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Causes of Breakouts
Treatment
Are you breaking out and not sure why?Acneand other skin problems can strike anyone at any age.Some potential causes may surprise you—they can include sweating at the gym, genetics, stress, or even taking a trip.
Clogged pores can lead to a variety of acne blemishes, such as:
You can also have breakouts that don’t involve acne blemishes at all. This article looks at many causes of breakouts, location-specific breakouts, and what to do about them.
Phynart Studio / Getty Images
Why You Could Be Breaking Out: 14 Causes
Some causes of acne breakouts are directly related to your skin and skin-care regimen. Others are related to your health or other medical causes, and some are due to your lifestyle.
Foods That Could Be Sabotaging Your Skin Health
Cosmetics, Skin-Care, and Hairstyling Products
Some cosmetic, skin-care, and hairstyling products can clog your pores and cause acne.This is calledacne cosmetica.
This type of acne typically causes breakouts of tiny bumps across your cheeks, chin, or forehead. It often involves whiteheads and some pimples.
Acne cosmetica can develop even if you’ve been using the same products for several months. This can make it difficult to know for sure whether it’s the makeup or something else. Using makeup to conceal breakouts can then make your acne even worse.
Sunscreen
While sunscreen is a necessary part of protecting your skin from damage, some sunscreens can cause or contribute to acne. However, some of them aresafe for acne-prone skin.
When choosing sun protection, consider:
Also consider what feels good on your skin. That will make you more likely to use it.
Vitamins for Skin Health
Facial Hair Growth or Removal
Beard acne can form in or around facial hair. This happens because the hair traps oil, dead cells, and bacteria next to your skin. It can also make the skin underneath harder to cleanse.
A bumpy outbreak in an area where you shave could also berazor burnorpseudofolliculitis barbae(chronic inflammation from ingrown hair).
Chemicals in Your ClothesIf you’re breaking out all over or just in sensitive areas around your body, it could be due to your laundry detergent. The chemicals in detergent can cause irritated skin or even allergic reactions. This is calledcontact dermatitis.
Chemicals in Your Clothes
If you’re breaking out all over or just in sensitive areas around your body, it could be due to your laundry detergent. The chemicals in detergent can cause irritated skin or even allergic reactions. This is calledcontact dermatitis.
Picking at the Skin
Picking at your skin may be a natural response to having blemishes, but it can make your breakouts worse. Some people have difficulty not picking at raised or rough areas of skin, and they can cause severe damage.
Acne resulting from picking is calledexcoriated acne. It can involve open sores, red bumps or scratches, crusting, and scabbing. It can also cause scarring due to permanent damage.
Skin picking can be a hard habit to break. If you cannot stop on your own, talk to a healthcare provider. You may benefit from treatments, including mental health counseling.
Is Popping Pimples Bad?
Prolonged Contact and Friction
Prolonged contact between your skin and a variety of things can lead to acne breakouts. Common culprits include:
Items that can lead to acne mechanicainclude:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the term “mascne” was coined to describe the breakouts many people had from wearing a mask all day.
Hormones
Hormones and hormonal changes can cause or contribute to acne. Teen hormones probably come to mind right away, but age-related hormonal changes can also lead to breakouts—especially in people with ovaries.
During puberty,testosterone levelsincrease in people of all sexes. In people with testicles (often assigned male at birth), it makes the penis and testicles develop. In people with ovaries (often assigned female at birth), it promotes bone and muscle development.
Hormones produced in the ovaries, such asestrogen, decline as you get older, which changes the balance of your sex hormones. This also happens to people whotake testosteronefor medical reasons and as part ofgender-affirming treatment.
In people with ovaries, estrogen keeps androgen hormones such as testosterone anddihydrotestosteronein check. When testosterone levels go up for any reason:
These changes can mean more clogged pores, which can lead to acne.
Hormonal Acne: What You Should Know
Hormonal AcnePeople who menstruate are especially likely to have acne breakouts:Just before a menstrual periodDuring the first trimester ofpregnancyAfter menopause (when menstrual cycles have not occurred for 12 consecutive months)
Hormonal Acne
People who menstruate are especially likely to have acne breakouts:Just before a menstrual periodDuring the first trimester ofpregnancyAfter menopause (when menstrual cycles have not occurred for 12 consecutive months)
People who menstruate are especially likely to have acne breakouts:
Stress
Stress can also alter hormone levels and contribute to acne breakouts. This isn’t due to estrogen and testosterone, though.
Cortisolis one of your primary stress hormones. When you’re under stress, your body produces more cortisol than usual.
Cortisol can weaken your immune system and lead toinflammationthroughout your body—including your skin.And those factors can either trigger acne or make it worse.
Genetics
A tendency to developacne runs in families. Research suggests that if both of your parents had acne, you’re more likely to:
Research has uncovered two groups of genes that influence your risk of acne. These include genes that regulate inflammatory responses andsebaceous(oil) gland activity.
Medications
Certain medications—especially those containing hormones—can cause or contribute to acne. Those suspected of causing it include:
Medications that may worsen acne include some:
Even if your acne becomes bothersome, don’t go off of your medications or change their dosage without first talking to your healthcare provider.
Underlying Illness
Sometimes, acne is a symptom of an underlying illness, including:
Symptoms that could point to a systemic condition (one affecting one or more body parts) include:
If you notice these or any other symptoms during a breakout, talk to a healthcare provider. They may want to run some tests.
Smoking
Smoking cigarettesmay cause changes in your skin that alter the makeup of natural oils on your face. Strong ties have been found between non-inflammatory adult acne, especially in those with a female hormone profile.
Adult female smoking-related acne is especially likely to cause large, cyst-like pimples scattered all over the face. These are uncommon in other cases of adult acne.
Diet
Your diet can directly impact your risk of acne breakouts. According to research, you’re more likely to have acne if you consume:
Other foods research has linked to acne include:
Experts believe this is because these foods can cause inflammation and oil overproduction, as well as allowing bacteria to thrive.
Staying hydrated is important for skin health. Your skin can become dehydrated, and dehydrated skin can produce too much oil, which often leads to acne.
The Chocolate MythMany people used to believe chocolate caused acne. Studies revealed that chocolate itself isn’t responsible for breakouts, but the ingredients (e.g., milk, sugar) often added to commercial chocolate are.
The Chocolate Myth
Many people used to believe chocolate caused acne. Studies revealed that chocolate itself isn’t responsible for breakouts, but the ingredients (e.g., milk, sugar) often added to commercial chocolate are.
Acne and Diet: A Decade of Research
Poor Sleep Habits
Research suggests that poor sleep may contribute to skin inflammation, which is a known component of acne.
In one study, poor sleep predicted the presence of acne, and vice versa. This is a complex relationship that’s not yet well-understood. However, insufficient sleep is linked to many systemic inflammatory diseases.
How to Improve Your Sleep Habits
Sweaty Activities
Anything that makes you sweat a lot can lead to clogged pores and acne breakouts. This includes:
Sweaty skin is especially likely to trap dirt and bacteria on your skin.
Traveling
The air on airplanes is especially dry. If you already have dry skin, this can lead to irritation. If you have oily skin, it may produce excess oil production to counter the dryness.
When you’re away from home, you may also encounter either more or less humidity than you’re used to,jet lagor poor sleep, and unusual food choices. Travel can also be stressful. All of those scenarios can lead to acne breakouts soon after you arrive at your destination.
While traveling, you may have short-term exposure to air pollution, which research has implicated in some cases of adult acne.
Sometimes, the location of your breakout provides clues to what’s causing it.
Hairline/Forehead Acne
If you’re breaking out on your forehead or along your hairline, hairstyling products may be to blame.This is where they’re most likely to come into contact with your skin.
Oily products are more likely than nonoily ones to cause acne. The condition is sometimes called pomade acne, named for a type of hair product that’s often greasy or waxy.
Tight hats such as baseball caps can also cause irritation and trap dirt, which can clog pores and result in acne along the hairline or forehead.
U-Zone and Front-of-Neck Acne
Small nodules on the chin and cysts in the U zone of the face are typical of adult female acne. The U zone is the area from beneath your eyes down to your jaw.
This type of acne sometimes includes the front of your neck, as well.
Jawline Acne
Research suggests that acne along the jawline is related to higher levels of androgen hormones. If you were born with ovaries and have jawline acne, it may be related to hormonal imbalances from:
If you’re anticipating a hormonal shift and have a history of acne, ask a healthcare provider, such as a dermatology specialist, what you can do to head off an outbreak.
Beard acne can also occur along the jawline if you grow hair there.
Back-of-Neck Acne
If you have something that looks like acne or razor bumps on the back of your neck, it could beacne keloidalis nuchae (AKN). The bumps sometimes spread up onto the scalp, as well. Other symptoms include:
If you notice a breakout on the back of your neck, you should see a dermatologist for treatment, which include:
If it’s a more advanced case and all noninvasive therapies fail, excision and skin grafting may be done.
What Is AKN?AKN is named for the appearance and location of the outbreak. It looks similar to acne and tokeloid scars(a thick, raised scar). “Nuchae” is the medical term for the back of your neck.
What Is AKN?
AKN is named for the appearance and location of the outbreak. It looks similar to acne and tokeloid scars(a thick, raised scar). “Nuchae” is the medical term for the back of your neck.
Armpit Acne/Bumps
The skin in your armpits is especially sensitive. If you have anarmpit breakout, you have a few possible causes to consider.
Because you have sweat glands there, armpits are one of the sweatiest areas of your body. That alone can lead to acne and skin irritation.
The area is also especially prone to contact dermatitis. This could be from antiperspirant or deodorant, which go directly onto the armpit skin, or irritating laundry products. While your clothing touches you all over, those chemicals may only cause problems in sensitive areas like this.
If you shave under your arms, you may develop razor burn oringrown hairs. These aren’t acne, but they can look like it.
Warm and moist areas like armpits are also prone toyeastand otherfungal infections.
Are You Allergic to Your Deodorant?
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), also called acne inversa, is a skin condition involving painful lumps that are deep in your skin. They’re most common in areas where skin rubs against skin, such as your armpits and inner thighs.
HS is often mistaken for acne because the pumps can look like pimples. Without proper treatment, though, it can lead toabscesses(pockets of pus) that can break open, leak, and leave scars.
If you think you may have HS, it’s important to see a healthcare provider. They may refer you to a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Swimsuit Areas
If you have a breakout after swimming or sitting in a hot tub in the area where your skin was in contact with a swimsuit, you may have folliculitis.
A folliculitis rash is:
The bumps may turn darker and fill with pus. You may feel sick and have a fever and/or swollen lymph nodes.
Treatment for Different Types of Breakouts
Common acne treatments include:
If you don’t see results after six to eight weeks of treatment, see a dermatologist.
Other treatments may be available depending on the type or cause of your breakouts.
The 13 Best Acne Spot Treatments
Acne Cosmetica, Beard, or Facial Acne
Proper skin care is important for treating breakouts and preventing future ones.
For acne cosmetica, beard acne, or other types of acne on your face, you may want to:
Dietary improvements may help, too. Experts recommend limiting:
They recommend increasing:
If you have trouble making dietary changes, talk to your healthcare provider. They may be able to provide guidance or refer you to a nutritionist.
Your skin (and the rest of you) may benefit from certain lifestyle changes. These include:
Medication- or Illness-Caused Acne
If you’re taking a medication that causes acne, talk to your healthcare provider about options. You may be able to switch to a different medication, or you may need to stay on the drug but add acne treatments to your regimen.
Summary
Other types of breakouts may look similar to acne but have different causes and require different treatments. You may need a healthcare provider to determine why you’re breaking out and what to do about it.
Acne treatments include special washes, using the right cleansing techniques, finding products that don’t break you out, dietary and lifestyle changes, and treatment for any underlying illnesses.
The Best Treatments for Adult Acne
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31 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Harvard University Medical School, Harvard Health Publishing.Adult acne: understanding underlying causes and banishing breakouts.American Academy of Dermatology Association.How to treat different types of acne.American Academy of Dermatology Association.I have acne! Is it okay to wear makeup?SunDoctors Skin Cancer Clinics.Your comprehensive guide to sunscreen & acne.American Academy of Dermatology Association.DIY treatments for 5 common beard problems.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne-like breakouts could be folliculitis.National Eczema Association.Contact dermatitis.Lochner C, Roos A, Stein DJ.Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: a systematic review of treatment options.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1867–1872. doi:10.2147/NDT.S121138Mazhar M, Simpson M, Marathe K.Inner thigh friction as a cause of acne mechanica.Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(4):546-547. doi:10.1111/pde.13817Johns Hopkins Medicine.Got adult acne? Get answers from an expert.National Health Service.Acne: causes.Khunger N, Mehrotra K.Menopausal acne - challenges and solutions.Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:555-567. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S174292Sleep Doctor.How sleep affects your skin.Heng AHS, Say YH, Sio YY, Ng YT, Chew FT.Gene variants associated with acne vulgaris presentation and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Med Genomics. 2021;14(1):103. doi:10.1186/s12920-021-00953-8Pontello R Jr, Kondo RN.Drug-induced acne and rose pearl: similarities.An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(6):1039-1040. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132586DermNet.Acne due to a medication.Kutlu Ö, Karadağ AS, Wollina U.Adult acne versus adolescent acne: a narrative review with a focus on epidemiology to treatment.An Bras Dermatol. 2023;98(1):75-83. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2022.01.006Tufts Medical Center.Adult acne 101.González-Mondragón EA, Ganoza-Granados LDC, Toledo-Bahena ME, et al.Acne and diet: a review of pathogenic mechanisms. Acné y dieta: una revisión de los mecanismos patogénicos.Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2022;79(2):83-90. doi:10.24875/BMHIM.21000088Palma L, Marques LT, Bujan J, Rodrigues LM.Dietary water affects human skin hydration and biomechanics.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:413-421. doi:10.2147/CCID.S86822Schrom KP, Ahsanuddin S, Baechtold M, Tripathi R, Ramser A, Baron E.Acne severity and sleep quality in adults.Clocks Sleep. 2019;1(4):510-516. doi:10.3390/clockssleep1040039American Academy of Dermatology Association.Is your workout causing your acne?Jefferson Health, Sidney Kimmel Medical College.How to avoid “airplane acne.”Li X, An SJ, Liu XL, et al.The association between short-term air pollution exposure and post-adolescent acne: The evidence from a time series analysis in Xi’an, China.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2021;14:723-731. doi:10.2147/CCID.S320248American Academy of Dermatology Association.Are your hair care products causing breakouts?American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne keloidalis nuchae: diagnosis and treatment.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne keloidalis nuchae: overview.American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Contact dermatitis.National Institutes of health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Candida infection of the skin.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Hidradenitis suppurativa: overview.Mount Sinai.Hot tub folliculitis.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Harvard University Medical School, Harvard Health Publishing.Adult acne: understanding underlying causes and banishing breakouts.American Academy of Dermatology Association.How to treat different types of acne.American Academy of Dermatology Association.I have acne! Is it okay to wear makeup?SunDoctors Skin Cancer Clinics.Your comprehensive guide to sunscreen & acne.American Academy of Dermatology Association.DIY treatments for 5 common beard problems.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne-like breakouts could be folliculitis.National Eczema Association.Contact dermatitis.Lochner C, Roos A, Stein DJ.Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: a systematic review of treatment options.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1867–1872. doi:10.2147/NDT.S121138Mazhar M, Simpson M, Marathe K.Inner thigh friction as a cause of acne mechanica.Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(4):546-547. doi:10.1111/pde.13817Johns Hopkins Medicine.Got adult acne? Get answers from an expert.National Health Service.Acne: causes.Khunger N, Mehrotra K.Menopausal acne - challenges and solutions.Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:555-567. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S174292Sleep Doctor.How sleep affects your skin.Heng AHS, Say YH, Sio YY, Ng YT, Chew FT.Gene variants associated with acne vulgaris presentation and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Med Genomics. 2021;14(1):103. doi:10.1186/s12920-021-00953-8Pontello R Jr, Kondo RN.Drug-induced acne and rose pearl: similarities.An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(6):1039-1040. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132586DermNet.Acne due to a medication.Kutlu Ö, Karadağ AS, Wollina U.Adult acne versus adolescent acne: a narrative review with a focus on epidemiology to treatment.An Bras Dermatol. 2023;98(1):75-83. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2022.01.006Tufts Medical Center.Adult acne 101.González-Mondragón EA, Ganoza-Granados LDC, Toledo-Bahena ME, et al.Acne and diet: a review of pathogenic mechanisms. Acné y dieta: una revisión de los mecanismos patogénicos.Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2022;79(2):83-90. doi:10.24875/BMHIM.21000088Palma L, Marques LT, Bujan J, Rodrigues LM.Dietary water affects human skin hydration and biomechanics.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:413-421. doi:10.2147/CCID.S86822Schrom KP, Ahsanuddin S, Baechtold M, Tripathi R, Ramser A, Baron E.Acne severity and sleep quality in adults.Clocks Sleep. 2019;1(4):510-516. doi:10.3390/clockssleep1040039American Academy of Dermatology Association.Is your workout causing your acne?Jefferson Health, Sidney Kimmel Medical College.How to avoid “airplane acne.”Li X, An SJ, Liu XL, et al.The association between short-term air pollution exposure and post-adolescent acne: The evidence from a time series analysis in Xi’an, China.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2021;14:723-731. doi:10.2147/CCID.S320248American Academy of Dermatology Association.Are your hair care products causing breakouts?American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne keloidalis nuchae: diagnosis and treatment.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne keloidalis nuchae: overview.American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Contact dermatitis.National Institutes of health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Candida infection of the skin.American Academy of Dermatology Association.Hidradenitis suppurativa: overview.Mount Sinai.Hot tub folliculitis.
Harvard University Medical School, Harvard Health Publishing.Adult acne: understanding underlying causes and banishing breakouts.
American Academy of Dermatology Association.How to treat different types of acne.
American Academy of Dermatology Association.I have acne! Is it okay to wear makeup?
SunDoctors Skin Cancer Clinics.Your comprehensive guide to sunscreen & acne.
American Academy of Dermatology Association.DIY treatments for 5 common beard problems.
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne-like breakouts could be folliculitis.
National Eczema Association.Contact dermatitis.
Lochner C, Roos A, Stein DJ.Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: a systematic review of treatment options.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1867–1872. doi:10.2147/NDT.S121138
Mazhar M, Simpson M, Marathe K.Inner thigh friction as a cause of acne mechanica.Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(4):546-547. doi:10.1111/pde.13817
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Got adult acne? Get answers from an expert.
National Health Service.Acne: causes.
Khunger N, Mehrotra K.Menopausal acne - challenges and solutions.Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:555-567. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S174292
Sleep Doctor.How sleep affects your skin.
Heng AHS, Say YH, Sio YY, Ng YT, Chew FT.Gene variants associated with acne vulgaris presentation and severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC Med Genomics. 2021;14(1):103. doi:10.1186/s12920-021-00953-8
Pontello R Jr, Kondo RN.Drug-induced acne and rose pearl: similarities.An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(6):1039-1040. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132586
DermNet.Acne due to a medication.
Kutlu Ö, Karadağ AS, Wollina U.Adult acne versus adolescent acne: a narrative review with a focus on epidemiology to treatment.An Bras Dermatol. 2023;98(1):75-83. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2022.01.006
Tufts Medical Center.Adult acne 101.
González-Mondragón EA, Ganoza-Granados LDC, Toledo-Bahena ME, et al.Acne and diet: a review of pathogenic mechanisms. Acné y dieta: una revisión de los mecanismos patogénicos.Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2022;79(2):83-90. doi:10.24875/BMHIM.21000088
Palma L, Marques LT, Bujan J, Rodrigues LM.Dietary water affects human skin hydration and biomechanics.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015;8:413-421. doi:10.2147/CCID.S86822
Schrom KP, Ahsanuddin S, Baechtold M, Tripathi R, Ramser A, Baron E.Acne severity and sleep quality in adults.Clocks Sleep. 2019;1(4):510-516. doi:10.3390/clockssleep1040039
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Is your workout causing your acne?
Jefferson Health, Sidney Kimmel Medical College.How to avoid “airplane acne.”
Li X, An SJ, Liu XL, et al.The association between short-term air pollution exposure and post-adolescent acne: The evidence from a time series analysis in Xi’an, China.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2021;14:723-731. doi:10.2147/CCID.S320248
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Are your hair care products causing breakouts?
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne keloidalis nuchae: diagnosis and treatment.
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Acne keloidalis nuchae: overview.
American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.Contact dermatitis.
National Institutes of health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Candida infection of the skin.
American Academy of Dermatology Association.Hidradenitis suppurativa: overview.
Mount Sinai.Hot tub folliculitis.
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