Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsCauses and Related SymptomsWhen to Seek CareDiagnosisTreatmentPreventionNext in Home Office Ergonomics Guide7 Simple Wrist Strengthening Exercises
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Causes and Related Symptoms
When to Seek Care
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Next in Home Office Ergonomics Guide
Wrist pain has a lot of possible causes, including a sprain, tendonitis, arthritis, and fractures. Some may heal with rest, while others may need treatment. It may also be a chronic issue that has the potential to cause long-term pain in the wrist.
Wrist pain may feel sharp, dull, achy, or like pins and needles. Pain may get worse on the top of the wrist, when you bend your wrist forward, flex it backward, put pressure on it, or rotate it to turn a doorknob.
Verywell / Alexandra Gordon
Causes of Wrist Pain
Many causes of wrist pain are misuse and overuse (spending long periods typing on a keyboard, day after day, for example), but many other things can also lead to wrist pain.
Some conditions that specifically and directly affect the wrist include:
Wrist pain also has some less common causes.
1. Wrist Sprain
Asprainis a ligament injury.Ligaments are tough connective tissues that control joint movement.
The ligaments around the wrist joint help stabilize your hand position. They also allow you to make controlled motions.
A sprain happens when wrist ligaments are stretched past their limits.A common cause is falling onto your hand.
Wrist sprain symptoms include:
Why does my wrist hurt when exercising or lifting something heavy?You may be using the wrong hand position.When lifting, keep your hand and arm in a straight line and don’t overextend your wrists. Use padding under your hands for weight-bearing exercises. Athletic tape or wrist straps can provide extra support.
Why does my wrist hurt when exercising or lifting something heavy?
You may be using the wrong hand position.When lifting, keep your hand and arm in a straight line and don’t overextend your wrists. Use padding under your hands for weight-bearing exercises. Athletic tape or wrist straps can provide extra support.
2. Wrist Tendonitis
Tendons are strong bands of tissue that cross over the wrist. They connect the muscles in the forearms to the hand and finger bones.
Flexor tendons on the palm side of your hand allow your fingers to grasp and grip objects.Extensor tendons on the top side of your hand help your fingers straighten and release objects.
Wrist tendonitisoccurs when one or more of these tendons become inflamed. It causes:
Some people reportcrepitus(popping) when moving their wrist.
The most common causes of wrist pain due to tendonitis are:
Can holding your phone cause wrist pain?Yes. Repetitive scrolling with your thumb can cause tendonitis where your thumb connects to your wrist. Unofficially known as smartphone hand, it can cause pain and tingling in your wrist, hand, thumb, and fingers.
Can holding your phone cause wrist pain?
Yes. Repetitive scrolling with your thumb can cause tendonitis where your thumb connects to your wrist. Unofficially known as smartphone hand, it can cause pain and tingling in your wrist, hand, thumb, and fingers.
3. Wrist Tenosynovitis
Tenosynovitisis similar to tendonitis in that it involves damage and inflammation, but it affects the tendon sheath (a fluid-filled covering your tendons glide through.)
Symptoms of tenosynovitis, which are similar to those of tendonitis, include:
A specific type of of injury calledde Quervain’stenosynovitiscauses wrist pain on the thumb side that may move up into the arm.
4. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndromecomes from overuse of the wrist, especially from repetitive motions. That leads to inflammation and scar tissue.
They can compress (pinch) a nerve that runs through the wrist joint. It’s called the median nerve. This condition causes pain that tends to be worse at night, plus numbness and tingling in the:
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common workplace injury.
5. Wrist Fracture
Awrist fractureis a common injury. It’s more likely in people with weak bones, such as from osteoporosis.
A common type of wrist fracture is ascaphoid fracture. Your scaphoid bone is on the thumb side of your wrist. It’s often broken when you fall and catch yourself on an outstretched hand.
A scaphoid fracture causes swelling, pain, and tenderness below the base of the thumb. The pain may get worse when you try to pinch or grasp something.
6. Arthritis
A few different types of arthritis may affect the wrist. They include:
Septic bacterial arthritis of the wrist is possible but rare. It occurs when the wrist joint is infected.
Less Common Causes
Several other conditions can cause wrist pain. They include:
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Certain signs and symptoms can indicate a more serious cause of your wrist pain. Get medical help if you have:
When Wrist Pain Is an EmergencyGet immediate care if you can’t move your wrist and have:Extreme painDeformityNumbnessA hand or fingers that are bluish
When Wrist Pain Is an Emergency
Get immediate care if you can’t move your wrist and have:Extreme painDeformityNumbnessA hand or fingers that are bluish
Get immediate care if you can’t move your wrist and have:
Diagnosing Wrist Pain
The wrist is small but intricate. It’s made up of several bones, muscles, and other tissues.This can make diagnosing wrist pain tricky.
To diagnose wrist pain, your healthcare provider may use:
If that doesn’t yield a diagnosis, they may move on to other tests.
Medical History
You’ll be asked several questions about your wrist pain. For instance:
This kind of information can help them narrow down the possible causes.
Physical Examination
During a physical exam, your provider will look for:
They’ll feel around to check for tenderness or deformities. They’ll also move your wrist to evaluate its range of motion.
They may do a quick neurological exam on your hand, wrist, and arm. This is to look for sensory problems (tingling, numbness) or muscle weakness.
Imaging Tests
Imaging is common with wrist pain. The first test is typically an X-ray. It can show fractures and arthritis.
Special Tests and Procedures
Other tests and procedures depend on what your healthcare provider suspects.
For example, your provider may do a surgical biopsy—remove tissue for examination in the lab—if they want to diagnose a bump on the wrist and imaging is inconclusive.
They can also perform other tests that may help with the diagnosis.
Differential Diagnoses
Your healthcare provider may order tests to rule out some possible causes of wrist pain. These will likely be based on the nature of your symptoms.
Aside from the above conditions, which are localized (just in the wrist), your provider may also consider systemic (whole-body) illnesses. These may affect, but not be limited to, the wrist itself.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease involving damage to the joint lining (synovium). It also causes other symptoms such as:
RA affects joints symmetrically, so it’s usually in both wrists.That’s uncommon for a wrist sprain or tendonitis.
Thyroid Disease or Diabetes Mellitus
Thyroid diseaseanddiabetescan alter your tendon function.That may cause or contribute to wrist pain.
Your provider may order blood tests to rule out these causes. They may include:
Cervical Radiculopathy
Wrist pain can come from a pinched nerve root in your neck. This is calledcervicalradiculopathy.
The pinching may be due to:
A compressed nerve root causes dull pain and tingling and/or numbness in your palm and first three fingers.
Expect a thorough neurological exam. Then you may be sent forelectromyography (EMG)(to evaluate nerve function) and/or a neck MRI.
Wrist Pain Treatment
Wrist-pain treatments depend on the cause. That makes a proper diagnosis crucial.
Self-Care Strategies
Self-care strategies may soothe your wrist pain. They’re especially useful for sprains or tendonitis.
Medications
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory pain medications (NSAIDs) andinjections of cortisone(a corticosteroid) are commonly used for wrist pain from:
NSAIDs aren’t generally used to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. Some people with wrist arthritis or carpal tunnel syndrome may benefit from cortisone injections.
1:40Click Play to Learn How to Ease Wrist Pain
1:40
Click Play to Learn How to Ease Wrist Pain
Physical Therapy
Physical therapy(PT) can be prescribed to help relieve wrist osteoarthritis. Gentle mobility exercises can help improve joint stiffness and strengthening activities can stabilize the affected area and reduce pain.
PT is also commonly usedfor carpal tunnel syndrometo teach specific stretches and nerve gliding techniques that keep the median nerve mobile in the carpal tunnel.
Surgery
Some wrist conditions require surgery. These include:
If you need surgery, your healthcare provider can help you find a hand surgeon. That’s an orthopedic or plastic surgeon with special expertise in the hand, wrist, and forearm.
Some activities put your wrists at risk of getting hurt. A little protection can prevent a lot of injuries.
If you ski, use a pole with a low-profile grip. Don’t attach them to your wrists with tight straps.
What Is the Proper Way to Type?When typing, your hand and wrist should be in a straight line with your forearm. Do not bend your wrist, but instead, keep your wrist parallel to the keyboard. If you find this difficult, an ergonomic wrist rest can help.
What Is the Proper Way to Type?
When typing, your hand and wrist should be in a straight line with your forearm. Do not bend your wrist, but instead, keep your wrist parallel to the keyboard. If you find this difficult, an ergonomic wrist rest can help.
After Wrist Injury
If you don’t regain full strength and mobility after a wrist injury, you’re more likely to hurt it again. Be sure you’re fully recovered before going back to sports, work, or other situations where you could re-injure your wrist.
Hand physical therapy can help youstrengthen your wristjoint after an injury.
Summary
Wrist pain can come from injuries like sprains, tendonitis, and fracture. It can also happen due to conditions such as arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Diagnosing wrist pain may involve a physical exam, bloodwork, imaging, and special tests based on your provider’s suspicions. Treatment may include rest, ice, anti-inflammatories, splints or casts, and surgery.
34 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Penn Medicine.Sprains.Harvard Health Publishing.Wrist sprain. What is it?American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Advice from a certified hand therapist: exercising with(out) wrist pain.Arthritis Foundation.Hand and wrist anatomy.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Flexor tendon injuries.University of Michigan Health Michigan Medicine.Extensor tendon and mallet finger injuries.Penn Medicine.Tendonitis treatments.MedlinePlus.Tenosynovitis.Yale Medicine.De Quervain’s tenosynovitis.Carpal tunnel syndrome: treating hand pain and numbness.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019;49(5):361. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.0502American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Scaphoid fracture of the wrist.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Rheumatoid arthritis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Arthritis of the wrist.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Gout in hands.Jennings JD, Zielinski E, Tosti R, Ilyas AM.Septic arthritis of the wrist: Incidence, risk factors, and predictors of infection.Orthopedics. 2017;40(3):e526-e531. doi:10.3928/01477447-20170404-01American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Ganglion cyst of the wrist and hand.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Cubital tunnel syndrome.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Carpal boss.Healey JH, Bernthal NM, van de Sande M.Management of tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a neoplastic and inflammatory disease.J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2020;4(11):e20.00028. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-20-00028Cedars Sinai.Epidermoid cysts of the skin.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumors.Salama A, Alweis R.Images in clinical medicine: Tophi.Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives. 2017;7(2):136. doi:10.1080/20009666.2017.1328967American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Rheumatoid nodules.National Cancer Institute.Synovial sarcoma.Shehab R, Mirabelli MH.Evaluation and diagnosis of wrist pain: a case-based approach.afp. 2013;87(8):568-573.Stanford Medicine 25.Carpal tunnel exam.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Joint aspiration.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).American Medical Association.What doctors wish patients knew about rheumatoid arthritis.Vaidya R, Lake SP, Zellers JA.Effect of diabetes on tendon structure and function: not limited to collagen crosslinking.Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2022;17(1):89. doi:10.1177/19322968221100842American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Cervical radiculopathy.Chatterjee R, Vyas J.Diagnosis and management of intersection syndrome as a cause of overuse wrist pain.BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016216988. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-216988National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Steroid injections - tendon, bursa, joint.Adams JE, Habbu R.Tendinopathies of the hand and wrist.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23(12):741-750. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00216Additional ReadingDale AM, Harris-Adamson D, Rempel D, e al.Prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in US working populations: pooled analysis of six prospective studies.Scand J Work, Environ Health. 2013;39(5):495-505. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3351Goldfarb CA, Puri SK, Carlson MG.Diagnosis, treatment, and return to play for four common sports injuries of the hand and wrist.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(12):853-862. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00388Shehab R, Mirabelli MH.Evaluation and diagnosis of wrist pain: a case-based approach.Am Fam Physician.2013;87(8):568-73.
34 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Penn Medicine.Sprains.Harvard Health Publishing.Wrist sprain. What is it?American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Advice from a certified hand therapist: exercising with(out) wrist pain.Arthritis Foundation.Hand and wrist anatomy.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Flexor tendon injuries.University of Michigan Health Michigan Medicine.Extensor tendon and mallet finger injuries.Penn Medicine.Tendonitis treatments.MedlinePlus.Tenosynovitis.Yale Medicine.De Quervain’s tenosynovitis.Carpal tunnel syndrome: treating hand pain and numbness.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019;49(5):361. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.0502American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Scaphoid fracture of the wrist.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Rheumatoid arthritis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Arthritis of the wrist.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Gout in hands.Jennings JD, Zielinski E, Tosti R, Ilyas AM.Septic arthritis of the wrist: Incidence, risk factors, and predictors of infection.Orthopedics. 2017;40(3):e526-e531. doi:10.3928/01477447-20170404-01American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Ganglion cyst of the wrist and hand.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Cubital tunnel syndrome.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Carpal boss.Healey JH, Bernthal NM, van de Sande M.Management of tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a neoplastic and inflammatory disease.J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2020;4(11):e20.00028. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-20-00028Cedars Sinai.Epidermoid cysts of the skin.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumors.Salama A, Alweis R.Images in clinical medicine: Tophi.Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives. 2017;7(2):136. doi:10.1080/20009666.2017.1328967American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Rheumatoid nodules.National Cancer Institute.Synovial sarcoma.Shehab R, Mirabelli MH.Evaluation and diagnosis of wrist pain: a case-based approach.afp. 2013;87(8):568-573.Stanford Medicine 25.Carpal tunnel exam.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Joint aspiration.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).American Medical Association.What doctors wish patients knew about rheumatoid arthritis.Vaidya R, Lake SP, Zellers JA.Effect of diabetes on tendon structure and function: not limited to collagen crosslinking.Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2022;17(1):89. doi:10.1177/19322968221100842American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Cervical radiculopathy.Chatterjee R, Vyas J.Diagnosis and management of intersection syndrome as a cause of overuse wrist pain.BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016216988. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-216988National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Steroid injections - tendon, bursa, joint.Adams JE, Habbu R.Tendinopathies of the hand and wrist.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23(12):741-750. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00216Additional ReadingDale AM, Harris-Adamson D, Rempel D, e al.Prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in US working populations: pooled analysis of six prospective studies.Scand J Work, Environ Health. 2013;39(5):495-505. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3351Goldfarb CA, Puri SK, Carlson MG.Diagnosis, treatment, and return to play for four common sports injuries of the hand and wrist.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(12):853-862. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00388Shehab R, Mirabelli MH.Evaluation and diagnosis of wrist pain: a case-based approach.Am Fam Physician.2013;87(8):568-73.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Penn Medicine.Sprains.Harvard Health Publishing.Wrist sprain. What is it?American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Advice from a certified hand therapist: exercising with(out) wrist pain.Arthritis Foundation.Hand and wrist anatomy.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Flexor tendon injuries.University of Michigan Health Michigan Medicine.Extensor tendon and mallet finger injuries.Penn Medicine.Tendonitis treatments.MedlinePlus.Tenosynovitis.Yale Medicine.De Quervain’s tenosynovitis.Carpal tunnel syndrome: treating hand pain and numbness.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019;49(5):361. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.0502American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Scaphoid fracture of the wrist.National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Rheumatoid arthritis.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Arthritis of the wrist.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Gout in hands.Jennings JD, Zielinski E, Tosti R, Ilyas AM.Septic arthritis of the wrist: Incidence, risk factors, and predictors of infection.Orthopedics. 2017;40(3):e526-e531. doi:10.3928/01477447-20170404-01American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Ganglion cyst of the wrist and hand.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Cubital tunnel syndrome.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Carpal boss.Healey JH, Bernthal NM, van de Sande M.Management of tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a neoplastic and inflammatory disease.J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2020;4(11):e20.00028. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-20-00028Cedars Sinai.Epidermoid cysts of the skin.American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumors.Salama A, Alweis R.Images in clinical medicine: Tophi.Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives. 2017;7(2):136. doi:10.1080/20009666.2017.1328967American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Rheumatoid nodules.National Cancer Institute.Synovial sarcoma.Shehab R, Mirabelli MH.Evaluation and diagnosis of wrist pain: a case-based approach.afp. 2013;87(8):568-573.Stanford Medicine 25.Carpal tunnel exam.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Joint aspiration.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).American Medical Association.What doctors wish patients knew about rheumatoid arthritis.Vaidya R, Lake SP, Zellers JA.Effect of diabetes on tendon structure and function: not limited to collagen crosslinking.Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2022;17(1):89. doi:10.1177/19322968221100842American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Cervical radiculopathy.Chatterjee R, Vyas J.Diagnosis and management of intersection syndrome as a cause of overuse wrist pain.BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016216988. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-216988National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Steroid injections - tendon, bursa, joint.Adams JE, Habbu R.Tendinopathies of the hand and wrist.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23(12):741-750. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00216
Penn Medicine.Sprains.
Harvard Health Publishing.Wrist sprain. What is it?
American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Advice from a certified hand therapist: exercising with(out) wrist pain.
Arthritis Foundation.Hand and wrist anatomy.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Flexor tendon injuries.
University of Michigan Health Michigan Medicine.Extensor tendon and mallet finger injuries.
Penn Medicine.Tendonitis treatments.
MedlinePlus.Tenosynovitis.
Yale Medicine.De Quervain’s tenosynovitis.
Carpal tunnel syndrome: treating hand pain and numbness.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019;49(5):361. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.0502
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Scaphoid fracture of the wrist.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Rheumatoid arthritis.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Arthritis of the wrist.
American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Gout in hands.
Jennings JD, Zielinski E, Tosti R, Ilyas AM.Septic arthritis of the wrist: Incidence, risk factors, and predictors of infection.Orthopedics. 2017;40(3):e526-e531. doi:10.3928/01477447-20170404-01
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Ganglion cyst of the wrist and hand.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Cubital tunnel syndrome.
American Society for Surgery of the Hand.Carpal boss.
Healey JH, Bernthal NM, van de Sande M.Management of tenosynovial giant cell tumor: a neoplastic and inflammatory disease.J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2020;4(11):e20.00028. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-20-00028
Cedars Sinai.Epidermoid cysts of the skin.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumors.
Salama A, Alweis R.Images in clinical medicine: Tophi.Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives. 2017;7(2):136. doi:10.1080/20009666.2017.1328967
American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Rheumatoid nodules.
National Cancer Institute.Synovial sarcoma.
Shehab R, Mirabelli MH.Evaluation and diagnosis of wrist pain: a case-based approach.afp. 2013;87(8):568-573.
Stanford Medicine 25.Carpal tunnel exam.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Joint aspiration.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
American Medical Association.What doctors wish patients knew about rheumatoid arthritis.
Vaidya R, Lake SP, Zellers JA.Effect of diabetes on tendon structure and function: not limited to collagen crosslinking.Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2022;17(1):89. doi:10.1177/19322968221100842
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.Cervical radiculopathy.
Chatterjee R, Vyas J.Diagnosis and management of intersection syndrome as a cause of overuse wrist pain.BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016:bcr2016216988. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-216988
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Steroid injections - tendon, bursa, joint.
Adams JE, Habbu R.Tendinopathies of the hand and wrist.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23(12):741-750. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00216
Dale AM, Harris-Adamson D, Rempel D, e al.Prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in US working populations: pooled analysis of six prospective studies.Scand J Work, Environ Health. 2013;39(5):495-505. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3351Goldfarb CA, Puri SK, Carlson MG.Diagnosis, treatment, and return to play for four common sports injuries of the hand and wrist.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(12):853-862. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00388Shehab R, Mirabelli MH.Evaluation and diagnosis of wrist pain: a case-based approach.Am Fam Physician.2013;87(8):568-73.
Dale AM, Harris-Adamson D, Rempel D, e al.Prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in US working populations: pooled analysis of six prospective studies.Scand J Work, Environ Health. 2013;39(5):495-505. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3351
Goldfarb CA, Puri SK, Carlson MG.Diagnosis, treatment, and return to play for four common sports injuries of the hand and wrist.J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24(12):853-862. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-15-00388
Shehab R, Mirabelli MH.Evaluation and diagnosis of wrist pain: a case-based approach.Am Fam Physician.2013;87(8):568-73.
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