Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsClothing IrritationInfectionsHormonal ChangesSexual ActivityChestfeedingAtopic DermatitisAllergic ReactionsSunburnsPaget’s DiseaseErosive AdenomatosisNipple VasospasmWhen to Seek Care
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Clothing Irritation
Infections
Hormonal Changes
Sexual Activity
Chestfeeding
Atopic Dermatitis
Allergic Reactions
Sunburns
Paget’s Disease
Erosive Adenomatosis
Nipple Vasospasm
When to Seek Care
There are several reasons why nipples hurt, with causes ranging from benign to serious. Reasons for nipple pain can include:
Depending on the cause, nipple pain can extend into theareola—the ring of the pigmented skin around the nipple. Nipple pain may ache, tingle, throb, burn, or feel tender. It may or may not be connected with more generalbreast pain. Most causes of nipple pain resolve with at-home treatment.
Clothing that rubs on nipples can cause irritation. Sometimes called jogger’s nipple, friction burns can occur from clothing rubbing on the nipples. This nipple pain is often easier to treat since it is due to a preventable injury rather than a disease.
Clothing irritation on the nipples is common in runners, especially new runners.Typically, both nipples are involved. Sweating also may contribute to the condition.
The irritation can get pretty raw. In the worst cases, the nipples can even bleed.
Jogger’s Nipple Treatment
The treatment is to keep the nipples covered and moist, like a burn. If you give it time, it will heal. For females, the right sports bra will often help avoid future nipple irritation. With the right clothing, you can likely prevent jogger’s nipples from returning.
Moisturizer and giving the burn time to heal will also help. One way is to use a lubricant to act as a barrier between clothes and nipples. Consider trying anti-chafing products like Body Glide or other petroleum-based ointments. Some people also use special tape or bandages.
To lessen chafing, try synthetic material made for runners instead of cotton. Also, try different undergarments, even if you’re not a runner, to prevent nipple irritation.
Mastitisis an infection of themammary ducts. It can cause nipple pain or general breast pain. Individuals with mastitis may experience additional symptoms such as a fever or general malaise.
Skin infections can affect the nipples, too, especially if they are already irritated or chapped.Yeast infections, also known as thrush, are common in the nipples. Thrush is especially common in individuals who are chestfeeding, especially if their nipples are cracked or chafed from nursing.
Infection Treatment
Infections are common in people who are chestfeeding. For mild mastitis, conservative measures are often tried first, such as cold compresses,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications(NSAIDs), gentle breast massage, and hand pumping to reduce pressure. A provider may recommend consultation with a lactation specialist to review feeding techniques.
Antibiotics are used to treat mastitis when more severe or persistent symptoms (e.g., ongoing fever and chills) are present.
Folliculitis often resolves on its own. However, if it does not go away, is leaking fluid, or is painful and itchy, seek advice from a healthcare provider.
If treatment for an infection doesn’t help, you may need testing for other conditions, includinginflammatory breast cancer.
Nipple pain and soreness before a period or during pregnancy are common.Fluid shifting around the mammary ducts may cause swelling, which then causes nipple pain and more general breast soreness.
Other hormonal causes of nipple pain include:
Hormonal Changes Treatment
Hormonal nipple pain is normal. You can try comfort measures such as a cold compress applied to the skin, over-the-counter period or pain relief medications (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen), and wearing a well-fitting bra.
Nipple play during sex can lead to irritation and nipple pain. This also can happen due to hormonal changes.
Usually, this problem only lasts for a short while and goes away with a little time to heal. Still, some 41% of people in one study said their breast pain interfered with sex.
Sexual Activity Treatment
Moisturizer is helpful during the healing process when breasts are sore after sex. More comprehensive approaches can include nutrition, exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
Chestfeeding is a well-known cause of nipple pain.Just like friction burns, both nursing and expressing (pumping) milk can lead to chapped, irritated, painful, and sometimes bleeding nipples.
Chestfeeding Treatment
It’s important to note that you don’t have to stop chestfeeding to treat most causes of chestfeeding-related nipple pain. The proper technique can help avoid irritation and ensure that milk production is best managed.
Chestfeeding Tips
Atopic dermatitis is also commonly known as eczema, a condition that leads to flaky, itchy skin. Atopic dermatitis can affect the nipples as well as the breasts.It’s relatively common to find atopic dermatitis on the nipples and areolas. It can happen to one or both nipples.
Atopic Dermatitis Treatment
Many individuals with atopic dermatitis of the nipple also have atopic dermatitis on other parts of their bodies. Eczema can be difficult to treat.Topical corticosteroidsorcalcineurin inhibitorsare first-line drugs that are safe to use during lactation, too.
Avoiding eczema triggers such as friction or allergen exposure can help minimize occurrences.
Allergic Reaction Treatment
To limit allergic reactions, avoid perfumed lotions and detergents. Even pollen and pet dander can lead to allergic responses that affect the nipples. Try soft, loose-fitting clothes, too.
Sunburnscan happen, especially for nipples that don’t often see the light of day. Sunburn can occur when going topless or when wearing mesh clothing that breathes. It is a common condition among runners.
Sunburn Treatment
Nipple pain that comes with an inverted nipple or a lesion on the nipple or areola can bePaget’s disease.Paget’s disease can affect the mammary gland or be extramammary (outside the mammary gland). When the nipple is involved, it’s considered mammary Paget’s disease (MPD). It is highly associated with cancer.
Paget’s disease can cause flaky, crusty skin that looks similar to eczema but involves the nipple. It typically only affects one side of the body.
Paget’s Disease Treatment
Erosive Adenomatosis of the Nipple (EAN)
Erosive adenomatosis of the nipple is a rarebenign tumorof the nipple.It requires diagnostic tests to rule out Paget’s disease, nipple eczema,syphilis,orherpes simplexinfection. Crusty skin and discharge are symptoms of each condition.
EAN Treatment
Surgery to remove the tumor usually leads to a good prognosis. In people who still plan to have children, certain surgical techniques (likecryotherapyto kill abnormal cells) can be considered to protect future lactation needs, depending on the tumor growth.
Nipple vasospasm occurs when blood flow is restricted to the nipple. Cold weather can reduce blood flow, which is one cause. However, the most common cause is chestfeeding.
Individuals may notice their nipples changing colors from their typical hue to white to red. This transition from perfused (normal blood flow) to a blue or purple color from lack of blood flow and then a red color as the blood returns is painful.
Nipple Vasospasm Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause. If an individual knows that cold temperatures cause them painful nipple vasospasms, they can take measures to stay warmer in colder temperatures and avoid situations like ice baths or cold bodies of water. However, this can be challenging if the trigger is an everyday situation, like opening a freezer door.
A lactation consultant can help with the child’s latch or pump function if an individual is chestfeeding.
Several home remedies and prescription medication options are available for those with Raynaud’s phenomenon. Home remedies can include avoiding or limiting caffeine and reducing stress.
Medications are available to treat Raynaud’s phenomenon, and many are considered safe for babies receiving breastmilk.See your healthcare provider for advice on the best treatment option.
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Nipple pain often resolves on its own. However, if the pain is unbearable or prevents you from doing your daily activities, contact your healthcare provider. Also, reach out to your healthcare provider if you experience:
You should also see your provider if the pain has no apparent cause and only affects one nipple.
If you experience nipple pain with nursing or pumping, contact your healthcare provider. You may have a condition like mastitis or thrush that requires treatment. Or, if there is pain with chestfeeding, a lactation consultant can often help provide guidance.
Sometimes, additional diagnostics are necessary to determine the cause of nipple pain and rule out serious causes. Imaging tests and biopsies are two types of tests a provider might order for nipple pain. Imaging tests can includemammogramsor ultrasounds.
Nipple Pain and Chestfeeding
Summary
20 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Brisbine BR, Steele JR, Phillips EJ, McGhee DE.The occurrence, causes and perceived performance effects of breast injuries in elite female athletes.J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(3):569-576.Luu Thi TH, Eichner A, Wohlrab J.Therapeutische Besonderheiten bei Erkrankungen der Mamillenhaut [Therapeutic peculiarities in diseases of the nipple skin].Dermatologie (Heidelb). 2022 Nov;73(11):873-879. German. doi:10.1007/s00105-022-05031-3.Boakes E, Woods A, Johnson N, Kadoglou N.Breast infection: A review of diagnosis and management practices.Eur J Breast Health. 2018;14(3):136-143. doi:10.5152/ejbh.2018.3871National Health Service.Thrush.Wink A, Mitchell JA, Lam SK, Szugye H.Does every patient with lactational mastitis require antibiotic treatment?Cleve Clin J Med. 2024 May 1;91(5):283-285. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.91a.23080.National Health Service.Breastfeeding and thrush.Eren T, Aslan A, Ozemir IA, et al.Factors effecting mastalgia.Breast Care (Basel). 2016;11(3):188-193. doi:10.1159/000444359MedlinePlus.Breast pain.Ghodsi F, Bahrami N, Mafi M, Olfati F.The Effect of Sex Counseling Based on (Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, Intensive Therapy) Model on Sexual Satisfaction in Women with Cyclic Mastalgia: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2021 Oct 22;26(6):562-568. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_159_20.Kent JC, Ashton E, Hardwick CM, et al.Nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers: incidence, causes and treatments.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(10):12247-12263. doi:10.3390/ijerph121012247C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital.Breastfeeding: Sore Nipples.Reynaert V, Gutermuth J, Wollenberg A.Nipple eczema: A systematic review and practical recommendations.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Jun;37(6):1149-1159. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18920.Breastcancer.org.Eczema of the nipple.Purim KS, Leite N.Sports-related dermatoses among road runners in Southern Brazil.An Bras Dermatol. 2014 Jul-Aug;89(4):587-92. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142792.Dubar S, Boukrid M, Bouquet de Joliniere J, et al.Paget’s breast disease: A case report and review of the literature.Front Surg. 2017;4:51. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2017.00051Lin CW, Chiang MH, Tam KW.Treatment of Mammary Paget Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world data.Int J Surg. 2022 Nov;107:106964. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106964.Ying S, Fang H, Qiao J.Erosive Adenomatosis of the Nipple: A Clinical Diagnostic Challenge.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020 Aug 19;13:587-590. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S260534.Anderson PO.Drug treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple.Breastfeed Med. 2020;15(11):686-688.Niazi A, Rahimi VB, Soheili-Far S, et al.A systematic review on prevention and treatment of nipple pain and fissure: Are they curable?J Pharmacopuncture. 2018;21(3):139-150. doi:10.3831/KPI.2018.21.017MedlinePlus.Breast pain.Additional ReadingGeffroy D, Doutriaux-Dumoulins I.Clinical abnormalities of the nipple-areola complex: The role of imaging.Diagnostic And Interventional Imaging.2015;96(10):1033-1044. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2015.07.001.Lopes LL, Lopes IMRS, Lopes LRS, Enokihara MMSS, Michalany AO, Matsunaga N.Mammary and extramammary paget’s disease.Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2015;90(2):225-231. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153189.Santos KJ da S, Santana GS, Vieira T de O, Santos CA de ST, Giugliani ERJ, Vieira GO.Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum.BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016;16:209. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4.
20 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Brisbine BR, Steele JR, Phillips EJ, McGhee DE.The occurrence, causes and perceived performance effects of breast injuries in elite female athletes.J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(3):569-576.Luu Thi TH, Eichner A, Wohlrab J.Therapeutische Besonderheiten bei Erkrankungen der Mamillenhaut [Therapeutic peculiarities in diseases of the nipple skin].Dermatologie (Heidelb). 2022 Nov;73(11):873-879. German. doi:10.1007/s00105-022-05031-3.Boakes E, Woods A, Johnson N, Kadoglou N.Breast infection: A review of diagnosis and management practices.Eur J Breast Health. 2018;14(3):136-143. doi:10.5152/ejbh.2018.3871National Health Service.Thrush.Wink A, Mitchell JA, Lam SK, Szugye H.Does every patient with lactational mastitis require antibiotic treatment?Cleve Clin J Med. 2024 May 1;91(5):283-285. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.91a.23080.National Health Service.Breastfeeding and thrush.Eren T, Aslan A, Ozemir IA, et al.Factors effecting mastalgia.Breast Care (Basel). 2016;11(3):188-193. doi:10.1159/000444359MedlinePlus.Breast pain.Ghodsi F, Bahrami N, Mafi M, Olfati F.The Effect of Sex Counseling Based on (Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, Intensive Therapy) Model on Sexual Satisfaction in Women with Cyclic Mastalgia: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2021 Oct 22;26(6):562-568. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_159_20.Kent JC, Ashton E, Hardwick CM, et al.Nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers: incidence, causes and treatments.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(10):12247-12263. doi:10.3390/ijerph121012247C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital.Breastfeeding: Sore Nipples.Reynaert V, Gutermuth J, Wollenberg A.Nipple eczema: A systematic review and practical recommendations.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Jun;37(6):1149-1159. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18920.Breastcancer.org.Eczema of the nipple.Purim KS, Leite N.Sports-related dermatoses among road runners in Southern Brazil.An Bras Dermatol. 2014 Jul-Aug;89(4):587-92. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142792.Dubar S, Boukrid M, Bouquet de Joliniere J, et al.Paget’s breast disease: A case report and review of the literature.Front Surg. 2017;4:51. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2017.00051Lin CW, Chiang MH, Tam KW.Treatment of Mammary Paget Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world data.Int J Surg. 2022 Nov;107:106964. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106964.Ying S, Fang H, Qiao J.Erosive Adenomatosis of the Nipple: A Clinical Diagnostic Challenge.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020 Aug 19;13:587-590. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S260534.Anderson PO.Drug treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple.Breastfeed Med. 2020;15(11):686-688.Niazi A, Rahimi VB, Soheili-Far S, et al.A systematic review on prevention and treatment of nipple pain and fissure: Are they curable?J Pharmacopuncture. 2018;21(3):139-150. doi:10.3831/KPI.2018.21.017MedlinePlus.Breast pain.Additional ReadingGeffroy D, Doutriaux-Dumoulins I.Clinical abnormalities of the nipple-areola complex: The role of imaging.Diagnostic And Interventional Imaging.2015;96(10):1033-1044. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2015.07.001.Lopes LL, Lopes IMRS, Lopes LRS, Enokihara MMSS, Michalany AO, Matsunaga N.Mammary and extramammary paget’s disease.Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2015;90(2):225-231. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153189.Santos KJ da S, Santana GS, Vieira T de O, Santos CA de ST, Giugliani ERJ, Vieira GO.Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum.BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016;16:209. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Brisbine BR, Steele JR, Phillips EJ, McGhee DE.The occurrence, causes and perceived performance effects of breast injuries in elite female athletes.J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(3):569-576.Luu Thi TH, Eichner A, Wohlrab J.Therapeutische Besonderheiten bei Erkrankungen der Mamillenhaut [Therapeutic peculiarities in diseases of the nipple skin].Dermatologie (Heidelb). 2022 Nov;73(11):873-879. German. doi:10.1007/s00105-022-05031-3.Boakes E, Woods A, Johnson N, Kadoglou N.Breast infection: A review of diagnosis and management practices.Eur J Breast Health. 2018;14(3):136-143. doi:10.5152/ejbh.2018.3871National Health Service.Thrush.Wink A, Mitchell JA, Lam SK, Szugye H.Does every patient with lactational mastitis require antibiotic treatment?Cleve Clin J Med. 2024 May 1;91(5):283-285. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.91a.23080.National Health Service.Breastfeeding and thrush.Eren T, Aslan A, Ozemir IA, et al.Factors effecting mastalgia.Breast Care (Basel). 2016;11(3):188-193. doi:10.1159/000444359MedlinePlus.Breast pain.Ghodsi F, Bahrami N, Mafi M, Olfati F.The Effect of Sex Counseling Based on (Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, Intensive Therapy) Model on Sexual Satisfaction in Women with Cyclic Mastalgia: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2021 Oct 22;26(6):562-568. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_159_20.Kent JC, Ashton E, Hardwick CM, et al.Nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers: incidence, causes and treatments.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(10):12247-12263. doi:10.3390/ijerph121012247C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital.Breastfeeding: Sore Nipples.Reynaert V, Gutermuth J, Wollenberg A.Nipple eczema: A systematic review and practical recommendations.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Jun;37(6):1149-1159. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18920.Breastcancer.org.Eczema of the nipple.Purim KS, Leite N.Sports-related dermatoses among road runners in Southern Brazil.An Bras Dermatol. 2014 Jul-Aug;89(4):587-92. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142792.Dubar S, Boukrid M, Bouquet de Joliniere J, et al.Paget’s breast disease: A case report and review of the literature.Front Surg. 2017;4:51. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2017.00051Lin CW, Chiang MH, Tam KW.Treatment of Mammary Paget Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world data.Int J Surg. 2022 Nov;107:106964. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106964.Ying S, Fang H, Qiao J.Erosive Adenomatosis of the Nipple: A Clinical Diagnostic Challenge.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020 Aug 19;13:587-590. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S260534.Anderson PO.Drug treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple.Breastfeed Med. 2020;15(11):686-688.Niazi A, Rahimi VB, Soheili-Far S, et al.A systematic review on prevention and treatment of nipple pain and fissure: Are they curable?J Pharmacopuncture. 2018;21(3):139-150. doi:10.3831/KPI.2018.21.017MedlinePlus.Breast pain.
Brisbine BR, Steele JR, Phillips EJ, McGhee DE.The occurrence, causes and perceived performance effects of breast injuries in elite female athletes.J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(3):569-576.
Luu Thi TH, Eichner A, Wohlrab J.Therapeutische Besonderheiten bei Erkrankungen der Mamillenhaut [Therapeutic peculiarities in diseases of the nipple skin].Dermatologie (Heidelb). 2022 Nov;73(11):873-879. German. doi:10.1007/s00105-022-05031-3.
Boakes E, Woods A, Johnson N, Kadoglou N.Breast infection: A review of diagnosis and management practices.Eur J Breast Health. 2018;14(3):136-143. doi:10.5152/ejbh.2018.3871
National Health Service.Thrush.
Wink A, Mitchell JA, Lam SK, Szugye H.Does every patient with lactational mastitis require antibiotic treatment?Cleve Clin J Med. 2024 May 1;91(5):283-285. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.91a.23080.
National Health Service.Breastfeeding and thrush.
Eren T, Aslan A, Ozemir IA, et al.Factors effecting mastalgia.Breast Care (Basel). 2016;11(3):188-193. doi:10.1159/000444359
MedlinePlus.Breast pain.
Ghodsi F, Bahrami N, Mafi M, Olfati F.The Effect of Sex Counseling Based on (Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, Intensive Therapy) Model on Sexual Satisfaction in Women with Cyclic Mastalgia: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2021 Oct 22;26(6):562-568. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_159_20.
Kent JC, Ashton E, Hardwick CM, et al.Nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers: incidence, causes and treatments.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(10):12247-12263. doi:10.3390/ijerph121012247
C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital.Breastfeeding: Sore Nipples.
Reynaert V, Gutermuth J, Wollenberg A.Nipple eczema: A systematic review and practical recommendations.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Jun;37(6):1149-1159. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18920.
Breastcancer.org.Eczema of the nipple.
Purim KS, Leite N.Sports-related dermatoses among road runners in Southern Brazil.An Bras Dermatol. 2014 Jul-Aug;89(4):587-92. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142792.
Dubar S, Boukrid M, Bouquet de Joliniere J, et al.Paget’s breast disease: A case report and review of the literature.Front Surg. 2017;4:51. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2017.00051
Lin CW, Chiang MH, Tam KW.Treatment of Mammary Paget Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world data.Int J Surg. 2022 Nov;107:106964. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106964.
Ying S, Fang H, Qiao J.Erosive Adenomatosis of the Nipple: A Clinical Diagnostic Challenge.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020 Aug 19;13:587-590. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S260534.
Anderson PO.Drug treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon of the nipple.Breastfeed Med. 2020;15(11):686-688.
Niazi A, Rahimi VB, Soheili-Far S, et al.A systematic review on prevention and treatment of nipple pain and fissure: Are they curable?J Pharmacopuncture. 2018;21(3):139-150. doi:10.3831/KPI.2018.21.017
Geffroy D, Doutriaux-Dumoulins I.Clinical abnormalities of the nipple-areola complex: The role of imaging.Diagnostic And Interventional Imaging.2015;96(10):1033-1044. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2015.07.001.Lopes LL, Lopes IMRS, Lopes LRS, Enokihara MMSS, Michalany AO, Matsunaga N.Mammary and extramammary paget’s disease.Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2015;90(2):225-231. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153189.Santos KJ da S, Santana GS, Vieira T de O, Santos CA de ST, Giugliani ERJ, Vieira GO.Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum.BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016;16:209. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4.
Geffroy D, Doutriaux-Dumoulins I.Clinical abnormalities of the nipple-areola complex: The role of imaging.Diagnostic And Interventional Imaging.2015;96(10):1033-1044. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2015.07.001.
Lopes LL, Lopes IMRS, Lopes LRS, Enokihara MMSS, Michalany AO, Matsunaga N.Mammary and extramammary paget’s disease.Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 2015;90(2):225-231. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153189.
Santos KJ da S, Santana GS, Vieira T de O, Santos CA de ST, Giugliani ERJ, Vieira GO.Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum.BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016;16:209. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4.
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