J Med Paed Oncol. 2013;34(02):121-5. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.116207National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.Cancer stat facts: lung and bronchus cancer.West HJ, Jin JO.Performance status in patients with cancer.JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(7):998. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3113Chen R, Tao Y, Xu X, et al.The efficacy and safety of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Discov Med. 2018 Oct;26(143):155-66.

22 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Zappa C, Mousa SA.Non-small cell lung cancer: current treatment and future advances.Transl Lung Cancer Res.2016;5(3):288-300. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2016.06.07Milovanovic IS, Stjepanovic M, Mitrovic D.Distribution patterns of the metastases of the lung carcinoma in relation to histological type of the primary tumor: an autopsy study.Ann Thorac Med.2017 Jul-Sep;12(3):191–8. doi:10.4103/atm.ATM_276_16Song SH, Oh YJ, Kim YN, Song HH, Ha CW.Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with simultaneous metastases to peritoneum and skeletal muscle.Thorac Cancer. 2014;5(1):101-3. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12034American Cancer Society.Non-small cell lung cancer stages.Bao F, Yuan P, Yuan X, Lv X, Wang Z, Hu J.Predictive risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with small size non-small cell lung cancer.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(12):1697-703. doi:10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2014.11.05Shen-Tu Y, Mao F, Pan Y, et al.Lymph node dissection and survival in patients with early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer: A 10-year cohort study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(43):e8356. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000008356Roato I.Bone metastases: when and how lung cancer interacts with bone.World J Clin Oncol.2014;5(2):149-55. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.149Ali A, Goffin J, Arnold A, Ellis P.Survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after a diagnosis of brain metastases.Curr Oncol. 2013;20(4):e300-6. doi:10.3747%2Fco.20.1481Komatsu T, Kunieda E, Oizumi Y, Tamai Y, Akiba T.Clinical characteristics of brain metastases from lung cancer according to histological type: pretreatment evaluation and survival following whole-brain radiotherapy.Mol Clin Oncol.2013;1(4):692-8. doi:10.3892/mco.2013.130Schroeder T, Bittrich P, Noebel C, et al.Efficiency of dexamethasone for treatment of vasogenic edema in brain metastasis patients: a radiographic approach.Front Oncol. 2019;9:695. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00695Ding LY, Liu KJ, Jiang ZL, Wu HY, Wu SX.Targeted therapy of multiple liver metastases after resected solitary gastric metastasis and primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma.Oncotarget.2016 Dec 27;7(52):87479–84. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13114Ren Y, Dai C, Zheng H, et al.Prognostic effect of liver metastasis in lung cancer patients with distant metastasis.Oncotarget.2016 Aug 16;7(33):53245–53. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.10644Wáng YX, De baere T, Idée JM, Ballet S.Transcatheter embolization therapy in liver cancer: an update of clinical evidences.Chin J Cancer Res.2015;27(2):96-121. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.03.03Oshiro Y, Takeda Y, Hirano S, Ito H, Aruga T.Role of radiotherapy for local control of asymptomatic adrenal metastasis from lung cancer.Am J Clin Oncol. 2011;34(3):249-53. doi:10.1097/coc.0b013e3181dbb727Bazhenova L, Newton P, Mason J, Bethel K, Nieva J, Kuhn P.Adrenal metastases in lung cancer: clinical implications of a mathematical model.J Thorac Oncol.2014;9(4):442-6. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000133Harris K, Khachaturova I, Azab B, et al.Small cell lung cancer doubling time and its effect on clinical presentation: a concise review.Clin Med Insights Oncol.2012;6:199–203. doi:10.4137/CMO.S9633Moffitt Cancer Center.How is metastatic lung cancer treated?City of Hope.Stage 4 lung cancer.Thippeswamy R, Noronha V, Krishna V, et al.Stage IV lung cancer: Is cure possible?Indian J Med Paed Oncol. 2013;34(02):121-5. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.116207National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.Cancer stat facts: lung and bronchus cancer.West HJ, Jin JO.Performance status in patients with cancer.JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(7):998. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3113Chen R, Tao Y, Xu X, et al.The efficacy and safety of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Discov Med. 2018 Oct;26(143):155-66.

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Zappa C, Mousa SA.Non-small cell lung cancer: current treatment and future advances.Transl Lung Cancer Res.2016;5(3):288-300. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2016.06.07Milovanovic IS, Stjepanovic M, Mitrovic D.Distribution patterns of the metastases of the lung carcinoma in relation to histological type of the primary tumor: an autopsy study.Ann Thorac Med.2017 Jul-Sep;12(3):191–8. doi:10.4103/atm.ATM_276_16Song SH, Oh YJ, Kim YN, Song HH, Ha CW.Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with simultaneous metastases to peritoneum and skeletal muscle.Thorac Cancer. 2014;5(1):101-3. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12034American Cancer Society.Non-small cell lung cancer stages.Bao F, Yuan P, Yuan X, Lv X, Wang Z, Hu J.Predictive risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with small size non-small cell lung cancer.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(12):1697-703. doi:10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2014.11.05Shen-Tu Y, Mao F, Pan Y, et al.Lymph node dissection and survival in patients with early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer: A 10-year cohort study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(43):e8356. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000008356Roato I.Bone metastases: when and how lung cancer interacts with bone.World J Clin Oncol.2014;5(2):149-55. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.149Ali A, Goffin J, Arnold A, Ellis P.Survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after a diagnosis of brain metastases.Curr Oncol. 2013;20(4):e300-6. doi:10.3747%2Fco.20.1481Komatsu T, Kunieda E, Oizumi Y, Tamai Y, Akiba T.Clinical characteristics of brain metastases from lung cancer according to histological type: pretreatment evaluation and survival following whole-brain radiotherapy.Mol Clin Oncol.2013;1(4):692-8. doi:10.3892/mco.2013.130Schroeder T, Bittrich P, Noebel C, et al.Efficiency of dexamethasone for treatment of vasogenic edema in brain metastasis patients: a radiographic approach.Front Oncol. 2019;9:695. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00695Ding LY, Liu KJ, Jiang ZL, Wu HY, Wu SX.Targeted therapy of multiple liver metastases after resected solitary gastric metastasis and primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma.Oncotarget.2016 Dec 27;7(52):87479–84. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13114Ren Y, Dai C, Zheng H, et al.Prognostic effect of liver metastasis in lung cancer patients with distant metastasis.Oncotarget.2016 Aug 16;7(33):53245–53. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.10644Wáng YX, De baere T, Idée JM, Ballet S.Transcatheter embolization therapy in liver cancer: an update of clinical evidences.Chin J Cancer Res.2015;27(2):96-121. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.03.03Oshiro Y, Takeda Y, Hirano S, Ito H, Aruga T.Role of radiotherapy for local control of asymptomatic adrenal metastasis from lung cancer.Am J Clin Oncol. 2011;34(3):249-53. doi:10.1097/coc.0b013e3181dbb727Bazhenova L, Newton P, Mason J, Bethel K, Nieva J, Kuhn P.Adrenal metastases in lung cancer: clinical implications of a mathematical model.J Thorac Oncol.2014;9(4):442-6. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000133Harris K, Khachaturova I, Azab B, et al.Small cell lung cancer doubling time and its effect on clinical presentation: a concise review.Clin Med Insights Oncol.2012;6:199–203. doi:10.4137/CMO.S9633Moffitt Cancer Center.How is metastatic lung cancer treated?City of Hope.Stage 4 lung cancer.Thippeswamy R, Noronha V, Krishna V, et al.Stage IV lung cancer: Is cure possible?Indian J Med Paed Oncol. 2013;34(02):121-5. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.116207National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.Cancer stat facts: lung and bronchus cancer.West HJ, Jin JO.Performance status in patients with cancer.JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(7):998. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3113Chen R, Tao Y, Xu X, et al.The efficacy and safety of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Discov Med. 2018 Oct;26(143):155-66.

Zappa C, Mousa SA.Non-small cell lung cancer: current treatment and future advances.Transl Lung Cancer Res.2016;5(3):288-300. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2016.06.07

Milovanovic IS, Stjepanovic M, Mitrovic D.Distribution patterns of the metastases of the lung carcinoma in relation to histological type of the primary tumor: an autopsy study.Ann Thorac Med.2017 Jul-Sep;12(3):191–8. doi:10.4103/atm.ATM_276_16

Song SH, Oh YJ, Kim YN, Song HH, Ha CW.Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with simultaneous metastases to peritoneum and skeletal muscle.Thorac Cancer. 2014;5(1):101-3. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12034

American Cancer Society.Non-small cell lung cancer stages.

Bao F, Yuan P, Yuan X, Lv X, Wang Z, Hu J.Predictive risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with small size non-small cell lung cancer.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(12):1697-703. doi:10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2014.11.05

Shen-Tu Y, Mao F, Pan Y, et al.Lymph node dissection and survival in patients with early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer: A 10-year cohort study.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(43):e8356. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000008356

Roato I.Bone metastases: when and how lung cancer interacts with bone.World J Clin Oncol.2014;5(2):149-55. doi:10.5306/wjco.v5.i2.149

Ali A, Goffin J, Arnold A, Ellis P.Survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer after a diagnosis of brain metastases.Curr Oncol. 2013;20(4):e300-6. doi:10.3747%2Fco.20.1481

Komatsu T, Kunieda E, Oizumi Y, Tamai Y, Akiba T.Clinical characteristics of brain metastases from lung cancer according to histological type: pretreatment evaluation and survival following whole-brain radiotherapy.Mol Clin Oncol.2013;1(4):692-8. doi:10.3892/mco.2013.130

Schroeder T, Bittrich P, Noebel C, et al.Efficiency of dexamethasone for treatment of vasogenic edema in brain metastasis patients: a radiographic approach.Front Oncol. 2019;9:695. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00695

Ding LY, Liu KJ, Jiang ZL, Wu HY, Wu SX.Targeted therapy of multiple liver metastases after resected solitary gastric metastasis and primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma.Oncotarget.2016 Dec 27;7(52):87479–84. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13114

Ren Y, Dai C, Zheng H, et al.Prognostic effect of liver metastasis in lung cancer patients with distant metastasis.Oncotarget.2016 Aug 16;7(33):53245–53. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.10644

Wáng YX, De baere T, Idée JM, Ballet S.Transcatheter embolization therapy in liver cancer: an update of clinical evidences.Chin J Cancer Res.2015;27(2):96-121. doi:10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.03.03

Oshiro Y, Takeda Y, Hirano S, Ito H, Aruga T.Role of radiotherapy for local control of asymptomatic adrenal metastasis from lung cancer.Am J Clin Oncol. 2011;34(3):249-53. doi:10.1097/coc.0b013e3181dbb727

Bazhenova L, Newton P, Mason J, Bethel K, Nieva J, Kuhn P.Adrenal metastases in lung cancer: clinical implications of a mathematical model.J Thorac Oncol.2014;9(4):442-6. doi:10.1097/JTO.0000000000000133

Harris K, Khachaturova I, Azab B, et al.Small cell lung cancer doubling time and its effect on clinical presentation: a concise review.Clin Med Insights Oncol.2012;6:199–203. doi:10.4137/CMO.S9633

Moffitt Cancer Center.How is metastatic lung cancer treated?

City of Hope.Stage 4 lung cancer.

Thippeswamy R, Noronha V, Krishna V, et al.Stage IV lung cancer: Is cure possible?Indian J Med Paed Oncol. 2013;34(02):121-5. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.116207

National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.Cancer stat facts: lung and bronchus cancer.

West HJ, Jin JO.Performance status in patients with cancer.JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(7):998. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3113

Chen R, Tao Y, Xu X, et al.The efficacy and safety of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab in treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Discov Med. 2018 Oct;26(143):155-66.

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