Table of ContentsView AllTable of Contents9 Best Natural AntibioticsRisksWhen to Use Them
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
9 Best Natural Antibiotics
Risks
When to Use Them
Antibiotics are medicines that fight bacterial infections. You might need them if you havestrep throator aurinary tract infection(UTI). But they don’t work against viruses like the common cold and flu. And some bacterial infections, such as sinus or ear infections, may clear up without antibiotics.Antibiotic use is common in modern medicine, but some people have been using antibiotics from natural sources for centuries.
This article discusses natural antibiotics, their potential uses, and when seeing a medical professional is necessary.
ajaykampani/ Getty Images
Researchers are still trying to understand how to use natural antibiotics more effectively, but some natural sources are promising.
Honey
Medical honeyfights infection, helps form a protective barrier, and moistens wounds. There are many factors involved in the antibacterial properties of honey. One factor is the natural production ofhydrogen peroxide. However,Manuka honey(non-peroxide honey) also has significant antibacterial effects.
In a medical setting, honey can be used to treat:
There’s no consensus on what types and concentrations of honey will likely be effective for a particular kind of wound or infection.And there are many ways for honey to become contaminated.
Use caution with honey: Children under 12 months should never be given honey due to the risk ofbotulism.Consult a healthcare provider before applying honey from a jar to a wound.
Garlic
People have been using garlic for bacterial infections for centuries. Studies show garlic and its derivatives effectively fightSalmonella,Eshcerichia coli(E. coli), andStaphylococcus aureus. (S. aureus), which causes many infections.And research suggests garlic may help treat certain bacterialear infections.
Several compounds in garlic have antibacterial properties, includingallicin, ajoene, and allyl sulfide. Researchers have studied garlic in various forms, including powders, pastes, oils, and extracts. It’s clear that garlic has antibiotic properties and is generally safe.
However, researchers have not settled on dosing or the best way to administer garlic as an antibiotic substitute. You can buy garlic extracts or allicin supplements over the counter. Garlic supplements can increase the risk of bleeding or interfere with some medications.Consider speaking with a healthcare provider about whether this is a good option.
Ginger
In addition to other health benefits, several compounds ingingerprovide a broad antimicrobial spectrum that protects against various microorganisms.Ginger may also help protect against bacteria that causeperiodontal diseases,E. coli,and staph infections.
You can buy ginger extracts, tinctures, oils, and oral capsules. You can also get ginger in food and drinks such as tea, juices, candies, and lozenges. Don’t give ginger to children under age 2. Adults should cap ginger at 4 grams (g) daily or 1 g if pregnant.
Echinacea
Echinaceais a perennial herb flowering plant. Echinacea extracts have antibacterial properties.It has long been used to treat wounds and infections such as UTIs.Research suggests it may also be effective against respiratory bacteria.
You can get echinacea in many forms, including ointments, which you can apply as needed. It’s also available in extracts, tinctures, tablets, and capsules, generally taken three times a day for no more than 10 days.
Myrrh
Antibiotic compounds inmyrrhmay help protect against some respiratory infections andgingivitis.One study suggests that myrrh might effectively treattrichomoniasis(a sexually transmitted infection) that doesn’t respond to other treatments.It may also help fight the bacteria that causeLyme disease.
Unlike most antibiotics, myrrh can kill nongrowing bacteria. It also doesn’t cause antibiotic resistance.More research is needed, and there are no clear guidelines on dosing and administration.
Thyme
Thymemay offer protection against bacteria such asE. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas putida, S. aureus,andmethicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA).Thyme may have therapeutic applications, but more research is needed to determine best practices. There are no dosage guidelines for thyme or thyme supplements as an antibiotic. But thyme is a healthy addition to a balanced diet.
Goldenseal
Research on the health benefits and risks of goldenseal in humans is limited. It’s available as a dietary supplement, but scientific evidence doesn’t support using goldenseal for any health-related purpose.
Oregano
Research suggests that oregano oil has an antibiotic effect, likely due to a compound called carvacrol.One study indicates that oregano oil may be effective againstStreptococcus mutans,a type of bacteria that leads todental cavities.
You can add fresh or driedoreganoto foods. It’s also available as a dietary supplement or essential oils. Scientific evidence for specific types of oregano or how to use oregano’s antibiotic properties is lacking.
Cloves
In clove essential oil, a compound called eugenol acts as an antibacterial. Research shows that eugenol is effective againstS. aureusandE. coli.Antibiotic substitutes may useclovesin the future, but more vigorous human studies are needed. There’s not enough information on how to use cloves for antibacterial purposes.
Risks of Natural Antibiotics
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve herbs or other dietary supplements for safety and effectiveness before they go to market. These products are not authorized to treat or prevent disease.
Even natural products can be harmful, especially when taken at high doses, when taken for too long, or in people with certain underlying health conditions. They can produce side effects and interfere with other supplements or medications. Read labels carefully and discuss dietary supplements with a healthcare provider.
When to Use Prescribed Antibiotics
You can treat minor skin injuries with over-the-counter topical antibiotics such as Neosporin (neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin).
You typically need a prescription forantibioticsin treating serious conditions such aspneumoniaorsepsis. A healthcare provider might prescribe antibiotics for other bacterial infections, especially if you’re at particularly high risk due to a serious health condition, after surgery, or duringchemotherapy.
Prescription antibiotics aren’t always necessary, and overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance (when bacteria no longer respond to antibiotics). On the other hand, natural antibiotics are not a substitute for prescription antibiotics.
A provider can assess the situation and determine whether you need a prescriptionantibioticand which is most likely effective. If so, it’s important to take them exactly as instructed.
Summary
Many plants have natural antibiotic properties. These foods also have other health benefits, including helping to prevent disease and infection. They’re a good addition to a healthy eating plan. Antibiotics are medicines that fight bacterial infections. They don’t fight viruses or other illnesses. And not every bacterial infection requires antibiotics.
Natural antibiotics may be helpful for minor bacterial infections, but they’re not a substitute for prescription medicine. If you have a bacterial infection, seeing a healthcare provider for diagnosis is a good idea. They can determine whether you need antibiotics or other treatment.
28 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Antibiotics use questions and answers.Mandal MD, Mandal S.Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(2):154-160. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6Almasaudi S.The antibacterial activities of honey.Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2021;28(4):2188-2196. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.017Albaridi NA.Antibacterial potency of honey.Int J Microbiol. 2019;2019:2464507. doi:10.1155/2019/2464507Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Food and drinks to avoid or limit.Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A.Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects.Avicenna J Phytomed.2014 Jan;4(1):1-14.Uzun L, Dal T, Kalcıoğlu MT, Yürek M, Açıkgöz ZC, Durmaz R.Antimicrobial activity of garlic derivatives on common causative microorganisms of the external ear canal and chronic middle ear infection. TurkArch Otorhinolaryngol.2019;57(4):161-165. doi:10.5152/tao.2019.4413Bhatwalkar SB, Mondal R, Krishna SBN, Adam JK, Govender P, Anupam R.Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum).Front Microbiol. 2021 Jul 27;12:613077. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.613077National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Garlic.Beristain-Bauza SDC, Hernández-Carranza P, Cid-Pérez TS, et.al.Antimicrobial activity of ginger (zingiber officinale) and its application in food products.Food Reviews International. 2019;35(5):407-426. doi:10.1080/87559129.2019.1573829Park M, Bae J, Lee D.Antibacterial activity of [10]‐gingerol and [12]‐gingerol isolated from ginger rhizome against periodontal bacteria.Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(11):1446-1449. doi:doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2473Wang X, Shen Y, Thakur K, Han J, Zhang JG, Hu F, Wei ZJ.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of ginger essential oil againstEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureus.Molecules.2020 Aug 30;25(17):3955. doi:10.3390/molecules25173955Mount Sinai.Ginger.Burlou-Nagy C, Bănică F, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, et al.Echinacea purpurea (L.) moench: Biological and pharmacological properties.Plants.2022; 11(9):1244. doi:10.3390/plants11091244Mount Sinai.Echinacea information.Yazdanian, M., Rostamzadeh, P., Alam, M.et al.Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects ofEchinaceaandArctiumextracts andZatariaessential oil.AMB Expr12. 75 (2022). doi:10.1186/s13568-022-01417-7Haffor ASA. Effect ofCommiphora molmol on leukocytes proliferation in relation to histological alterations before and during healing from injury.Saudi J Biol Sci. 2010;17(2):139-146. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.02.007El-Sherbiny GM, El Sherbiny ET.The Effect of commiphora molmol (myrrh) in treatment of trichomoniasis vaginalis infection.Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13(7):480-486.Feng J, Shi W, Miklossy J, Tauxe G, McMeniman C, Zhang Y.Identification of essential oils with strong activity against stationary phase borrelia burgdorferi. Antibiotics. 2018;7(4):89. doi:10.3390/antibiotics7040089Bhattacharjee MK, Alenezi T.Antibiotic in myrrh from Commiphora molmol preferentially kills nongrowing bacteria.Future Sci OA.6(4):FSO458. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2019-0121Kowalczyk A, Przychodna M, Sopata S, Bodalska A, Fecka I.Thymol and thyme essential oil—new insights into selected therapeutic applications.Molecules. 2020;25(18):4125. doi:10.3390/molecules25184125Fazly Bazzaz BS, Darvishi Fork S, Ahmadi R, Khameneh B.Deep insights into urinary tract infections and effective natural remedies.Afr J Urol. 2021;27(1):1-3. doi:10.1186/s12301-020-00111-zNational Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Goldenseal.Fimbres-García, J.O.; Flores-Sauceda, M.; Othon-Díaz, E.D, et al.Facing resistant bacteria with plant essential oils: Reviewing the oregano case.Antibiotics2022 11, 1777. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121777Yuan, Y., Sun, J., Song, Y.et al.Antibacterial activity of oregano essential oils againstStreptococcus mutansin vitro and analysis of active components.BMC Complement Med Ther23, 61 (2023). 10.1186/s12906-023-03890-4Bai J, Li J, Chen Z, Bai X, Yang Z, Wang Z, Yang Y.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of clove essential oil against foodborne pathogens.LWT. 2023;173:114249. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114249U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Facts about dietary supplements.MedlinePlus.Neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin topical.Additional ReadingCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Be antibiotics aware: Smart use, best care.UCLA Health.Medical-grade honey is viable tool in wound care.
28 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Antibiotics use questions and answers.Mandal MD, Mandal S.Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(2):154-160. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6Almasaudi S.The antibacterial activities of honey.Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2021;28(4):2188-2196. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.017Albaridi NA.Antibacterial potency of honey.Int J Microbiol. 2019;2019:2464507. doi:10.1155/2019/2464507Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Food and drinks to avoid or limit.Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A.Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects.Avicenna J Phytomed.2014 Jan;4(1):1-14.Uzun L, Dal T, Kalcıoğlu MT, Yürek M, Açıkgöz ZC, Durmaz R.Antimicrobial activity of garlic derivatives on common causative microorganisms of the external ear canal and chronic middle ear infection. TurkArch Otorhinolaryngol.2019;57(4):161-165. doi:10.5152/tao.2019.4413Bhatwalkar SB, Mondal R, Krishna SBN, Adam JK, Govender P, Anupam R.Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum).Front Microbiol. 2021 Jul 27;12:613077. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.613077National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Garlic.Beristain-Bauza SDC, Hernández-Carranza P, Cid-Pérez TS, et.al.Antimicrobial activity of ginger (zingiber officinale) and its application in food products.Food Reviews International. 2019;35(5):407-426. doi:10.1080/87559129.2019.1573829Park M, Bae J, Lee D.Antibacterial activity of [10]‐gingerol and [12]‐gingerol isolated from ginger rhizome against periodontal bacteria.Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(11):1446-1449. doi:doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2473Wang X, Shen Y, Thakur K, Han J, Zhang JG, Hu F, Wei ZJ.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of ginger essential oil againstEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureus.Molecules.2020 Aug 30;25(17):3955. doi:10.3390/molecules25173955Mount Sinai.Ginger.Burlou-Nagy C, Bănică F, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, et al.Echinacea purpurea (L.) moench: Biological and pharmacological properties.Plants.2022; 11(9):1244. doi:10.3390/plants11091244Mount Sinai.Echinacea information.Yazdanian, M., Rostamzadeh, P., Alam, M.et al.Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects ofEchinaceaandArctiumextracts andZatariaessential oil.AMB Expr12. 75 (2022). doi:10.1186/s13568-022-01417-7Haffor ASA. Effect ofCommiphora molmol on leukocytes proliferation in relation to histological alterations before and during healing from injury.Saudi J Biol Sci. 2010;17(2):139-146. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.02.007El-Sherbiny GM, El Sherbiny ET.The Effect of commiphora molmol (myrrh) in treatment of trichomoniasis vaginalis infection.Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13(7):480-486.Feng J, Shi W, Miklossy J, Tauxe G, McMeniman C, Zhang Y.Identification of essential oils with strong activity against stationary phase borrelia burgdorferi. Antibiotics. 2018;7(4):89. doi:10.3390/antibiotics7040089Bhattacharjee MK, Alenezi T.Antibiotic in myrrh from Commiphora molmol preferentially kills nongrowing bacteria.Future Sci OA.6(4):FSO458. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2019-0121Kowalczyk A, Przychodna M, Sopata S, Bodalska A, Fecka I.Thymol and thyme essential oil—new insights into selected therapeutic applications.Molecules. 2020;25(18):4125. doi:10.3390/molecules25184125Fazly Bazzaz BS, Darvishi Fork S, Ahmadi R, Khameneh B.Deep insights into urinary tract infections and effective natural remedies.Afr J Urol. 2021;27(1):1-3. doi:10.1186/s12301-020-00111-zNational Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Goldenseal.Fimbres-García, J.O.; Flores-Sauceda, M.; Othon-Díaz, E.D, et al.Facing resistant bacteria with plant essential oils: Reviewing the oregano case.Antibiotics2022 11, 1777. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121777Yuan, Y., Sun, J., Song, Y.et al.Antibacterial activity of oregano essential oils againstStreptococcus mutansin vitro and analysis of active components.BMC Complement Med Ther23, 61 (2023). 10.1186/s12906-023-03890-4Bai J, Li J, Chen Z, Bai X, Yang Z, Wang Z, Yang Y.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of clove essential oil against foodborne pathogens.LWT. 2023;173:114249. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114249U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Facts about dietary supplements.MedlinePlus.Neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin topical.Additional ReadingCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Be antibiotics aware: Smart use, best care.UCLA Health.Medical-grade honey is viable tool in wound care.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Antibiotics use questions and answers.Mandal MD, Mandal S.Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(2):154-160. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6Almasaudi S.The antibacterial activities of honey.Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2021;28(4):2188-2196. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.017Albaridi NA.Antibacterial potency of honey.Int J Microbiol. 2019;2019:2464507. doi:10.1155/2019/2464507Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Food and drinks to avoid or limit.Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A.Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects.Avicenna J Phytomed.2014 Jan;4(1):1-14.Uzun L, Dal T, Kalcıoğlu MT, Yürek M, Açıkgöz ZC, Durmaz R.Antimicrobial activity of garlic derivatives on common causative microorganisms of the external ear canal and chronic middle ear infection. TurkArch Otorhinolaryngol.2019;57(4):161-165. doi:10.5152/tao.2019.4413Bhatwalkar SB, Mondal R, Krishna SBN, Adam JK, Govender P, Anupam R.Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum).Front Microbiol. 2021 Jul 27;12:613077. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.613077National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Garlic.Beristain-Bauza SDC, Hernández-Carranza P, Cid-Pérez TS, et.al.Antimicrobial activity of ginger (zingiber officinale) and its application in food products.Food Reviews International. 2019;35(5):407-426. doi:10.1080/87559129.2019.1573829Park M, Bae J, Lee D.Antibacterial activity of [10]‐gingerol and [12]‐gingerol isolated from ginger rhizome against periodontal bacteria.Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(11):1446-1449. doi:doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2473Wang X, Shen Y, Thakur K, Han J, Zhang JG, Hu F, Wei ZJ.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of ginger essential oil againstEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureus.Molecules.2020 Aug 30;25(17):3955. doi:10.3390/molecules25173955Mount Sinai.Ginger.Burlou-Nagy C, Bănică F, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, et al.Echinacea purpurea (L.) moench: Biological and pharmacological properties.Plants.2022; 11(9):1244. doi:10.3390/plants11091244Mount Sinai.Echinacea information.Yazdanian, M., Rostamzadeh, P., Alam, M.et al.Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects ofEchinaceaandArctiumextracts andZatariaessential oil.AMB Expr12. 75 (2022). doi:10.1186/s13568-022-01417-7Haffor ASA. Effect ofCommiphora molmol on leukocytes proliferation in relation to histological alterations before and during healing from injury.Saudi J Biol Sci. 2010;17(2):139-146. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.02.007El-Sherbiny GM, El Sherbiny ET.The Effect of commiphora molmol (myrrh) in treatment of trichomoniasis vaginalis infection.Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13(7):480-486.Feng J, Shi W, Miklossy J, Tauxe G, McMeniman C, Zhang Y.Identification of essential oils with strong activity against stationary phase borrelia burgdorferi. Antibiotics. 2018;7(4):89. doi:10.3390/antibiotics7040089Bhattacharjee MK, Alenezi T.Antibiotic in myrrh from Commiphora molmol preferentially kills nongrowing bacteria.Future Sci OA.6(4):FSO458. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2019-0121Kowalczyk A, Przychodna M, Sopata S, Bodalska A, Fecka I.Thymol and thyme essential oil—new insights into selected therapeutic applications.Molecules. 2020;25(18):4125. doi:10.3390/molecules25184125Fazly Bazzaz BS, Darvishi Fork S, Ahmadi R, Khameneh B.Deep insights into urinary tract infections and effective natural remedies.Afr J Urol. 2021;27(1):1-3. doi:10.1186/s12301-020-00111-zNational Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Goldenseal.Fimbres-García, J.O.; Flores-Sauceda, M.; Othon-Díaz, E.D, et al.Facing resistant bacteria with plant essential oils: Reviewing the oregano case.Antibiotics2022 11, 1777. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121777Yuan, Y., Sun, J., Song, Y.et al.Antibacterial activity of oregano essential oils againstStreptococcus mutansin vitro and analysis of active components.BMC Complement Med Ther23, 61 (2023). 10.1186/s12906-023-03890-4Bai J, Li J, Chen Z, Bai X, Yang Z, Wang Z, Yang Y.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of clove essential oil against foodborne pathogens.LWT. 2023;173:114249. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114249U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Facts about dietary supplements.MedlinePlus.Neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin topical.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Antibiotics use questions and answers.
Mandal MD, Mandal S.Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(2):154-160. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6
Almasaudi S.The antibacterial activities of honey.Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2021;28(4):2188-2196. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.017
Albaridi NA.Antibacterial potency of honey.Int J Microbiol. 2019;2019:2464507. doi:10.1155/2019/2464507
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Food and drinks to avoid or limit.
Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A.Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects.Avicenna J Phytomed.2014 Jan;4(1):1-14.
Uzun L, Dal T, Kalcıoğlu MT, Yürek M, Açıkgöz ZC, Durmaz R.Antimicrobial activity of garlic derivatives on common causative microorganisms of the external ear canal and chronic middle ear infection. TurkArch Otorhinolaryngol.2019;57(4):161-165. doi:10.5152/tao.2019.4413
Bhatwalkar SB, Mondal R, Krishna SBN, Adam JK, Govender P, Anupam R.Antibacterial properties of organosulfur compounds of garlic (Allium sativum).Front Microbiol. 2021 Jul 27;12:613077. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.613077
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Garlic.
Beristain-Bauza SDC, Hernández-Carranza P, Cid-Pérez TS, et.al.Antimicrobial activity of ginger (zingiber officinale) and its application in food products.Food Reviews International. 2019;35(5):407-426. doi:10.1080/87559129.2019.1573829
Park M, Bae J, Lee D.Antibacterial activity of [10]‐gingerol and [12]‐gingerol isolated from ginger rhizome against periodontal bacteria.Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(11):1446-1449. doi:doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2473
Wang X, Shen Y, Thakur K, Han J, Zhang JG, Hu F, Wei ZJ.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of ginger essential oil againstEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureus.Molecules.2020 Aug 30;25(17):3955. doi:10.3390/molecules25173955
Mount Sinai.Ginger.
Burlou-Nagy C, Bănică F, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, et al.Echinacea purpurea (L.) moench: Biological and pharmacological properties.Plants.2022; 11(9):1244. doi:10.3390/plants11091244
Mount Sinai.Echinacea information.
Yazdanian, M., Rostamzadeh, P., Alam, M.et al.Evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects ofEchinaceaandArctiumextracts andZatariaessential oil.AMB Expr12. 75 (2022). doi:10.1186/s13568-022-01417-7
Haffor ASA. Effect ofCommiphora molmol on leukocytes proliferation in relation to histological alterations before and during healing from injury.Saudi J Biol Sci. 2010;17(2):139-146. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.02.007
El-Sherbiny GM, El Sherbiny ET.The Effect of commiphora molmol (myrrh) in treatment of trichomoniasis vaginalis infection.Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13(7):480-486.
Feng J, Shi W, Miklossy J, Tauxe G, McMeniman C, Zhang Y.Identification of essential oils with strong activity against stationary phase borrelia burgdorferi. Antibiotics. 2018;7(4):89. doi:10.3390/antibiotics7040089
Bhattacharjee MK, Alenezi T.Antibiotic in myrrh from Commiphora molmol preferentially kills nongrowing bacteria.Future Sci OA.6(4):FSO458. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2019-0121
Kowalczyk A, Przychodna M, Sopata S, Bodalska A, Fecka I.Thymol and thyme essential oil—new insights into selected therapeutic applications.Molecules. 2020;25(18):4125. doi:10.3390/molecules25184125
Fazly Bazzaz BS, Darvishi Fork S, Ahmadi R, Khameneh B.Deep insights into urinary tract infections and effective natural remedies.Afr J Urol. 2021;27(1):1-3. doi:10.1186/s12301-020-00111-z
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Goldenseal.
Fimbres-García, J.O.; Flores-Sauceda, M.; Othon-Díaz, E.D, et al.Facing resistant bacteria with plant essential oils: Reviewing the oregano case.Antibiotics2022 11, 1777. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121777
Yuan, Y., Sun, J., Song, Y.et al.Antibacterial activity of oregano essential oils againstStreptococcus mutansin vitro and analysis of active components.BMC Complement Med Ther23, 61 (2023). 10.1186/s12906-023-03890-4
Bai J, Li J, Chen Z, Bai X, Yang Z, Wang Z, Yang Y.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of clove essential oil against foodborne pathogens.LWT. 2023;173:114249. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114249
U.S. Food & Drug Administration.Facts about dietary supplements.
MedlinePlus.Neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin topical.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Be antibiotics aware: Smart use, best care.UCLA Health.Medical-grade honey is viable tool in wound care.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Be antibiotics aware: Smart use, best care.
UCLA Health.Medical-grade honey is viable tool in wound care.
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